فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 61، بهار 1401)

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation and the second most abundant intracellular cation in the human body. Magnesium is involved in many essential physiological functions. It is a co-factor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, many of which involve generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it regulates transmembrane transport of other ions, including calcium and potassium, and stabilizes secondary structures of DNA and RNA. Consequently, magnesium is essential for muscle contraction and relaxation, cardiac rhythm, vascular tone, neurological function, and cell proliferation. Magnesium is required for cell proliferation, cellular energy production, mineral metabolism, bone development, and glucose homeostasis. Nutrition surveys in North America indicate that magnesium consumption is below recommended intakes for a large segment of the population. Furthermore, diseases such as type 2 diabetes and use of certain medications can increase magnesium loss and predispose individuals to magnesium deficiency. The low magnesium intakes in comparison to current recommendations combined with the high prevalence of factors that can increase magnesium requirements raise a concern about widespread Mg deficiency. Biochemical data lend further support. Hypomagnesemia exists in the general population and the incidence is high in certain subpopulations. Since magnesium is required for many enzymatic reactions, Magnesium deficiency can presumably affect numerous physiological processes. Some studies have reported changes in body composition with dietary magnesium restriction. In rats, maternal and postnatal feeding of a magnesium-deficient diet decreased body weight, lean body mass, and fat-free mass and increased percentage body fat in the offspring. In contrast, body weight, fat mass, and lean mass were similar in rats fed a high-fat diet containing normal or low magnesium beginning after weaning. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrinological disorder in reproductive-age women and is often associated with metabolic syndrome. Evidence suggests that oxidative stress and low degrees of chronic inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women. PCOS is a common and multifactorial disease that affects approximately 4-18% of all reproductive-aged women in the world. In the clinic, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance appear to be the major etiological drivers for reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in women with PCOS. While it is believed that anovulation is the main reason for infertility in PCOS patients, accumulating evidence from clinical studies also indicates that the impairment of endometrial function likely causes recurrent pregnancy loss, premature delivery, endometrial hyperplasia, and carcinoma in women with PCOS. Additionally, several lines of evidence suggest that the systemic low-grade inflammation that often coincides with PCOS compromises multiple aspects of fertility. A deficiency in the activity of aromatase was one reasonable intraovarian disturbance in steroidogenesis thought to cause PCOS. Because aromatase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of oestrogens from androgens, a decrease in the activity of this enzyme could be expected to result in increased ovarian androgen production and development of PCOS. The purpose of this study, the effect of magnesium sulfate on letrozole-induced oxidative stress was investigated in ovarian tissue of adult female Wistar rats.

In this study, a total of 36 female rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 6: The normal control group (intact), the healthy experimental group (magnesium sulfate 100 mg/kg body weight, gavage), ovarian damage control group (letrozole 1 mg/kg body weight, gavage), ovarian damage experimental group (magnesium sulfate 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight together letrozole). The animals were euthanized 24 h after the last dose of the treatment on day 31. Ovaries were immediately obtained after the animals were sacrificed. The ovaries were homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to assay the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in ovarian tissue were investigated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The criterion was significant

Candida albicans is a common yeast in opportunistic fungal diseases world wide, which is frequently colonized on the surface of the skin and mucous membrane. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of all nanocomposite copper-silver-chitosan on the mentioned yeast. To synthesis of the nanocomposite, first the chitosan was dissolved in water using ultrasonic device, the binding of chitosan and glutaraldehyde was determined by FT-IR technique and the size and morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite were determined by SEM microscopy. In the animal study section, 43 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 gin 5 groups of 7 were examined. The immune system of mice was weakened by 30 mg/kg cyclophosphamide injection through peritoneal injection and was given candidiasis by oral inoculation of candida suspension. After treatment with the nanocomposite and nystatin, it was found that the number of inflammatory cells in other groups was higher than the group treated with nystatin. Also, the number of cells in nanocomposite coper- silver- chitosan- treated group was much lower than in the other group of mice with weakened immune system and untreated candidiasis. The findings of the present study showed that the therapeutic effect of the nanocomposite against candidiasis was relatively high and had a positive effect on reducing inflammation. Although the anti-yeast effect of copper and chitosan nanoparticles have not been proven separately, but based on the current results, it was found that their combination has a slight synergistic effect and to some extent, slightly effective in their antifungal properties.

Mastitis, as one of the most important diseases in cattle, is the cause of the greatest economic loss in the dairy industry. The occurrence of mastitis is associated with the development of immune responses and an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production of high amounts of ROS and the lack of optimal amounts of antioxidant compounds are associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of oxidative stress indices in cows with clinical mastitis. In this study, two groups of cows were studied: healthy cows and cows with clinical mastitis. The body condition score (BCS) of the cows was assessed at the time of blood sampling. Total antioxidant capacity and selenium concentration were significantly higher in healthy cows than sick cows. Healthy cows had lower malondialdehyde concentrations than sick cows, although this difference was not statistically significant. When the cows were divided into three groups according to body score, the amount of glutathione peroxidase in cows with high body scores was significantly lower than the other two groups. The amount of malondialdehyde and the number of milk somatic cells in cows with high and moderate body scores were significantly higher than the other group. The results show that there are changes in the antioxidant defense of cows with mastitis that lead to oxidative damage, so the use of antioxidants is necessary to control mastitis. Obese cows are also more sensitive to oxidative stress.

