نشریه بوم شناسی جنگل های ایران
پیاپی 19 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Rowan or mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) has been studied less in terms of biological and silvicultural characteristics. Given the little information about the rowan species and the high ecological importance of this species and the lack of information about the habitats of this species in Arasbaran and the quantitative characteristics of this species, this study aims to address the lack of information required about this species to provide management solutions and improve the habitat of this species.

In the study area, 18 half-hectare sample plots with dimensions (50 × 100 meters) and a total of nine hectares were selected and surveyed. The selection of sample pieces was systematic randomized so that the first sample pieces were randomly and the next sample plots were selected at a distance of 800 m from each other in the eastern direction. All trees in the sample plot were surveyed in order to determine the percentage of rowan species compared to other species in the sample plots.

Results showed that there were 20 species in the sample plots. Quercus macranthera (1018 stems per hectare), Viburnum lantana (290 stems per hectare) and Carpinus orientlais (226 stems per hectare) were the three most important species in terms of abundance in the study area. Sorbus aucuparia species was observed along with the mentioned species in the region and showed the fourth rank in terms of average density per hectare (142 stems per hectare). The average diameter at the breast height (DBH) and height of the measured tees stems were 9.8 (±6) cm and 4.4 (±1.8) meters, respectively. The highest number per hectare was observed on slopes less than 40% and at altitudes above 2200 meters above sea level. There was a significant statistically difference in the values ​​of DBH with slope classes. There was no significant difference between the height of trees and the frequency per hectare with the slope of the land.

According to the results, considering the role of rowan in the stability of sloping areas and reducing erosion, by increasing the conservation period and exclosure of valuable forest species, including various species of Sorbus sp, long-term results will be accessible in the protection of Arasbaran plant ecosystem.

Zagros forests are one of the most important vegetation areas in Iran that play an important role in protecting water and soil resources. Over the past decade, the decline of some tree species in these forests, including oak, has raised serious concerns about the endangerment of these forests. Climate change, site poverty, absorption of heavy metals from dust, reduced nutrient uptake and site factors are an important factor of this phenomenon. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of nutrition spraying on controlling the drying process of oak trees (Quercus brantii Lindl.) and compensating their needs through foliar application.

This research was carried out in Monj region of Lordegan city in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Thirty oak trees (including 15 coppice and 15 Single stem trees) were selected in one of the areas with drought. Trees in each vegetative form were divided into three health classes including healthy, diback and drought up to 50% of the crown. In total, this study had three treatments including vegetative form (two levels), health (three levels), sampling time (two levels) and five replications. Foliar spraying (three per thousand) was carried out during the full growth of leaves from early June to July with an interval of 10 days in three shifts.

The results showed that the amount of high macronutrient elements including potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen at the beginning of the growing season were 1.22, 0.27 and 0.998 percent, against the end of the growing season that were 0.17, 0.24 and 1.11 percent, respectively, that was a significant difference at the level of 95% confidence. The amount of these elements in coppice and Single stem trees in healthy trees was more than two classes of drought, but this difference was not significant statistically.

In general, macronutrients can stop the decay of oak trees by increasing the ability of trees to withstand environmental stresses. In between, the role of phosphorus and potassium was important in increasing the resistance of trees to environmental stresses and stopping the drying process.

To investigate the effect of physiological factors of photosynthetic properties and accumulation of smolites on declined Persian oak trees (Quercus brantii Lindl.), two forest stands were selected in Gachan and Sheshdar from Ilam province, Iran.

The trees were classified into 4 groups in 4 replicates based on the severity of crown dieback (healthy, weak = 5–33%; moderate = 34–66%, and severe > 66%). The physiological activities such as photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, concentration of carbon dioxide in the stomata, mesophilic conduction, water use efficiency, leaf temperature, soluble sugars and free amino acids were measured from leaves in the middle and outer part of the crown. The random sampling was carried out in the dominant slope of the site. The tree DBH ranged from 30-40 cm. One-way ANOVA and LSD tests were used to compare the different treatments and all statistical calculations were prepared in SAS software.

