نشریه جامعه شناسی سیاسی ایران
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، اردیبهشت 1401)

The issue of accountability requires the government to explain to citizens about the actions it takes and to expose the results of its actions and programs to the evaluation and judgment of regulatory bodies. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a religious democracy with a semi-presidential and semi-parliamentary political structure, the principles of the constitution emphasize the importance of accountability (institutions) to each other and the leadership and accountability of institutions to citizens. According to the constitution, in addition to legislating, the parliament has the right to continuously monitor the implementation of laws, given the central role of parliament in the expression and will of the people and the realization of good governance, Examining the different periods of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (seventh to tenth assemblies) and measuring the effectiveness of the tools at its disposal, citing the performance and quantitative and qualitative statistics of the Assembly showed: Proper legislation, transparency and the preference of the public interest over personal interests, and other tools and powers enshrined in the constitution can hold other institutions accountable for achieving good governance, but due to obstacles and problems, has not yet been able to perform regulatory and legislative tasks. Perform yourself according to the tools at hand. One of the important achievements of this research is to identify these problems and provide practical solutions to solve them.

Given that the Iranian society in dealing with modernization and modernity in various dimensions has not been prepared and in accordance with its basic needs, so the pace of change in various dimensions has not progressed in a harmonious and balanced way. It has also led to a generation gap (the first generation and the second generation) in Bijar society. This generational difference had also affected the lifestyle of parents and children. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of modernization and modernization on the lifestyle of parents and children in Kurdistan province. In this study, the theories of Lerner, McClelland, Smith and Incles, Sharma and Turner, Bourdieu and Goffman have been used. The research method is causal-comparative. The statistical population includes parents and children of homeless people (children living with their parents), of course, parents in the age range of 40 to 60 years and children in the age range of 15 to 30 years. Multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select the studied samples. The number of samples was estimated to be 768. Data were collected from a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument were confirmed. The relationships between the variables were tested using Amos software and structural equation modeling. The results showed that modernity and modernization have affected the lifestyle according to the role of generation (parents and children).

This article examines the capacities of Afghan immigrants in the connection between Iran and Afghanistan. The main question that arises here is how the capacities of Afghan immigrants in Iran can lead to an increase in the connection between the two countries? The main hypothesis of the article is that Afghan immigrants have economic and cultural capacities that can be used to expand ties and increase the soft power of the Islamic Republic in Afghanistan. On the other hand, the presence of these people in Iran and educating the educated can Provide the interests of this Persian country for losses in Iran. The results of the research also show that the presence of more than 3 million Afghans in Iran has mutual benefits for the two countries. These people who are working and studying in different fields with cultural and economic capacities will increase the mutual influence of the two countries. Be. The research method in this research is qualitative and descriptive-analytical and the data is collected through a library and by taking notes from various sources.

Qaboosnameh is one of the prominent texts in the field of Persian literature that deals with society and the concepts around it. As the author of the book, the element of transcendence, sometimes with conscious tradition-breaking, complicates and elucidates the word and incorporates codes into the underlying layers of the text that guide the partial audience towards meaning. In modern times, the science of semiotics is used as a method to analyze new dimensions of a work and one of its important variables is called cryptography. Roland Barthes has done research on this and has divided the codes into five types of action, hermeneutic, symbolic, semantic and cultural, and has described a function for each. In the present article, citing library sources and qualitative interpretive methods, the foundations of the concept of justice as a social component in Qaboosnameh have been explored based on referential and cultural codes to explore the intentions of the Supreme Element in retelling moral advice in this work. The general results of the research show that at the level of cultural codes, religious ideology and intertextuality have a comprehensive appearance to explain the teachings. Citing two main and important Iranian-Islamic sources, the author has provided the audience with his desired topics and explained various aspects of the importance of justice in society.

