نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 61، تابستان 1401)

Increasing the information of children and adolescents were occurred in a variety of ways, such as family, mass media, and communication with friends, and classroom instruction. Classroom instruction and other educational programs conducted in educational and non-educational settings are one of the most important ways to improve understanding of the concepts of climate change and environmental issues. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to educate and increase the awareness of adolescents about the concepts and issues of climate change and their knowledge of environmental programs among students.

Data were collected from 113 high school students in Tabriz by filling out a questionnaire at the academic year 2017-2018.

The results showed that students showed a difference in attitude before and after education. There was a significant difference in the significance of Arasbaran forests in the two stages before and after training. Among the four sources of catching environmental information, TV (65.4%) and Internet (50%) were the main source of information. In the pre-training phase, 31.3% of the students stated that climate change is not important. But in the post-training phase, none of the people pointed to the low importance of climate change. In the pre-training phase, 25% of people did not feel the risk of climate change, while after explaining the issue, it reached 3.8%. The comparison of the mean environmental perception in the pre and post education stage indicated that both protective measures including intent of support and enjoyment of existing resources had a significant increase.Discussion and

The factor of changing nature and human dominance of the utilization component was reduced, but only a significant decrease was observed in the altering nature factor. TV and internet were as the main information sources about environment and climate change and the related education can be touched by these options.

In the last few decades, contamination of the environment especially the soil by toxic metals has been increased extremely at worldwide. Entrance of toxic metals into the soil from various sources is a constant and serious threat to the health of plants, animals and human societies. Bioremediation by using of the beneficial soil microorganisms improves the remediation efficiency of the metal contaminated areas and is a suitable alternative method for substitution of current physico-chemical strategies.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are found in virtually all ecosystems worldwide, including in soil contaminated with toxic metals. AM fungi sequestrate toxic metals at fungal intra- and extracellular structures by different mechanisms, so in addition to reduce their toxic effects on host plant prevent from their entrance in the food chain. This study has been addressed the role of glomalin as an important molecule of the cell wall of AM fungi spores and hyphae in soils contaminated by toxic metals.

The results showed that glomalin as a specific product of AM fungi, is present in the role of a heat shock protein as well a critical and main component of spores and hyphal cell wall.

Glomalin plays an essential and key role in maintaining and improving the soil health by reducing toxicity and availability of metals for symbiotic partner of AM fungi and other organisms.

" Environmental Rule of Law" is an emerging concept which has been raised as a legal instrument by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for the first time and it has been able to work in order to extent the environmental protection and to address the environmental challenges. This concept is generally derived from the notion of the Rule of law that derives from domestic law to international law. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) at the First World Congress on Environmental Law has developed a Declaration to better understand the concept of 13 principles that can play a significant role in the goals of sustainable development; some of the principles referred to others.  In fact, the emphasis is on the fundamental principles of environmental law, and new principles have been introduced, which can be considered through the pursuit of sustainable development goals. Also, for the implementation of this concept, administrative and educational solutions are addressed in this Declaration. This paper examines the "Environmental Rule of law" and its role in sustainable development goals by emphasizing on the International Union for Conservation of Nature on the World Declaration on the Environmental. In addition, the aim of this article is to provide some solutions to the legal and executive challenges in this matter.

In this research, information has been collected by observing a library according to documents, texts, articles, etc. And in terms of the type of data, it is considered a qualitative method.

The concept of the rule of law especially environmental issues at the level of international law, as a unifying solution to provide the progress of sustainable development.

The principles considered for the mentioned concept of environmental rule of law; it is important to lead to the reduction of adverse effects, reduce conflicts over resources and facilitate the goals of the third generation of human rights as a legal solution to achieve the goals of sustainable development and justice.

Providing safe drinking water is so essential for human consumption adequately and healthy. Therefore, knowledge of the physicochemical quality of water resources can play a major role in their utilization and consumption for drinking. Measurement and monitoring of water quality parameters is the first step for ensuring safe water. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of drinking water wells of Zarghan plain in Fars province.

For this purpose, the data of meteorology, groundwater level and physicochemical experiments of 12 parameters including Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity, pH, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Nitrate, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride and Fluoride of ten drinking water wells in Zarghan rural district during 2011-2016 were used.

Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation matrix and one sample t-test using SPSS software. The results of comparing different parameters of water wells in Zarghan area with the national standard during 5-year-period showed that with decreasing groundwater level due to drought, the amount of Magnesium, Chloride, Sodium, Total Hardness and Electrical Conductivity increased and exceeded the maximum standard limit for drinking.

Water wells no. 1, 2, 4 and 7 have a better level of drinking water quality than water wells no. 5, 6, 9 and 10 due to decreasing rain and drought, uncontrolled harvesting of groundwater resources, and differences in the matter nature and type of soil of each part of the area.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the acquisition of acquired cultural capital on the environmental behaviors of students in Tehran.

The statistical population of this research includes all elementary students in district 4 of district 5 of Tehran city, which was selected by multistage cluster sampling method and 50 students who were willing to cooperate were selected as sample. These 50 fully peer groups were selected in two groups of 25 and A and A, group A received 13 sessions of cultural training group training, and group B was the control group. Analysis of variance was also used to analyze the data.

Findings showed that acquisition of acquired cultural capital significantly increased the positive environmental behaviors. The students who were in the experimental group had a significant environmental behaviors (environmental protection, familiarity with recycling, saving on consumption, proper use and reuse of waste from students who were in the control group) Recoverable) and this positive effect was constant over time.

Today, the development of cultural capital and its promotion is emphasized in order to reduce and control social issues such as environmental crises, and it seems that sustainable development, especially its environmental aspect, depends on the promotion of cultural capital. . Based on this, it seems that with the developments of the last few years, we can benefit from the concept of cultural capital as a predictive variable in the analysis of socio-cultural issues such as behaviors and environmental attitudes.

In recent decade, various researches have been performed on the application of nanoparticles in the water and wastewater industries. In generally, these nanoparticles are divided to carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes have a high active specific surface, while easy reuse. Metal oxide nanoparticles have the proper selectivity for absorbing toxic compounds and heavy metals. Polymeric nanoadsorbents have Bifunctional (inner shell adsorbs organics, outer branches adsorb heavy metals) and reusable. Zeolites have high specific surface and adsorption ability. In this paper has been studied a review of nanoadsorbents and their applications in water and wastewater treatment systems.
Analysis

Research documents and data have been gathered based on review articles methodology by searching the reference data banks of articles and scientific resources and researches conducted inside and outside Iran in the field of nano adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment systems.

 The results of this study shows that  there are many research about  iron oxide and carbon nanotubes, but less research is done in the field of silver nanoparticles with high antibacterial properties to remove viruses, bacteria and fungi from water and wastewater.

Regard to development and applications of nanoabsorbents in the field of water and wastewater treatment systems, it is suggested that researches with an applied and industrial point of view be considered in the research and scientific centers of the country to enable the possibility of water recovery and optimization of the treatment system.

Purified water is one of the most important elements in the health of human societies, so trying to purify water through water treatment plants is justifiable even with high costs. Surface waters often have a greater variety of pollutants than underground waters, and for this reason, treatment processes may be more complicated for such waters. In water treatment plants, the purification process starts through the inlet pipe to the treatment plant and enters the urban water stream by passing through garbage collection structures, aeration, microstrainer, rapid mixing, superpulsator, sand filter and tank. Like the concentrator, the recycling tank and the contaminated mechanical dewatering are divided into two parts that can be treated and cannot be treated, and the non-degradable solids are directed out of the tank.

This article has investigated the construction method and performance of different parts of water treatment plants in an executive and scientific way by reviewing reliable scientific databases and the experiences of the authors.

The performance of different parts of the treatment plant and their construction methods have been analyzed and the importance and position of each part has been discussed.

The process of water purification from the time of entering the water treatment plant to the time of its exit was investigated in detail, including the construction method, which provides useful information for planners, designers and activists in this field

Emergence of high-voltage power lines in the human life has fueled the investigations on the adverse impacts of magnetic fields on the human and environment. Contact with these fields will adversely affect the human health. On the other hand, extent of these sources due to the waves’ invisibility and propagation from different sources has increased the importance of these studies. The aim of this research is to evaluate the magnetic flux density in the vicinity of the high-voltage power lines and determine the critical points in GIS.

In this field research, measurements were conducted in 13 districts of Isfahan using wave-measuring device (HI-3604) according to IEEE standard in 522 points. The results were analyzed by SPSS and GIS.