In severe dieback trees from Gachan, the photosynthesis rate (1.06 μmol CO2 m-2s-1,) was associated with a decrease in mesophilic conduction (0.0021 molm2 s-1), transpiration (3.82 mmol H2O m-2s-1), water use efficiency (0.27 μmol CO2 molH2O-1) and an increase in 9intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (488.15 μmol CO2 mol-2) and leaf temperature (36.05 Cᵒ). The results of correlation test indicated the significant role of stomatal and non-stomatal factors to reduce photosynthesis rate. Furthermore, no increases were detected in soluble sugars (0.009μg gr-1FW) and free amino acids (0.012 μg gr-1FW) as compatible solutions to osmotic regulation. In site Sheshdar, photosynthetic parameters did not show significant differences between different crown dieback severities, while they were associated with increased accumulation of soluble sugars in diebacked oak trees. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between photosynthesis and stomatal factors indicating the ability of this species to keep open stomata under severe drought stress.

In general, our results show the variation in photosynthetic capacities of diebacked oak trees to resist the drought stress and/or to escape it in the two sites.

The growth of forest trees is controlled by various components. One of the main factors determining the structure and composition of the forest is the competition between the trees and competition involves complex relationships that depend on the pattern of tree distribution, the availability of resources, and the efficiency of resource utilization. Therefore, knowledge of tree competition mechanisms is ecologically and economically important. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between competition index and some characteristics of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl var.persica) in Hashtad-Pahlu, Khorramabad.

A total of 30 Oak trees were selected randomly in different aspects. Height, DBH and crown diameter were measured. Beneath their crown in two aspects (north-south) at a distance of one meter from trunk, fine roots sampling (60 samples) was performed at 0-30 cm depth.

The result of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the value of competition index for Iranian oak species in different ranges (Sig = 0.000) so that the highest average value of this index was related to the northern exposition. Significant difference was observed for competition index in diameter class but no difference in height class. With increasing crown diameter, DBH and decreasing height/DBH ratio as well as crown diameter / DBH, competition index values ​​increased and decreased respectively. Correlation showed that with increasing crown diameter and DBH, competition index value increased and with decreasing height / DBH ratio as well as crown diameter / DBH index value decreased. Results revealed the significant differences for trees in terms of crown diameter, DBH, height / DBH ratio and crown diameter/DBH ratio in aspects. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that there was a significant negative correlation between competition index and carbon biomass of Persian oak fine roots.

The difference between the competition index in the height and diameter classes of Persian oak trees indicates the importance and role of these two important characteristics in estimating it and also the difference in the competitiveness of trees in different stages of forest stand development. The results showed that light-demanding Oak trees based on various site conditions differ in terms of competitiveness and some characteristics in different positions.

Nowadays the effective role of organic matter has been proven in improving soil productivity. Regarding to sensitivity of sustainable organic matter component to different land use practices in addition to the organic matter, investigation of changes in its compound is important. Determining the evaluation of organic matter and amount of carbon stabilization in soil system, and their quality and quantity will be varied according to the type of land use.

Due to extensive land use in the north of Iran, present study focused on effect of these uses on the content of organic matter and its humic components. In this regard a study was carried out in five land use including: beech forest, Fraxinus plantation, black pine plantation, degraded forest and agriculture in Tajan watershed. Eight points were selected in each site and soil samples were taken at a 25 × 25 area to a depth of 15 cm.

Highest of organic matter (4.68 %), fulvic acid (668.750 mg/100 gr soil) and humic acid (976.620 mg/100 gr soil) were observed in agriculture land cover. Some soil physical, chemical and biological features were also measured. Whole of studied soil characters were significantly different among land covers, except silt content.

Though as for the results, highest contribution of organic compounds were observed in agriculture land, according to the PCA analysis, soil nutrition condition and microbial activity were more appropriate in forest stands. More quality of debris along the favorable environmental condition and presence of microbial activity can be attributed to a reduction in rate of accumulation of remains following the process of organic matter decomposition and mineralization in forest stands. The findings of this study suggest that protecting of natural forest is very important. In addition, in degraded areas of northern Iran, planting of Fraxinus excelsior species can be considered due to improvement of soil quality and health.