The constitutional revolution also transformed the literary system due to changes in the system of government, although it should not be forgotten that this revolution, in turn,It was his own, and so the music, poetry, and literature of this period contributed to the victory of the Constitutional Revolution. Discourse analysis is essentially interpretive reading, and the writings of the constitutional era, like situational texts, have been identified as the product of this period. The discourse of music in the compositions of this period, as a semantic system on the construction of society, has been able to have an organized connection with the semantic world of the constitutional period. Here discourse is the place where music and power collide. That is, power has been decentralized as a subject, and discourse has emerged as musical propositions. Patriotic compositions were one of the powerful tools for spreading the message of constitutionalism, as well as what social, political, cultural and economic developments during this period influenced the production of music.The components of nationalism, liberalism, secularism, socialism, democracy, and parliamentarism, which underlie the socio-political conditions that influence the production of the discourse of constitutional music and the critique of the ruling power, have been considered in Malek al-Shoarai Bahar Balik's poems. The method used in this research is based on description and analysis and the research data has been studied using content and library analysis method.

With the coming to power of Reza Shah's authoritarian-bureaucratic regime and the creation of a modern army, bureaucracy and government, the economic, social and industrial changes of the country finally began irreversibly from the top of the political pyramid. The bureaucracy formed during the Reza Shah period, due to its quasi-modern nature, led to the formation of uneven development and the withdrawal of specialized and efficient forces from the bureaucracy. Conclusion that the main undesirable elements and features of the bureaucracy in the first Pahlavi period, despite the measures taken and the implementation of "modernization" programs and quasi-modernist ideals, did not improve much compared to the Qajar era. Thus, the illness and inefficiency of Reza Shah's long and wide administrative system can still be considered as important obstacles to the development of the country in that period, along with other internal factors and sabotage by foreign governments. Although the context for a complete and comprehensive transformation of the administrative system was not provided for various reasons such as authoritarian political structure, elements such as court conspiracy and filing, kinship, bribery and lack of criticism and bureaucracy, but this period, often with unprecedented expansion of the administrative system and changes. It is widely known.

How the sect was formed and overthrown by some ethnocentric and centrifugal circles has always been controversial, but with the release of secret Soviet documents after (1991), more angles of the relationship and issues behind the events of the years in question. Soviet policies toward Iran and the Democratic Party have also been exposed. The findings of this paper are based on a combined method, ie a combination of comparative study and rational analysis, and tries to answer the question of what is the relationship between the emergence of a democratic sect and Soviet oil concessions in Iran. The long-standing rivalry between Russia and Britain and the monopoly of southern oil on British colonial iodine were among the factors influencing the Soviet conquest of northern oil. Soviet attention to northern oil dates back to World War I. The occupation of parts of Iranian territory and the Soviet refusal to evacuate it, despite a previous agreement, provided an appropriate opportunity for the Soviets to seek concessions. Although the Soviet Union tried to present the formation of a democratic sect in Azerbaijan as a popular and identity-seeking movement, a study of objective documents and evidence shows that the existence, goals, ideology and actions of the democratic sect were all developed in the Soviet Union. The Democratic Party acted in parallel with the Tudeh Party and the Left Forces in line with Soviet goals, including the issue of oil concessions in the North.

The main purpose of this article is to study the urban and rural community of the Safavid era. With the rise of the Safavids, there was always a dynamic classification (coexistence) of dynamism between the peasant and urban nomadic communities, so much so that the Safavids redefined the social structure of Iran with an emphasis on a new religious and national identity. The whole formation of the social structure of the Safavids remains as a context in which political and national unity, civilization, social welfare, economic prosperity and cultural dynamism, and extensive relations with foreign states emerged. Of course, this description does not mean the confirmation of all aspects of the class structure of the Safavid era in the periods of the Safavid sultans, because social, economic, religious and governmental changes played a key role in creating social structure during the different Safavid rulers. According to this consideration, the question is how did the Safavids act in the political structure of their power in the social process and in the face of social classes in order to survive and perpetuate their political identity? In such a structure, the government or the king, due to the enjoyment of vast power and beyond the social classes, has always played two important functions to motivate the maintenance or development of that power, one is to maintain the social system, and the other is to strive. To change it was in a situation where such a necessity was recognized for the survival and permanence of the political structure. One of the aspects of justice is the preservation of social classes in place, and perhaps it had a duty to make a serious effort to achieve it by relying on its political authority. This concept has been widely discussed and emphasized in historical texts and policies. This research intends to study and analyze the society of Safavid Shiite state in the perspective of political, social and economic life with a descriptive-analytical method while considering the necessity of using sociological approaches in the analysis of historical phenomena and based on library sources.