Minimum and maximum magnetic flux densities were 0.13 and 4.6 µT measured at 0 and 20 m distances from the high-voltage power line, respectively. This shows that the measured quantitates will be declined by increase of the distance and height and reduction of the current. A significant relationship was observed between the magnetic flux density and distance, height and current (P-value>0.05).

The results also suggested that the magnetic flux density was lower than the ICNIRP in all the investigated points. However, regarding the consequences of these waves even in far smaller levels (compared to the standard) on the human health, the residential regions should be established in proper distance to these lines to minimize the exposure. In GIS, the critical points were observed in Shafagh Blvd. in vicinity of line 230; while the safe pints were located in Vali-e-Asr St. in vicinity of 63-kV line.

Today, the excessive use of fossil fuels has increased the emissions of greenhouse and climate change. Climate change not only affects changes in the mean of variables such as temperature and total precipitation, but also increases the incidence of maximum events. Therefore, the impact of climate change on temperature and precipitation parameters as well as extreme precipitation can be very important for future planning.

In this study, to investigate the effect of climate change on temperature and precipitation parameters, CanESM2 general circulation model, according to assessment report fifth (AR5) of the intergovernmental panel on climate change used of new scenarios Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) Contains RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 and Statistical down scaling model (SDSM) for down scaling Large scale data GCM for simulation has been used during the period 2030-2059. Then the efficiency of the model will be evaluated with three indicators: root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and nash–sutcliffe efficiency (NSE).

The results of the research in the first stage of downscaling with the SDSM model show the good efficiency of the model. The R2 and NSE coefficients for the calibration period of the Azarshahr station are 0.99, 0.99 for temperature and 0.95, 0.95, precipitation and for the Ghermezigol station is 0.91, 0.86. The results indicate the minimum and maximum temperature increase, especially in the month of April to July in this basin, with the highest increase relative to RCP8.5 at 0.26 ° C. Also, precipitation in the Azarshahr station increased by 7.44% under RCP 2.6 and at the Ghermezigol station decreased by 7.57%, under RCP8.5. The decreasing trend of precipitation can be seen in the scenarios, so that the most pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5) shows the greatest decrease. The results of the investigation of extreme rainfalls showed that despite the climate changes and the decrease of precipitation and increase in temperature and consequently the increase of evaporation and the lack of water resources and drought, one should not ignore floods and extreme rainfalls.

In general, the results have shown an increase in the amount of maximum rainfall in the future. With such simulations, it can be seen that climate change has caused an increase in the amount and frequency of extreme rainfall, even in basins that have brought about a decrease in average annual rainfall. In the present study, in the stations where the amount of rainfall increases in different seasons, the increase in the amount of rainfall will increase the risk of flooding, so it is necessary to pay special attention to the management of water resources and flood control of the basin.

With the increasing urban population, increasing prosperity, extreme consumerism and changing patterns of people's lives, has increased the amount of waste. In the absence of waste management, will be many environmental problems. The purpose of the research is to evaluate and understand the current state of waste in Yazd city, to explain and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the waste system, and to formulate waste management strategies for this city.

The nature and method of research is descriptive - analytical. Information is collected by field and library studies. This study was conducted in Yazd city. The waste situation in Yazd city is studied by D.P.S.R model. Driving forces include population, household welfare and consumption pattern. Pressure factors are commercial, office, educational, cultural, industrial workshops, health centers. After examining the Driving forces and pressure factors, the present situation is described. The swot model has been used to provide responses.

Region 2 with the highest density of the population has the highest amount of waste in the Yazd city. Per capita waste in1 Region, is lower than other areas of Yazd city. Per capita waste in 3 Region is higher than other parts of the city. The implementation of source separation program is the most important strength and lack of citizen participation is the most important weakness. Low waste per capita and sustainable employment through the recycling industry is the most important opportunities. The negative attitudes to waste-related occupations and the inadequate cooperation of other organs are the most important threats.

Population density leads to more waste production, but the composition of waste depends on the welfare status of citizens. Comparison of wet and dry waste in Yazd city in 1385 and 1394 shows that the amount of dry waste has increased compared to wet waste, which is an indication of the change in the consumption pattern in Yazd city.

