پژوهشنامه تفسیر و زبان قرآن
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Choosing pronoun reference in part of the 190th verse of surah e A'raf “They ascribe partners to Him concerning that which He has given them” causes challenges among interpreters of both sects: referring pronoun of the verb "جعلا" to Adam and Eve how will compatible with infallibility of Adam(PBUH). Many narrative texts are showing these challenges tracking back to Islamic first centuries. Both sects' interpreters chose different approaches for explanation of this verse. Theories like Polytheism of Adam and Eve (PBUH), Polytheism of Quraysh ancestors, Polytheism of human kind are seen among exegesis approaches of both sects. This article by critics and analysis of exegesis approaches has chosen the theory of Polytheism of Adam and Eve (PBUH) as selected approach . According to similar verses and interpretive narrations and rational reasons, Quranic and narrative of infallibility of Adam (PBUH), it seems that the verse is seeking to explain the story of childbearing of Adam and Eve, but in the part of “جعلا له شرکاء" pointed to end of Polytheist children of these two

skepticism about women's rights in Islam has doubled the importance of the issue. Allameh Tabatabai considers the "dependence of women on jewelry and their inability to present proof as evidence" which 84th verse of Surah Al-Zukhruf refers to as signs of weakness of intellect and strength of emotional life of women and this is the source of legal differences between men and women. The present research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of whether the above-mentioned attributes are intrinsic descriptions and signs of real life of women? by criticizing and examining this interpretive view. Moreover, are the legal differences between men and women rooted in the emotional nature of women's lives and the rationality of men's lives? The findings of the present study shows that: 1- The natural self of a woman is appropriate for the increase of emotions and interest in adornment. 2- The intensity of a woman's interest in ornaments and her inability to provide evidence is the result of non-Islamic education systems. 3- Men are superior to women in inheritance and physical excesses. 4- Men's financial responsibilities in the family can be the reason that the share of men's inheritance are doubled. 5- The woman's interest in household issues and her lack of presence in social transactions cause judicial caution in the number of witnesses.

One of the challenging verses of the Qur'an, about which various opinions have been put forward by the ancients and the later ones, is the verse "And the earth after that is the prayer" . This study, by emphasizing this verse, explains the interpretive opinions of Allameh Tabatabai, Maraghi and Banu Amin Esfahani, and its purpose is to compare and evaluate the opinions of three contemporary commentators on the verse. The findings indicate that Allameh Tabatabai and Banu Amina Esfahani, believe in the primacy of the creation of the heavens over the earth, consider the "earth" in the verse to be the observer of the creation and simultaneous expansion of the earth, Allameh in his second view also considers it to move the earth. . Maraghi, who considers the creation of the earth before the sky, has considered the "earth" as a separate stage from the creation of the earth and has expressed it as the expansion of the earth to prepare it for habitation. According to the lexical, Qur'anic and narrative evidences that are mentioned in this study, the meaning of "Dahwal-e-Ard" in the verse can not refer to the simultaneous creation and expansion and movement of the earth.

One of the serious issues in the field of Quranic research is the study of the possibility of multiple meanings in the interpretation of a word and also the religious validity of these semantic aspects. Over the past centuries, Islamic scholars have sought to answer the question of whether God intended only one meaning or several meanings from the words and sentences of the Holy Qur'an. The importance of this issue is due to the great effect of this basis in studying the meanings of the Qur'an. In the present study, using analytical and descriptive methods and relying on the views of Allameh Javadi Amoli in Tasnim's interpretation, we have dealt with various ambiguous dimensions and examined the place of this interpretive basis in his interpretive action and how to discover divine intentions. By accepting the principle of the possibility of using the word in more than one meaning, he has dealt with different dimensions of this issue and has included this basis in the interpretation of verbal commonalities, punishments, allusions and the contents of the verses of the Holy Quran.

After translating philosophical texts to Arabic language and the entrance of philosophy to the Islamic society, some refused the philosophy as a foreign knowledge which not only is not compatible with religion, but as well stands against it occasionally. Philosophers for standing against these objections tried to show philosophy not only has no opposition against religion, but also we can prove many religious teachings by philosophy. With this motivation, they gradually enter the philosophical point of view for interpreting Quran and claimed Quran has underneath layers that are trying to transfer deep meanings and compatible with the understanding of knowledgeable men that these meanings can only be discovered by philosophy. Their point of view about interpretation and philosophical interpretations has had some opponents that has criticized that from different aspects. One of these aspects is studying the consequences of this approach. We can point out some of these consequences including semantic change in quranic words, tending toward interpretations contrary to appearances, ignoring emotional and feeling elements in Quran, falling away from Quran main target( guidance and self-purification); showing understanding of Quran difficult and the necessity for other references in order to understand Quran.