Legislative oversight is one of the most important issues in constitutional law today. In this article, we will deal with this issue in relation to the rule of law and democracy and the forms of its crystallization and application in different countries. The main question is; "What are the principles, structure and procedures of the work and duties and powers of the Guardian Council of Iran and the US Supreme Court?" Therefore, we will examine the position of the "Constitutional Guardian Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran" and the "Supreme Federal Court of the United States" in the legislative process. First, we examine the theoretical foundations and historical roots of this verb, then the structure and ritual of work, and finally, the competencies of the two institutions. As a result, there is a huge difference between the two institutions that has emerged from the history of the two countries. The main question of the research is: "What are the principles, structure and procedure of work and duties and powers of the Guardian Council of Iran and the US Supreme Court?". Accordingly, three sub-questions have been formed, which are: What are the theoretical foundations and historical roots of playing an institutional role outside the parliament in the legislative process? "What are the differences and similarities between the structure and procedure of the Guardian Council and the Supreme Court?" ".

This study aims to investigate the studies done on the dragons in Iranian Islamic art, especially the signs of Ashura. On both blades of Togh, you can see a less known element, i.e. dragon’s heads.These heads have been considered as symbols of the Geniis’ army who asked Imam Hussein to let them enter the battlefield on the day of Ashura but he did not agree (as a symbol of good and help)Others consider them as the symbol of the punishment of the oppressors caught in the fires of hell and "Ghashiyah snake”)as a symbol of evil). But according to the ancient myths of Iran and old paintings, the dragon is a dual symbol of both the evil of drought and ugly temperament Like Zahak's shoulder snakes and a symbol of the life tree’s guardian and precious treasures. Since the Agh-e Quyunlus era, Togh has been used in Iran but since the Safavid period and after that, Shiites have lauded it as a special mourning tool for Sayyid al-Shuhada.This study shows that this dragon can indirectly refer to the lack of water, the martyrdom of Imam and his companions while they were thirsty or a symbol of the guards, a cypress (freedom) and hidden treasure of the universe. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its basic questions are as follows1. What does the dragon on the Ashura symbol stands for?2. How has the torpedo mouth been evolved?

Schools play a pivotal role in achieving the economic, social, cultural and environmental goals of society, and achieving the goals of community development depends on having highly socially responsible managers in the field of education. The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of developing and evaluating social responsibility indicators of high school principals in Lorestan province. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Purposeful sampling method was performed based on achieving theoretical saturation of 15 interviews. Theoretical coding method was used to analyze the data. The statistical population included a small number of high school principals in Lorestan province. Using the Morgan table, 290 people were selected by simple random sampling. The instrument used for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the results of the qualitative part of the research, which had 55 items and was based on a five-point Likert scale. Due to the pandemic of coronavirus, the statistical sample was provided virtually.Descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics including Smirnov clomograph and exploratory factor analysis were used to analyze the quantitative part. Findings include 55 sub-indicators, some of which include accountability, academic guidance efficiency, school excellence, effective teaching-learning, creativity, aspiration, self-management development, support of national culture, development and promotion of Islamic culture, promotion of environmental culture, saving education, Entrepreneurship is the responsibility of empowerment, promotion of charity, democracy, anti-discrimination, and citizenship, which were classified into six main indicators.