Chitgar park with an area of 54000 hectares including heights is limited to the chitgar land to the north, from the south to the Tehran-karaj freeway, from the west to azadshahr and pykanshahr and from the east to the rabbit area of the valley is limited and with an area of about 950 hectares of land plowed, of the largest forest parks and tourist hub of Tehran province is considered. Evaluating the ecological capability of areas for ecotourism known as a means to achieve this goal.

Regarding the ecological characteristics of the area, environmental assessment of Chitgar Park for a central outing using a hierarchical analysis process was performed. First by reviewing various sources criteria and sub criteria are selected, then, using the paired comparison questionnaire weigth of criteria and sub-criteria were determined and used from the hierarchical analysis process to measure the criteria.

Maps were prepared for the specified factors and according to the given weights in the paired comparision questionnaire weight maps were also prepared, then the map of concentrated recreation entertainment was classified and the area of each floor was determined.

Power assessment was made according to the weigth assigned to the central recreation expertchoice 11 were used to weigth the criteria and ArcGIS 10.5 software was used to analyze the layers. Based on the results, about 80% of the area is concentrated on the central reflexion.

The leaching from the surface of vegetation resulting from the complex relationship of soil and vegetation is an important part of the nutrition cycle that controls the ability of plants to access elements or the release of food from the ecosystem along with the decomposition process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the importance of trees leaching in the nutrient cycle (base cations) and introduce it as a vital nutrient source for improving soil fertility and sustainability of forest ecosystems.

This study is a review on published studies, a library and a comprehensive review of the literature, nationally and internationally.  

Leaching of nutrients from the canopy and forest floor with rapid absorption is an important factor of soil fertility and sustainability of ecosystems that should be considered in the forest management. Forest management and forest cover influence the nutrient quality and access in the soil and plants by erosion, litter quality, organic matter and nutrient cycling. For the forest management plan and marking, cut intensity, thinning and lightening intensity, additional information about the status and leaching intensity is required in any area to prevent the imbalance of the ecosystem with a comprehensive plan.

In fact, with sufficient information on the leaching function of different species and using in management, we can determine the correct combination in forestry and silviculture operations associated with soil fertility protection and increase of production potential.

Mamloo dam in Tehran province has been built to meet the needs of agricultural water in Varamin plain, but due to the drinking water supply in Tehran, a limited amount of stored water is supplied to the plain. One of the most important effects of the insufficient supply of surface water in Varamin plain is the reduction of groundwater aquifers and land subsidence. In this study, the effect of the Mamloo dam on land subsidence in the Varamin plain was investigated.

The changes in groundwater level and the unit hydrograph of the plain and quantitative changes of groundwater in the study area of Varamin plain located downstream of the dam were studied and analyzed in two periods before and after the operation of the Mamloo dam.

Based on the results obtained from the selected piezometric network and according to the division of the study area into northern and southern regions, the greatest amount of decline was in the northern part. After the construction of the Mamloo Dam, new evacuation points were created based on the potential maps in the northern and central parts, where the population and agriculture centers were located. In the south, due to the type of geological structure and less alluvial thickness, the emptying of the pores of the aqueous layer has led to subsidence in some areas. Finally, the adaptation of the areas with the greatest decrease in groundwater discharge to the areas with the highest vertical displacement in the southern and central regions in the radar maps was quite clear.

By investigating the results obtained from the analysis of the drop of piezometers in the study area of ​​Varamin plain and the expansion of the number and depth of deep wells in the mentioned plain, the change in the underground water flow regime and the reduction of the aquifer volume are clear. After the construction of the Mamloo dam, the amount of this drop has increased, especially in the lands of the northern part. In addition, the lack of proper planning in meeting the needs of the agricultural sector of the plain, which has a major share in the consumption of water obtained from underground sources, has caused major challenges in the climatic and social conditions downstream of the dam. Due to the construction of the Mamloo dam at the entrance of the Jajrood River to Varamin plain, the level of the water table has decreased over time due to the significant reduction of surface flow to the region. This decrease had higher values ​​in the northern half of the plain and in the areas where the thickness of alluvium is greater. Based on the output of satellite and subsidence maps, the areas that experienced more discharge and drop during the statistical period correspond to the areas with more subsidence in the subsidence maps.