Identifying the effectiveness of different technical specifications and road drainage conditions is a scientific method for imaging areas where there is a risk of landslides. Landslides Damage and problems such as increased road construction costs, increased maintenance costs, Disrupts transportation and increases damage to cars. Therefore, due to the destructive consequences those roadside landslides on the possibility of access to the area and road maintenance costs to the authorities, it is necessary to identify the main causes of landslides and adopt appropriate executive strategies to control them. Be. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of technical characteristics and drainage of roads on landslides, roadside in the forest area of 85 Golestan provinces.

In the present study, first, all forest roads in the area were surveyed and all landslides with different areas were recorded by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Then, the technical characteristics of the road including longitudinal slope, height and slope of the trench, traffic volume, width and depth of the side atmosphere, distance from transverse slopes and diameter of slopes up to 100 meters on both sides of each slip point were measured. The correlation between technical factors and road drainage with the frequency and extent of landslides was determined by statistical analysis.

A total of 121 landslides were recorded in the watershed of 85 Golestan provinces, of which 22 on high-standard roads, 30 on medium-standard roads and 69 on low-standard roads was observed. On average, each landslide point on high, medium and low standard roads was 13.95, 43.17 and 60.14 square meters, respectively, and the total area of ​​landslides at these standard levels was 307, respectively. , 1295 and 4150 square meters.

The results showed that the frequency and area of ​​landslides had a positive and significant correlation with trench diameter, slope and trench height. This means that with increasing slope and height of the trench, the number and extent of landslides increased. Also, in places where transverse ridges were larger in diameter due to water flow, the number and extent of landslides were higher. The maximum diameter of the transverse ridges was 120 cm, but due to the high flow rate and soil moisture, these ridges could not prevent landslides. Therefore, it is recommended to use bridges and protective walls in such areas.

the intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that communities with intermediate disturbance rates will have the greatest species diversity compared to communities with high and low frequency disturbances. Therefore, a recently disturbed area should be dominated by early-colonizing species or ruderal species. A late successional area is predicted to be dominated by strong competitors and a mid-successional area by a mixture of the tow. Composition of forest community in different successional stages is important as one of the key management issues. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of successional stages on density and composition of bird species and to test the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

The total numbers of 60 Sampling units were selected and were evenly assigned into 3 treatments. 20 samples were allocated for each of the three treatments including clear cutting, single tree selection logging, and virgin compartments equivalent to the early stage of succession, intermediate stage of succession, and climax stage of succession, respectively. Environmental variables and birds were detected within 60 circle sampling plots with 25m radius. The number of tree species, basal area, height of trees, number of snags, density of grass cover, canopy cover, and litter depth were recorded at each sampling plot. Birds were recorded using point-count method.

Forest structure variables including tree density, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Camargo evenness index, species richness, tree basal area, density of canopy cover, the number of snags, and the number of trees with more than 20 m in height had significant differences among different successional stages. Moreover, bird community structure including Shanon-Wiener diversity index, Camargo evenness index, and richness index had significant differences among different successional stages. In the period of the study, a total of 24 bird species were recorded. Jay and Chaffinch had the highest abundance in the early successional stage; meanwhile, Black Woodpecker and Coal Tit were the most abundant in the mid successional stage. The Great Spotted Woodpecker, Wren, and Nuthatch were the most prevalent bird species at the mature forest.

bird and tree diversity and richness followed the predictions of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, being highest in the mid successional plot.

The use of biofertilizers such as plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce damage caused by water-deficit stress in plants and improve physiological factors and thus increase plant growth in arid and semi-arid regions is an essential management to control water-deficit stress. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the simultaneous effect of different levels of water-deficit stress and inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria on some physiological traits of Brant's Oak )Quercus brantii L.) seedlings.

In order to investigate the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and different levels of irrigation on some physiological traits of oak) Quercus brantii L.) seedlings, an experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with five replications in the research greenhouse of Yazd University. The main factor was three irrigation levels (80 % of full irrigation as control, 60 and 40 % of full irrigation) and the sub-factor was six levels of plant growth promoting bacteria (no inoculation as control and seed inoculation with Bacillus anthracis, B. licheniformis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, B. cereus and BMix (combination of 4 strains().