Nowadays, the precise and principled understanding of the orientalists’ viewpoints and their research methods in studying the Qur’ān as well as the scientific criticism of these viewpoints based on robust religious and intellectual principles are undeniable necessities. Literary criticism is a critical method that has been applied by the orientalists to the qur’ānic studies. One of the scholars that has used this method – of course via an intertextual approach – to study the qur’ānic verses is Gerald Hawting, the British Qur’ān researcher. Hawting’s literary criticisms against the Qur’ān are in three directions, namely the appearance of the Qur’ān in a sectarian atmosphere, the dialectical nature of the qur’ānic verses, and the temporal lateness of the Qur’ān compared to its audience. These three dimensions can be rejected based on the intellectual and narrative reasons, as follows. First, the mere connection of the Islamic world with the monotheistic religions that had appeared before it is not a reason for the effectiveness of those religions on the appearance of the Qur’ān. Moreover, unlike other sacred Scriptures, the Qur’ān does not have a human nature and its text involves various types of miraculous qualities such as eloquence, sublimity of meaning, and freedom from any disagreement in expression. All these wonders derive from its divine and non-human nature. The comparison of the dialectic nature of the Qur’ān and that of the Judo-Christian Bibles is false, as in the Qur’ān, that type of dialectics suggested by Hawting has not been used to address the audience.

Fuzzy thinking and the theory of complex systems are intertwined in the principle of incompatibility. According to this principle, which was introduced in 1973, due to the complexity of a system, our ability to express accurate and meaningful statements is reduced. In this case, the propositions will move away from certainty, black and white, and transparency and will become fuzzy propositions. In this article, we have shown with an analytical method that the revelatory language of the Qur'an with its characteristics, especially among the topics related to the language of religion in the contemporary era, can be read in the model space of complex systems. In this case, according to the principle of incompatibility, the basic approach in explaining and analyzing the revelatory language of the Qur'an will be fuzzy thinking, as a result of which our descriptive propositions from the language of the Qur'an will become intermediate, doubtful, gray, opaque and nonlinear.

One of the models for explaining the structure of the language of the Holy Quran is the "pair system / sura pairs". . Among the contemporary Quran scholars who have addressed this view is Amin Ahsan Islahi, one of the contemporary commentators on the Indian subcontinent. The present article has been organized in an analytical-critical way with the aim of answering the question of how much this view can be considered in Quranology. To achieve this goal, this view was critiqued using the example of violation method. Accordingly, since Amin Ahsan has considered the corelation of Surah Najm with the previous Surah, ie the Surah, the present study has examined the relationship between Surah Najm and his later Surah, Qamar, in order to use its findings in examining the Islahi view. . The findings of the study pointed to the confirmation of part of the islahi view, in the sense that one of the patterns of neighborly relations between the chapters of the Holy Quran, as Islah stated, is the complementarity of the two chapters. Because such a situation was also observed in connection with the two surahs of Najm and Qamar, so that these two surahs semantically mean the subject of "receiving and communicating revelation"view, there is a strong connection between Surah Najm and its next surah, Surah Qamar, so in determining whether Surah Are they married to the previous or next neighboring surah? This system should be redesigned with careful research on the text of the Holy Quran.

The knowledge of reading is one of the sciences required by the interpreter in explaining and understanding the divine meaning. The historical course of the knowledge of readings and the view of commentators on this knowledge indicates the difference between the views of commentators and thinkers on the readings of the Holy Quran. In some periods of history, we see a literary view of readings and in some periods, we encounter a hadith approach to the recitation of the Holy Quran. On the other hand, in addition to the type of views on the knowledge of reading, reading in different interpretations has functions that seem to be considered in contemporary interpretations, especially Shiite interpretations. Shiite commentators, based on the words of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), have considered the recitation of the Qur'an as one and the difference between the narrators. Therefore, some Shiite commentators try to prefer the famous recitation with different methods and methods. According to this issue, in the present article, Tafsir al-Furqan, which is one of the contemporary interpretations, is analyzed by descriptive-analytical method in order to explain the interpreter's approach to the difference of readings and to analyze the reading preference in this interpretation. The results show that the commentator has a hadithic approach to recitation and prefers only the famous and common recitation of Hafs from Asim and in all cases tries to justify and prefer this recitation and the narrations in this regard are his main document in the discussion. Is readings.

One of the factors influencing the interpretation of the Qur'an according to the efforts of commentators is the search for the meanings of Qur'anic words, which in some cases for reasons such as lack of attention to the exact meaning of the root, the existence of verbal commonality in some words, confusion of true meaning from virtual There are also secondary differences between the commentators. The present article seeks to explain the role of lexicography in the interpretation of the Holy Quran, which has been done with the approach of hapax research and its purpose is to express the achievements of lexicography in the field of interpretation, which has been done by inferential and reasoning methods. It is noteworthy that due to the limitations of the study of evolution, the study of word derivations in Arabic and its equivalence in sister languages, has had significant effects on the discovery of the meaning of the word. The achievements of lexicography include reducing the possibilities of interpretation, scientific critique of interpretations and correction of translations, formation of new interpretive theories, navigating interdisciplinary studies and the possibility of interpreting verses using the semantic capacities of words in other languages.