Iranian customs and culture and the Persian language, along with the prominent manifestations of the Iranian nation's civilization, have influenced the Arabic culture and language in various ways and in various fields, and have led to the progress and excellence of the Arabs in government, politics, culture, literature and science. And provided techniques. The central question of the present study is what effect have the Umayyads received from Iranian culture and civilization? The hypothesis is that the Arabs, especially the Umayyads, have been most influenced by Iranian culture and civilization in the field of statehood and social and cultural traditions. The present article, with a descriptive and analytical approach, will show the indicators of the Umayyads' influence on Iranian culture and civilization in some political, social and cultural dimensions. In terms of lifestyle, it can also provide a suitable model for the audience by expressing the positive and sublime aspects of Iranian-Islamic social life.

The question of this research is what was the social impact of the tragedy on the Abbasid era? The hypothesis of this research shows that the negative effect of creating a home due to fear, piety and the spread of hypocrisy in society and its positive effect prevent destructive issues and is more in line with the goals of the government. Took advantage of their personalities.The results of the research show that by accepting the Mu'tazilites' belief and creating tribunals, Mamun wanted to create a kind of unity among the society and to have complete control over the caliphate and the government, and to create a kind of unity among the society and by placing Religion as opposed to religion riding the political wave of the ruling caliphate and government. On the other hand, he confiscated the potential danger of the increasing Etzali movement in favor of himself and his government. During the period, when the Mu'tazilites' belief became a tool in the hands of the government, it deviated from its original path and became a device to control the opposition to the government.The power of jurists and narrators has diminished because after this, there is no strong jurist in history who can create a stable jurisprudential religion in history. It discredited the Mu'tazilites' beliefs and made them prosperous, and with its government, the Mu'tazilites lost their base and popular power, and were no longer considered a threat to the government.

Regarding radicalism and the role of groups with Salafi extremist beliefs, we can point to the most important main variable of conflict with modernity and regional factors in the MENA, such as the lack of democracy, increasing the depth of religious beliefs. However, the main issue is what are the effects of the growth of radical extremist groups, especially since 2011 in the MENA, on the secure order in this region? Extremist radicalism, given the ideological structure that divides the world into "with me" or "against me," has jeopardized the MENA security order, and the primary purpose of assessing the role of these groups and extremist radicalism in the MENA security order; The result is that extremism in political Islam is in a constructive and mutually reinforcing relationship with each other, and the two constantly reproduce each other. The study is theoretical and analyses data relations through data collection .

The present study seeks to investigate the causes and factors of the growth of nationalist populism in some Western countries, including the United States. The present article claims that Western modernity and the widespread phenomenon of globalization in various economic, cultural, security, and political fields as a prominent feature and the prevailing current of this century, which has brought with it conflicts that are one of the results. Or the products of these conflicts have been the emergence of populism in the politics of governments and the rise of far-right populist parties in Europe and populist currents in the United States. The findings of this study show that the growth of populism along with other factors, mainly due to the consequences of globalization (globalization) such as economic crisis, growth of xenophobia in the form of anti-immigration policies and identity crisis and dissatisfaction, social collapse, fear and anxiety And the crisis of identity and the failure and non-implementation of the goals of the phenomenon of globalization. Qualitative research method, causal explanation and data collection method, library and also the use of resources, while re-reading the theoretical concepts of populism, and expresses its characteristics and tries to explain the grounds for its growth and formation. To enlighten these countries to some extent.

The political and modern public law are two theories that have an important and controversial place in political philosophy and public law. So far, many writings and articles have been written in the analysis of these two concepts, especially about the Political, and its nature and quiddity. However, the fact is that there is no clear reference to establishing and explaining the relationship between these two concepts, and due to different and conflicting perceptions of these concepts in the theoretical and practical fields, no research has been conducted in this way and with this content. In present study, in terms of concepts and theoretical framework in a general approach, efforts are made to make necessary analyses and studies in this field with more knowledge and understanding of common backgrounds, political natures, the impact of governance and attention to fundamental principles and values. In addition, the relationship between political and modern public law has been established and examined. In this study, the feeling of bridging the gaps and shortcomings in the prevailing political views, promoting political understanding, providing a correct understanding of the concepts of the political and modern public law and its need more than ever adds to the importance and necessity of this research. This study seeks to achieve the truth, control and generation of violence, organize a more pragmatic political system and modern political logic and present a modern hybrid theory, which is one of the findings to be achieved in this study.