The results of analysis of variance showed a significant effect of water deficit stress levels, bacterial treatments and their interaction on all studied traits. The results of comparison of means showed that the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll decreases with increasing levels of water-deficit. In contrast, the amount of proline, total phenol and percentage of free radical scavenging in oak seedlings under stress increased significantly compared to the control sample. The accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) that shows the rate of degradation and peroxidation of membrane lipids were significantly increased by water-deficit treatments, while application of PGPRs caused reduction in malondialdehyde content. These results showed that PGPRs can reduce negative effects on lipids peroxidation and thus increases the resistance of seedlings to water-deficit stress conditions.

In general, among the bacterial treatments, (BMix) bacterial treatment increased chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and decreased malondialdehyde and Bacillus anthracis bacterial treatment increased proline, total phenol and percentage of free radical scavenging under water-deficit severe stress.

Tree species have different effects on soil properties and nutrients. Plantation as a management strategy for soil productivity retention and the prevention of destruction can be effective in the continuity of forest productivity. One of the most important goals of planting coniferous species is to increase wood production, create forest parks and conservation forests. The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations in plant organs and soil of pinus brutia Ten.  stands.

For this purpose, the ​​Makhmalkuh forest park in Lorestan province was selected and in 1396, random sampling was performed using 5 (400 m2) sample plots. In each sample plot, an indicator tree pinus brutia Ten. was selected and its young and perennial leaves and twigs were sampled in the upper third of the crown in four seasons, as well as from two depths of 0-5 and 5-15 cm a mixed soil sample was taken in each sample plot. Soil texture, pH, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), for all samples were measured in the laboratory. The soil parameters, nutrients of soil and plants organs were analyzed by using one-way analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test procedures among different seasons.

According to the results, the lowest amount of dry weight and percentage of moisture in all four organs was observed in summer and the highest amount was observed in winter. Based on the results, there was a significant difference between the nutrient concentrations of plant organs in different seasons (sig<0.01). In all four organs, the highest amount of nitrogen was recorded in spring, potassium in winter and phosphorus in summer. The results of correlation studies also showed a significant relationship between nutrient concentrations of different organs and different soil characteristics.

High amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in the spring can be argued that increasing the temperature in most cases increases the metabolic activity in the soil, evaporation and transpiration and absorption of nutrients. Different climatic conditions in different seasons, lack of soil moisture, retranslocation of nutrients from perennial needles and branches to young parts and seasonal and monthly changes in the chemical composition of the throughfall can be the most important reasons for these changes.

In a proper planning of the forest sector, the preparation of quantitative and qualitative maps is a management requirement and is unavoidable for sustainable development. For this effective planning, the latest information on the types of characteristics that are important in decisions regarding the optimal use and protection of forests are needed. This study conducted in order to the modelling spatial estimation of some quantitative characteristics forest using topographic features and its spatial mapping in District-3 of Sangdeh Forests.

Characteristics of number, basal area and volume per hectare were calculated by surveying 150 sample plots (1000 m2). Primary topographic features of altitude, slope, aspect, profile curvature, flat curvature and tangential curvature and secondary topographic features including wetness index and solar radiation were extracted from digital elevation model with 10m resolution. Then, the relationships between forest quantitative characteristics and topographic features were analyzed and modeled using non-parametric method random forest, support vector machine and also parametric multiple linear regressions. Models were evaluated using 30% of the samples.

Bias and root mean square error percentages were calculated to select the appropriate model and the results showed that the support vector machine method had the best results for estimating all three measured characteristics. In estimating number per hectare, the polynomial-3 function with mean square error values ​​and skewness is RMSE = 9.59 and Bias = 1.62, ground cover with radial base function (RBF) and values ​​of 53.5, respectively. 30% RMSE and 1.32 - =% Bias and volume per hectare with polynomial function of third degree and values ​​of RMSE = 37.62 and Bias = -0.51 were selected as the most appropriate model. The results also showed that the topographic variables of aspect, altitude, solar radiation and tangential curvature had the most influence on the modeling process.

The selected model in this study was able to provide some of the necessary information for forest management, but the model alone cannot explain all the reasons affecting the characteristics, so it is recommended to combine other factors such as climatic conditions, latitude, geology, and remote sensing techniques, which play a major role in explanation and interpretation, to improve the accuracy of the forecast.