Arasbaran National Park is the largest national park in the west of the country, which is the habitat of important animal and plant species. One of the most important animal species living in it is the wild goat (Capra aegagrus). The aim of this study was to determine the level of parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract goats of Arasbaran National Park. During 2018, 95 fecal samples were collected from the wild goats of Arasbaran National Park and were examined by direct smear and Clyton-Lane methods. Bearman apparatus was also used to identify the first stage larvae of pulmonary nematodes. Iodine and modified Nelson staining were used to diagnose Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections, respectively. All samples showed at least one worm agent and one protozoan infection. In this study, Eimeria (spp.) infection was observed in all fecal samples and infection with egg of Marshallagia marshalli (37.8%), Nematodirus (spp.) (60%), Trichioris ovis (62.1%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (8/37%), Fasciola hepatica (25.2%), Moniezia expansa (13.6%), Cystocaulus oecratus larvae (28.4%) and Giardia lambelia cyst (33.6%) were observed. Cryptosporidium oocysts were not observed in any of the stained stool samples. No significant relationship was found between infestation rate with different parasites and the sex of the infected animals. The high level of infection of parasites in wild goats of Arasbaran National Park indicates the high potential of parasitic infection and conversion of animals in it as a reservoir of parasites and its subsequent spread to other animals and expansion in neighboring human communities.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is easily transmitted from humans to animals and causes pneumonia, especially in horses. Extensive human vaccination prevents the transmission of the disease to the horse host. The immunogenicity of a vaccine is evaluated by various methods. The aim of this study was to design a test to evaluate the immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine as part of pre-clinical studies of vaccine production. After culturing Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F in blood agar medium, the obtained colonies were labeled using fluorescence dye. On the other hand, the serum of BALB/c and DBA/2 mice immunized with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine was collected to determine antibodies with phagocytosis properties against Streptococcus pneumoniae. After proximity of serum dilutions with labeled bacteria, the ability of bacteria to phagocytosis by serum opsonins (opsonophagocytosis) was read by adding mouse macrophage cells by flow cytometry. In both strains, the percentage of cells in the serum that phagocytosed the bacterium decreased with decreasing serum dilution. Opsonophagocytic titers were reported 128 in BALB/c mice and 64 in DBA/2 mice. On the other hand, flow cytometry results were significantly different from the results of manual colony count test (r = 0.89, p≤0.001). According to the results of the present study, the BALB/c strain of mice was a better host to determine the efficacy of the vaccine. Also, using flow cytometry method has more advantages than manual assay method. As a result, the data of this study bring us one step closer to producing an effective vaccine.

Strangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. The present study was performed on patient and healthy horses to evaluate serum levels of vitamin C (vitamin C), vitamin E (vitamin E), selenium (Sel) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Clinical signs and bacterial culture confirmed sixty patient horses. To separate the serum, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the studied horses. Blood samples were also taken from 52 healthy horses with similar conditions (age, diet, etc.). Serum levels of Vit E, Vit C, Se and serum’s activity of GPx were measured in samples taken from healthy and patient horses. The mean serum concentration of vitamin E, selenium and serum glutathione peroxidase activity in patient horses were significantly reduced. A significant increase in the patient's hemoglobin concentration was observed. The study of the relationship between serum selenium and antioxidants (serum glutathione peroxidase activity, vitamin E and hemoglobin) showed that increasing serum selenium also increased the antioxidants studied. Serum antioxidant markers were significant in patient horses in all three cases. The final outcome is that in horses which infected to strangles antioxidants like selenium, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E reduced and these antioxidant intakes for dealing with them this issue should be considered in treating these patients.

Memory impairment is a complication of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cerebrolysin has neurotrophic effects and stimulates neuronal growth. Exercise also increases brain growth factors and improves spatial memory. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and concomitant use of cerebrolysin on spatial memory in male rats model of PD. 36 male Wistar rats weighing 250±20 were randomly divided into 6 equal groups: surgical sham, PD (6-hydroxydopamine unilateral single injection), positive control (levodopa, 12 mg/kg-po, 21 days), cerebrolysin (538 mg/kg-ip, 21days), treadmill exercise (daily for 30 minutes, 60% VO2 max, 21 days) and cerebrolysin with exercise. The cerberolysin plus exercise group was treated similarly. Finally, a spatial memory test with Morris water maze was performed in the studied groups, and after euthanasia, brain tissue was sampled to study the pathological changes in hippocampus. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test and Tukey post-hoc at the level of p<0.05 by Graphpad software. PD induction reduced spatial memory indices. Cerebrolysine increased spatial memory factors (p<0.05). Aerobic exercise improved spatial memory parameters such as cerebrolysin (p<0.05). Statistically, exercise with cerebrolysine had the best effect on improving spatial memory indices. The pathological results were consistent with the results of spatial memory. This study states that aerobic exercise and cerebrolysin treatment simultaneously improved spatial memory and pathological changes in the hippocampus in PD rats.