NGOs can help governments achieve development goals by attracting public participation and create activity opportunities for different individuals to utilize their capacities to prevent and tackle computer crimes. This study aimed to identify the existing contexts and challenges and propose solutions to reinforce the Iranian participatory criminal policy on computer crimes using the EU procedure. This study is applied research in terms of objectives and uses a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this research indicate that reciprocal interaction and participation between governments and NGOs can play an essential role in reinforcing security through prevention and awareness-raising, provided that individuals or groups understand the social need to deal with computer crimes for establishing specialized NGOs in this area. Moreover, developing comprehensive regulations regarding the systematization of these organizations and their computer crime-related activities is necessary. The Iranian civil society, relying on its religious teachings and rich participatory culture, has a reasonable potential for crime prevention, which, thus far, has not been optimally fulfilled. The following actions can contribute to the preventative and confrontational efforts against computer crimes and help achieve the desired goals of a participatory criminal policy: modeling the specialized NGOs in the EU and their cooperation with the EU, utilizing the existing experiences, offering public education, and establishing transparent legal regulations for the active participation of Iranian NGOs, as well as trustbuilding activities.

Criminal policy is one of the most important branches of criminal science, which has been the subject of important debates. The definition of criminal policy and the ideologies that govern it have undergone fundamental changes over time, and in each period a more complete and comprehensive definition than the previous definitions has been provided by prominent scientists in this field. We have sworn oaths, etc. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method using the library method, while examining the concepts of criminal policy and evidence of crime, the performance of Iran's criminal policy in evidence of crime is examined. has taken.Criminal policy is one of the most important branches of criminal science, which has been the subject of important debates. The definition of criminal policy and the ideologies that govern it have undergone fundamental changes over time, and in each period a more complete and comprehensive definition than the previous definitions has been provided by prominent scientists in this field. We have sworn oaths, etc. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method using the library method, while examining the concepts of criminal policy and evidence of crime, the performance of Iran's criminal policy in evidence of crime is examined. has taken.Keywords: Criminal Policy, Evidence of Crime, Iranian Legislator, Criminal Science.

Espionage, or what is sometimes called treason, is one of the crimes that is criminalized in order to protect the security of society. This crime is organized and the methods of committing it are constantly evolving. In this way, the vital information of one country is transmitted to other countries or groups. In most of the criminal laws, there is no specific definition of espionage crime and only examples of it are sufficient, and this requires that the concept and legal framework of this crime be examined, so in the form of an interpretive-comparative method and referring to jurisprudential sources. A comparative study of the elements of this crime in the Iranian penal system with the countries of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council has been carried out. This article seeks to first determine the punishment for espionage in the GCC countries and then examine how these countries deal with spy criminals, especially (sources, informants) of the countries' intelligence services, and its severity up to What is the limit? The present study seeks to examine the elements of espionage in these countries and to discuss its commonalities and differences.

It can be clearly stated that juvenile delinquency is one of the new topics in criminal law. Since from the perspective of a fair trial, juvenile delinquency proceedings are fundamentally different from their adult counterparts, the establishment of special juvenile courts, in addition to special substantive laws and special juvenile proceedings, is essential. In various criminal policy models and numerous international instruments, criminal policymakers have typically recognized the right of children and adolescents to access a fair trial in legislative and supra-legislative regulations, but the right in question is enforceable in practice and in practice. There are many legal restrictions.Thus, this study examines the status and means provided in order to protect the rights of children and adolescents as one of the influential factors in a fair trial from the perspective of criminal policy models with emphasis on the freedom-oriented and power-oriented model. A different perspective on the establishment of a fair and dignified trial in juvenile delinquency, as well as an analysis of the ambiguities, challenges, and all the guarantees that may arise in juvenile delinquency under the pretext of combating crime that violates the fundamental rights of children in juvenile delinquency. Will review the proceedings and prevent the crime from being prevented and the child from being reintegrated into the community.