Windthrow of trees is a common ecological phenomenon in the forests of Hyrcanian region. The forest stands of 22 in series of 12 of Haraz Forest plan is one of the stands with high percent of wind-thrown trees. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of physico-chemical properties of soil, topographic factors, characteristics (slope and direction) of Parcel 22 and compare it with adjacent areas in order to find environmental variables effective in increasing Windthrow rate.

In the study area, completely randomly, 15 sample plots (10 Are) were measured in the center of the Windthrow trees. For the investigation of this problem, in an area of 88 hectares, about 400 wind-thrown trees were 100% surveyed and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics were recorded. Furthermore, the characteristics of windthrown trees in different physiographic conditions (i.e., different slopes and aspects) and soil characteristics (i.e., bulk density, texture, EC, carbon: nitrogen ratio and soil total nitrogen) of this stand and near stand (without wind-throw) were investigated.

According to results, most of the damage belong to trees that was uprooted trees and wind throw trees in flat lands were more than steep lands. Most precent of wind throw trees were in slope 0 and 5 % and 67% uprooted trees were in this section. The most uprooted trees were belonging to Parrotia persica (44%) while, the lowest uprooted trees were recorded for Acer velutinum and Alnus saubcordata species (<5%). The results of independent t-test showed that soil moisture content in the soil of windthrow trees was significantly (95 %) higher than the control area. Also, Carex acutiformi species includes 4.47% of herbaceous species in the wind throw area, while it was not seen in the control area.

Finally, the results of this study showed that the construction of dams upstream has changed the soil moisture content and increased the sensitivity of species such as Parrotia persica to wind. Meanwhile, the resistance of forest species in the face of stable soil moisture changes and the occurrence of strong winds has been different, so that moisture-loving species such as Acer velutinum and Alnus saubcordata (due to moisture-friendly and insensitive to increase soil moisture) with lower rainfall intensity Showed.

Landslide phenomenon because of the movement of materials on the slope causes the destruction of nature, soil loss and many ecological processes in the region. A variety of additives and modifiers are used to conserve water and soil in the world, among which, bioengineering methods due to environmental and economic issues in forest engineering have received much attention, by using them, plant species regrowth and increase the diversity of vegetation occurs.

In this study, the diversity of grass cover in the stabilized landslide area of ​​the forest road embankment in section 5 of series 3 of the Surdar-Watashan Forestry Project was investigated. For this purpose, a slippery area stabilized with alder and willow species by hand due to natural presence in similar erosion areas and easy establishment after five years of bioengineering (planting seedlings with straw mulch and wood chips) was selected. The experimental design was selected in completely randomized blocks under 3 experimental treatments of uncovered soil (control), mulch and straw treatment and wood treatment at a surface of about 72 square meters. Vegetation diversity status in 27 designed plots was assessed after five years of bioengineering. PAST and SPSS software were used to calculate biodiversity indices and statistical analyzes.

The mean of Simpson diversity index was 0.8, Shannon-Wiener diversity was 2.29, Margalef richness was 1.28, Manhenic was 0.79, Pilo uniformity was 3.2 and Sheldon uniformity was 1.8, which indicates a significant difference between the means. Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Pilo, Sheldon, Manhenic, and Margalef are established in the area.

Therefore, research on stabilized and unstabilized landslide areas helps a lot to identify the species settled in these areas and can be used in similar landslide areas of these species for biological stabilization of road embankment walls of the forest road.

Extensive application of imported poplar clones, can lead to destruction of genetic resources. Determination of intensity and direction of gene flow between population origin, provided important information in order to orienting the improvement and conservation programs. In between, introducing some reliable morphological traits, those are important in clonal differentiation, could accelerate this process considering lower costs in compare with molecular markers.

In present study five clones of black poplar (Populus nigra) in order to investigating the feasibility of clonal differentiation and estimating genetic parameteres like genetic distance and gene flow by means of morphological markers were planted in a complete randomized block design by three replications in selection nursery of Yasouj university and leaf morphological traits of one-year-old saplings were investigated. Morphological traits related with leaf blade, dentation and lobe, vein, petiole, and tip and base shape of leaf was measured in late fall, and the feasibility of clonal differentiation using discriminant functions analysis and cluster analysis was investigated. Finally, by means of an integrating approach consists of predicting models of discriminant functions and cluster analysis of phylogenetic relations, genetic distance, and intensity and direction of gene flow between clones were discussed and investigated.

The results of discriminant analysis revealed that leaf fresh weight, leaf virtual and actual aspect ratio, by 65 percent accuracy, had the highest effects in clonal differentiation of poplar clones. Among the investigated black poplar clones, the Irannian native clone with its small and narrow leavs was distincted from the Turkish native clone, and other clones were in the middle. These variations were in accordance with the geographical location and climatic conditions of these clones. The native and breeded Iranian clones had the lowest and highest amount of plasticity, respectively. Examination of the genetic structure of the clones showed that there was no significant gene flow between most of the studied clones, but significant gene flow was observed between the anonymous native Turkish clone and breeded Iranian clones, and the direction of this flow was more from the Turkish to Iranian clone.

In conclusion, in general, there were few signs of hybrid swarm between Iranian native poplar with the other studied cultivars, but the widespread use of the improved Iranian poplar cultivars increases the need to pay attention to the protection of native genetic resources.

Soil is one of the most important natural resources of any country for which there is no alternative. One of the most important services and functions of forest ecosystem is to prevent soil erosion and increase nutrient retention capacity, which is especially important in steep and mountainous areas. In this research, one of the most important functions and services of the Noujian forests in Lorestan province, conservation and maintenance function of soil nutrition has been evaluated.

For this purpose, the first current status of erosion and sedimentation in each sub-basin of study area were investigated using the MPSIAC improved model. The test lasted about one year. With the development of two scenarios for the conversion of natural forest (Current forest) with 30-50% canopy into uncovered land through by rating the model, the changes in erosion and sedimentation have been estimated. Then, the soil nutrient content of the natural forest was determined by soil sampling and laboratory analysis. After that, considering the difference in the amount of erosion in the two condition and the amount of each nutrient component in soil, the amount of nutrient wasted was calculated. Then using the replacement cost method, the value of the function of maintenance of soil nutrients in forest ecosystem was estimated.

The results show that each hectare of forest in the study area can hold 0.09 kg of phosphorus, 2.60 kg of potassium and 37.89 kg nitrogen per year, at an approximate value of 328.47 thousand Rials/ha/year and prevent their loss due to soil erosion.

Estimating value of the ecosystem service in Zagros forests represents the very effective role of these forest ecosystems in controlling erosion and soil nutrient conservation. The obvious difference between the rate of erosion in the natural state and each of the deforestation cases indicates the key role of the forest in controlling soil erosion. In addition, the obvious difference between the estimates related to different sub-basins indicates the effective relationship between the structure and performance of the ecosystem. Evaluating ecosystem services can provide information that is more accurate to managers and planners in order to protect natural resources and lead to more detailed plans in this area.

Oak forests of Zagros including Ilam province have exposed of decline in recent years to various reasons such as rainfall reduction, exposure of dusts and pests and diseases. High speed of decline and lack of government funds for combating it, have necessitated to using from local people participation for restoring these forests. Therefore, present study was implemented in order to the survey of affecting factors on local people (villagers) participation in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province.

The present research in terms of purpose has been applied research and in terms of research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study has been including local people in age range of 20-60 years to number 59451 persons and also the sample size has determined 240 persons using the Cochran formula. Due to the large number of located villages in the area of oak forests involved with decline (258 villages) and the impossibility sampling from all of them, the used sampling method has been multi-stage sampling. To analyze the data have used from descriptive statistics techniques (central and dispersion Indicators) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis, regression analysis and one-sample t test). From correlation analysis, regression analysis and one-sample t test have used for determination of the type and intensity of the relationship between each of the independent and dependent variables, the determination effect amount of each independent variables on the dependent variable and the determination of tendency level to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline, respectively.

The results using regression analysis shows that from the perspective of local people, variables of income amount, the dependency amount of economy to forests, amount awareness from forests benefits and amount the sense of ownership relative to oak forests are effective on dependent variable of tendency to participation of local people. Also, the findings indicate that the tendency to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province is less than of average limit.