In the Iranian penal system, hate crimes reflect, above all, ideological attitudes and prevailing collective values; While the status of these crimes is originally based on the protection of individual or minority beliefs in order to be somehow protected against the power of the collective or the power of the majority. Policy-making on hate crimes in Iran has taken two different paths: first, according to the Law on the Propagation of Racial Discrimination adopted in 1977, it has a universal approach to the category of protected values, and second, the amendments to the penal code of the Islamic Penal Code. It has a local and national approach to the desired values. Using library resources and descriptive and analytical methods, this article tries to explain the policy against hate crime based on an interdisciplinary approach in criminal law and political sociology, and by examining the course and method of policy-making. In this regard, it is concluded that hate crimes, more than any other type of crime, have the capacity to be influenced by the distance between the collective beliefs and values ​​of the majority and individual beliefs and the wishes of the minority, if supported by political power. From the collective belief, policy-making on these crimes will generally deviate from its right path.

Oil contracts are a means to develop relations with the industrial world. These contracts cover all oil operations, from exploration and drilling to development, exploitation and overharvesting. In fact, IPC is the name of the model that the government has designed and presented with the aim of attracting foreign investment and international oil companies in the development of the country's oil and gas fields, and it is a risky service contract. The IPC, given the secrecy of some of its provisions, has not provided for a process for consideration in parliament and, as a binding legal instrument, may not guarantee the rights of the nation; Recently, however, the Code of Conduct for Important Oil Contracts obliges the Ministry of Petroleum to comply with Article 77 of its treaties. If the goals in this agreement are achieved, by aligning the interests of the parties, we can activate the country's internal capacities and move in the direction of the oil industry flourishing.

One of the essential components in the issuance of social judgments is the element of expediency, so that if the expediency and changes of society are changed by considering internal and external characteristics or conditions and restrictions; Its provisions also change forcibly. The issue of limiting and developing the jurisprudential rules of temporary marriage due to social necessity and expediency is one of the examples that can be considered in this area, because this type of marriage can reduce sexual insecurity and play an important role in reducing social harm. On the other hand, it may weaken and disintegrate the foundation of the family. In general we can say; Temporary marriage, provided it is not abused, can meet some of the social needs and reduce sexual insecurity, illicit relationships and social harms, including prostitution, but in situations where this marriage harms the permanent marriage and the foundation of the family, or in the interest of society. If not, it is necessary to restrict and draft laws and regulations in accordance with these conditions.

Equality and equality in all matters, including legal matters, will be crystallized in the equal observance of the rights of the parties in criminal law and in respect of their rights in criminal proceedings. But looking at criminal law, we come across some legal materials and principles that suggest that the principle of criminal equality sometimes has exceptions. Therefore, in this research, the exceptions to the principle of criminal equality in Iranian criminal law have been studied by analytical-descriptive method. What is the requirement of the principle of equality of persons in criminal law? The requirement of the principle of criminal equality is that the rights of all individuals be respected equally. Of course, this does not mean that some principles governing the religion of the country are ignored. The result of this research is that by examining the criminal laws of Iran, it is clear that this principle has exceptions regarding the special position of Muslims in relation to other followers of religions. In the case of non-Muslim adultery with a Muslim woman, the perpetrator will be executed if he is a non-Muslim. Of course, since the Islamic Penal Code has a jurisprudential basis, so the reason for such rulings to maintain the authority of Muslims, non-domination of infidels over Muslims, etc. are among the most important of these factors. The issue of personality and status of individuals is one of the cases in which the principle of criminal equality seems to have been neglected in these cases.