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that tendency to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province is function of variables of income amount, the dependency amount of economy to forests, amount awareness from forests benefits and amount the sense of ownership relative to oak forests

In educational programs that are implemented at the level of watersheds or customary systems to advance the goals of the Forests and Rangelands Organization, generally prioritizing the type of training course and analyzing the preference of using methods to convey educational concepts to target groups has received less attention. The effectiveness of any training course requires aligning the training with the needs of the target community; therefore, before implementing any training program, it is necessary to identify the training needs through a specific structure and to train them based on priority by the most effective method. The purpose of this study is to define a systematic structure for assessing the needs of natural resource training courses, prioritizing them based on expert opinion, and finally determining the appropriate method for implementing the selected courses.

For this study, the customary arrangement of Cham Palk located in Lorestan province has been considered. In the process of determining educational needs, the decision support method was used with SWOT-AHP combined models. From the training courses defined by the Forests and Rangelands Organization of the country, appropriate courses were selected based on the results of the SWOT model and local information resources (investigation of customary system violations) by a group of training experts. In the next step, the selected courses were prioritized based on the ranking method.

The results of this study showed that for the customary organization of Cham Palk, the implementation of training courses on the basics of entrepreneurship in natural resources (relative weight 8.9), the role of livelihood change in natural resources management (relative weight 8.3), grazing management with the participation of local communities (relative weight 7.9) had the first three priorities. Descriptive analysis of the preferred use of educational tools using the Likert scale also showed that in general, radio, television, and Internet are the most preferred educational tools for this customary system.

In this study, decision support tools were used to create a structure in proposing the implementation of training courses for local communities, which can be considered as a model in the implementation policies of training courses.

The root of trees is one of the most important living materials for stabilizing and reinforcing the cut and fill slopes of forest road. This study was conducted to investigate the tensile strength of tree species according to changes in lignin, cellulose and root extracts content.

Darabkola forest in the southeast of Sari-Iran was selected for this study. To determine the tensile strength of tree roots, root samples from tress including the beech, hornbeam, alder, Zelkova carpinifolia, Persian Ironwood and oak were collected by soil profile trenching method and then the test of tensile strength was performed. The amount of lignin, cellulose and ash for the roots of different tree species was also measured in the laboratory. One-way anova was used to compare the means of roots tensile strength and also multivariate analysis was used to classification of species based on cellulose, lignin, ash and other extracts content.

The results showed that in beech, alder and Persian Ironwood, the measured rates of lignin were higher than cellulose levels. While in the Zelkova carpinifolia, the amount of cellulose was higher than others parameters, in beech and alder species (with higher lignin rate) the means of tensile strength was recorded less than other species, and for oak and hornbeam with higher cellulose levels, tensile strength was recorded higher than other species. The results of multivariate analysis based on tensile strength and numerical values of root decomposition showed three groups with high adaptability percentage (alder-beech, hornbeam-Zelkova carpinifolia and Persian Ironwood-oak).

According to the results, investigating the amount of lignin and cellulose in roots of different species as well as discriminant analysis with consideration of different factors can be a scientific method to select best species for soil bioengineering projects.

With the decline of forest resources and the policy of forest logging ban in the north forest of our country, it is essential to find alternative sources to supply raw materials for the wood industry. On the other hand, finding a proper way to recover the remains of pruning in addition to the economic benefits to the environment is also very useful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using chips from annual pruning of grape trees in industry.

In this study, woody utilization of grape trees pruning residues was investigated by single-pass method and two-pass method. Continuous timing was used to identify and evaluate methods and calculate production and cost. The chips were transferred from the sources to the mills with trailers, indoor trucks, and vans with a capacity of 24, 16, and 3 tons, respectively. Then, the prediction modeling of the utilization time of the residuals was performed using multiple linear regressions.

The results showed that the amount of pruning residue of grape trees was 1.12 ton/ha and production cost varied from 986 to 1238 thousand Rial per ton, based on processing method. The rate of production per ton of wood chips per hour in two-pass method was higher. Also, the total cost in the two-pass method was lower than the single-pass method. The maximum profit (2263 thousand Rial per ton) was related to the two-pass method and Trucking. The use of a chipping machine in the landing (two- pass method) was more cost-effective than the processing operation in each garden (single-pass method) in terms of production and cost. Modeling results showed that were significant in the two- pass method the effect of tree diameter and in the single-pass method the effect of tree diameter and residual density in the field on the residuals processing time.

In addition to benefiting farmers, wood chips from grape branches can also provide part of the country's particle board industry, and will help reduce environmental pollution by stopping the burning of branches in fields.

Enhancing the soil organic carbon (SOC), not only sequesters the atmospheric CO2, but also often improves the processes and soil physical, chemical and biological properties. This investigation with the aim of evaluating vegetation cover and soil chemical properties on SOC was carried out in 2019 in the flood spreading fields of Kowsar station located in Gareh-Bygone Plain (Fasa, Fars Province). Flood spreading for feeding aquifers has been carried out since 1982 in an area of 2034 ha in this plain.

Land uses included Acaci (Acacia salicina Lindl), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), Atriplex ([Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) (Wats.)]) Plantation and natural rangeland, all of which are irrigated by flood spreading. By sampling of soils (depth 0-30 cm) in three replications in mentioned land uses, 13 characteristics: pH, ECe, CaCO3, SOC, TN, C/N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Ca+Mg, SAR were measured and determined. After confirming the normality of the data by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the obtained data were analyzed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the means were compared with Tukey test at p<0.05.

The analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatment (vegetation cover) on the all studied variables, except SAR was significant at p<0.01 and p<0.05.  Stepwise regression method was used to present the model. The results showed that C/N, TN, and ECe affect the amount of SOC and explain 99.7% of the changes in SOC. According to the standardized coefficients in the regression equation, for each unit increase of C/N ratio, the value of 0.939 units and for each unit of TN, the value of 0.338 units and with the increase of each EC unit, the value of 0.109 units is added to the SOC.

In general, recognizing the factors affecting the organic carbon storage in the soil, can provide appropriate management strategies to increase the organic carbon content and develop carbon storage capacity in the soil, improve soil fertility and mitigate the negative effects of climate change to a great extent.

Slenderness coefficient is one of the indicators for studying the sustainability of forest trees and the results of its study on old trees have great importance in terms of ecology and silviculture. In this research, the Slenderness coefficient of Old Persian oak and wild pistachio trees in different site conditions in the forests of Ilam province was investigated and compared.

For this, after identifying 26 old trees belonging to the Persian oak species and 47 old trees belonging to the Wild pistachio species, the quantitative characteristics of them including dbh and height were measured. Also, the status of their locations in the forest in terms of slope, aspect and altitude were examined.

The results showed that for both oak and wild pistachio species there are significant relationships between dbh and slenderness coefficient which were decreasing in both of them and the best model for cloud points of both species was obtained exponential model. The regression explanation coefficient for oak and wild pistachio was 57% and 35%, respectively. The identified old trees of oak (Slc= 7.82) and wild pistachio (Slc= 5.72) had a low slenderness coefficient; however, more old wild pistachio trees had a lower slenderness coefficient than oak. So that 62% of old wild pistachio trees had a slenderness coefficient between 5 and 7, but 65% of old oak trees had a slenderness coefficient of more than 7. The slenderness coefficient of old oak trees was significantly related to altitude (Sig= 0.049) and its value was higher at altitudes of 900-1300 m above sea level (Slc=9.45). The slenderness coefficient of wild pistachio was significantly related to altitude (Sig= 0.000) and aspect (Sig= 0.001) and its value was higher at altitude class of 900-1300 m above sea level (Slc= 10.14) and smoothness areas without aspect (Slc= 10.14).

Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the habitats of old oak trees located at altitudes of 900-1300 m above sea level and also the habitats of old wild Pistachio trees located at altitude 900-1300 m above sea level and areas without aspect where had the highest slenderness coefficient, have more potential for the growth and establishment of trees. Also, the habitats of old oak trees located in the altitude classes of 1300-1700 m above sea level (Slc= 7.52) and also the habitats of old wild Pistachio trees located in the altitude classes of 1300-1700 m above sea level (Slc= 5.24) and in east (Slc= 3.52) and north (Slc= 5.11) aspects, where had the lowest slenderness coefficient, have a better desirability for the stability of the mentioned old trees. Therefore, it can be said that the low slenderness coefficient of Old Persian oak and wild Pistachio trees is one of the indicators of their stability and durability in the studied forests.