The present study aims to investigate the role of the source state in the pandemic of the Corona virus within the framework of the principle of responsibility of states. The main question of the article is: how can the behavior of the government of origin in the Corona crisis be subject to international law? The hypothesis that arises from this question is that the Chinese government's non-transparent approach and irresponsible behavior at various stages of the coronavirus outbreak, including informing the World Health Organization, blames the government in terms of the rule of government responsibility. The findings of the study show that the source government, especially in relation to international health regulations, has not fulfilled its obligations and has not timely notified the organization of developments related to the corona outbreak. Accordingly, it has violated the issue of Corona from the perspective of international law, which could lead to fines and compensation for this country. The theoretical framework of the present article is the principle of state responsibility and the theory of compensation in the doctrine of international law and the method used in it is descriptive-analytical and based on the study of existing data and their interpretation.

Abusive conditions are the use of the text of the law and the imposition of the conditions required by the person in power in the contract by abusing his economic, social and professional status to the other party, in order to gain his own interests and harm others. Given the importance of expanding legal knowledge in the field of provisions governing abusive terms in consumer rights, this study intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the nature of abusive terms of consumer rights in Iranian and EU legal systems and strategies to combat abuse. To demand and reduce the abuse of terms in consumer rights. The results of this study indicate that the imbalance related to the conditions contained in the contracts will create conditions for abuse and impose it on the consumer and, in turn, will make the provider party unnecessary to accept its normal and reasonable responsibilities. Therefore, suppliers of goods and services, in order to determine the conditions, must consider the conditions that determine the level of their responsibilities and duties; Provided that the purpose or effect is that only the supplier unilaterally has the right to change the product or service in question is, both theoretically and practically, a disregard for consumer rights and is abusive. In EU member states, there are anti-competitive and restrictive practices and market transparency that are used as a kind of guarantee of proper implementation to respect consumer rights.

The purpose of this article is to examine the property rights of refugees in Iranian law and international documents, which has been done through the library method. Refugees, like other human beings, undoubtedly enjoy all the fundamental rights and freedoms recognized in the human rights system. However, given the special situation and circumstances in which refugees find themselves, the enjoyment of only certain rights is of particular importance and they have special duties in accordance with those conditions. The findings of the study indicate that: The right to property is one of the issues that is emphasized in the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the right to acquire movable and immovable property. Article 13 of the Convention stipulates that the Contracting States shall treat refugees in relation to the acquisition of movable and immovable property and other related rights, as well as in the case of lease or other contracts relating to the ownership of movable and immovable property, to the extent possible. Foreign nationals in Iran According to the Aliens Acquisition Regulations adopted in 1327, if they want to acquire property in Iran for their residence, industry or place of business, they must submit the declarations of the registry office of the location of the property to be sent to the General Registry Office for permission.

21st century society is facing a massive aging population, this feature along with other changes in the socio-economic environment such as increasing rural migration to cities and globalization has created serious challenges in the social security systems of many countries so that the growth of pension expenditures for The public sector has become a serious financial threat in some developing countries, and pension reform has become an inevitable necessity. Iran's social security pension system, like all designed pension systems, has shortcomings that must be addressed. To address these shortcomings, the principles of fundamental human rights must be used as an international standard. Because human rights, in addition to fundamental freedoms, include "the right to social security, which in a way includes economic and social rights (education, health care, employment and an adequate standard of living). In this article, the legal system of social security pension in Iran is reviewed from the legal point of view using analytical, descriptive research method and in comparison with the principles of fundamental human rights, and the necessary suggestions for its most important challenges and shortcomings are presented.

Insurance is one of the phenomena that, despite its effective presence and decades in human affairs,has been present in all stages of social affairs and future provision, and this presence is not pursued in the category of needs of insurance governing bodies but by members of society as a demand.Behavioral financial advocates firmly believe that knowledge of psychological investment tendencies is absolutely necessary and requires serious development of the range of studies, and for those who see the role of psychology in financial knowledge as a factor influencing securities markets and investor decisions.Therefore, the present study designs a psychological model with a perceptual bias approach that affects the individual willingness of investors to purchase social insurance and provides behavioral policies in the insurer community.In this type of attitude, according to the individual preferences of investors, after choosing the perfect and error-free choice, they choose a behavior that better satisfies their preferences and avoiding behavioral distortions is the best tool to achieve That is the goal. Considering these issues in the fields of investment and insurance, in this study, the model of financial behavioral biases of investors in purchasing insurance has been designed. This research is a kind of mixed research in which two approaches used in behavioral sciences, namely quantitative and qualitative data of 1400, are used. In this study, behavioral biases were identified in 5 areas (preferential, revelatory, emotional, cognitive and economic) in which 42 main factors were approved by experts and activists in finance, investment and insurance. Is.

An option contract is a type of pre-contract and a derivative instrument. Despite the fact that this contract is known and very efficient in the world market, but it is an emerging contract in Iran and one of the reasons for not using it is not recognizing the effects of the contract. Therefore, in this research, which has a completely practical aspect, the effects of the contract of option in Iranian law and French law as one of the most prominent legal systems in the world have been discussed.The effects of certain contracts are defined by the legislature, but there are also effects that are essentially common between contracts, both definite and indefinite. On the other hand, due to the unique nature of the contract, the option to trade the effects of this contract before the exercise of the right and after the exercise of the right is different. Also in discussing the effects of the contract, we are faced with the issue of the relative principle of the effects of the contracts and its exceptions.

Among the issues that have been raised in the field of government ownership in recent years in the iranian legal system is the discussion of the principles and reasons for municipal ownership, which can be discussed in the light of the basic theories of administrative law about the government. The two fundamental theories of public power and public service, which are rooted in french administrative law and, of course, can also be found in islamic law, form the basis of this analysis. The purpose of explaining the present issue is to determine whether the municipality is allowed to own property due to privileges outside of private rights or whether it has such a mission due to serving the people. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The result is that the municipality is allowed to own due to public power, but the purpose of this institution is to serve the people. In fact, public power is a tool that should not be abused and the municipality and the acquiring institutions should use it when necessary and in order to advance the goals of the administration. The goal, however, is to advance the goals of the organization with the aim of providing decent services to the people.

Women, as an important part of society, have had serious responsibilities and have been active along with men in various arenas, but during the past periods in our country, attention to the status and rights of women has seen ups and downs. Is. This research has investigated the change in the policies of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the status of women based on an increasing model through analytical and descriptive methods. The results of studies show that the policy of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the influence of various factors, the new orientation of some members of the government, international conditions, etc. Limited, gradual and increasing changes in educational, political, economic and administrative fields and to some extent rights Civil has been created for the benefit of women. After the end of the imposed war and entering the seventies, we witnessed significant changes in the situation of women in various fields. The age of information technology has had a significant impact on women's awareness and knowledge, and since increasing awareness and literacy in society is the most important factor in women's participation in higher levels of decision-making, policy-making and planning in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The increase in the presence of women in the highest management levels of the country, such as the parliament and the Islamic Consultative Assembly, although gradual, has been satisfactory.

Civil society is one of the most controversial and complex concepts and topics. The initial conceptions considered the civil society as a situation against the natural state and as a result of chaos, in such a conception, the government was considered the same as the civil society. After the victory of the Islamic revolution, as in previous periods, the civil society expanded considerably. The increase in political conflicts between groups and political currents and the occurrence of the Iran-Iraq war and the victory of Islamist currents led the political and social space to blockage. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal obstacles to the realization of civil society in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The researcher seeks to examine the principles and foundations of civil society, the actions, opinions, opinions and interpretations of some institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the constitution and other laws, and to analyze the causes of the non-realization of the ideal civil society in Iran. The results showed that reaching a powerful civil society has the following conditions: the existence of legal conditions and regulations that effectively protect citizens against the government's whims; The existence of aligned non-governmental groups that are powerfully organized and do not allow those who have the tools of government and imposition to abuse their power; The existence of balanced pluralism among the aligned groups of civil society, in such a way that none of them can establish the corresponding dominance. (In this sense, it can be said that in situations where the rich or very powerful and authoritarian trade unions dominate the scene, we see a weak civil society.