The discharge of heavy metals from various industries has negative effects on the environment and living organisms. Conventional technologies for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions are not economically viable and, in addition to not being effective at low concentrations of metal ions, produce large amounts of chemical sludge. Nickel's biological uptake by living, inactive, microbial or plant-derived biomass is an alternative and innovative technology to remove this contamination from aqueous solutions. It has high absorbency and reabsorption capacity.
Investigation

In this research, in a review study with the aim of introducing different types of microbial and plant-derived biological adsorbents in order to remove nickel from aqueous solution and reveal the adsorption capacity of each adsorbent, articles found between 2001 and 2020 have been used.

Research has shown that the use of these biomass as a biological adsorbent for the removal of nickel in aqueous solution is a promising and environmentally friendly prospect.

Based on thermodynamic studies in most nickel biosorption processes with different adsorbents, the value of ∆G° is negative and the value of ∆S° is positive due to the increase of random collisions between solid and solution during the process.

Today, the environmental crisis has become a serious issue and one of the most challenging issues. Because the important and long-term consequences of human activity on the environment are increasing more rapidly. Accordingly, theorists believe that all the environmental problems caused by human activities, they will not be solved by the mere use of technology, and changes in human behavior are required. This study aims to review, analyze and explain Extension their environmental ethics.

This research, in a review and analytical way, was looking for appropriate ethical behavior in relation to the environment, which collected information using library resources and internet sites.

According to research findings, many environmental issues today are directly or indirectly the result of everyday human behavior. Many believe that the solution to the environmental crisis must change human behavior and lifestyle changes searched for him on the ground. Hence, changing lifestyles as a driving force for Extension environmental awareness using patterns and behaviors. Instead of destroying the environment, humans can play an important role in reducing and controlling environmental problems and problems by adjusting their needs and adapting their lifestyles to existing constraints.

In this regard, extention training can spur the sense of trustworthiness and accountability of people so that they can play a more effective role in protecting the environment.

Climate change is one of the most important challenges that affect different parts of human life. One of the most important consequences of climate change is the impact on water resources and the occurrence of droughts. In this research, the effects of climate change on the drought condition of Hablehrood watershed during the next three decades were evaluated using Decile Drought Index and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Initially, the monthly data of the output of the HADCM3 General Circulation Model )GCM(, under the A2 scenario were Downscaled in the LARS-WG5 statistical model and the ability of this model to simulate the past climate (1995-1995 period) Firoozkooh synoptic stations basin Hablehrood watershed was approved. Then, climatic parameters of the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine for the period 2040-2011 were simulated for the station studied. The results obtained from the station showed that the average annual maximum temperature would increase to 0.47 degrees Celsius, and the minimum temperatures would be 0.56 degrees Celsius. Annual precipitation fluctuations are not significantly different with rainfall during the base period, so that precipitation 0.06mm will be changed in the future period. Then, using rainfall data, the drought condition of the basin was studied using the two droughts Index mentioned in the annual scale. The results showed that these two Index are well-matched

The use of activated carbon in company with metal nano catalysts for pesticides removal from the environment has been considered by researchers, recently. This study aimed to remove diazinon residues from water using Nano-MnO2/PAC composite mading from Pinus eldarica activated carbon containing manganese dioxide nanoparticles.

Initially, the powdered residues of pine cone were treated using phosphoric acid and then converted to activated carbon by chemically heat method under ordinary atmosphere. Then manganese dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized in its substrate. The chemical structure and carbon appearance of the resulting pine fruit and nanocomposite were described by SEM, TEM, XRD, and IR characterization methods. Adsorption tests are performed to evaluate the removal efficiency of diazinon from aqueous solution by applying operational variables including pH (2-10), temperature (16-42 0C), contact time (2-120 min), and at initial concentrations (0.05-100 mg/L) of diazinon was studied.

Microscopic images and spectroscopy showed that manganese dioxide nanoparticles with an approximate size of 37.5 nm were present in the nanocomposite. The results showed that small amounts of nanocomposite (3 mg/L) were able to remove 94.6% of the diazinon with an initial concentration of 40 mg/L. The best description of the adsorption process at optimal pH 4, with fit in the Langmuir isotherm model with a correlation coefficient of 0.985.

According to results, the presence of manganese dioxide nanoparticles improved the removal efficiency of diazinon by 13.7% compared to activated carbon of pine fruit.

The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for modeling ecological and environmental civilization in sport using a hybrid approach.

The research method was a two-stage instrumental exploratory combination. The qualitative research method, the qualitative case study, and the potential participants included 14 faculty members. The sampling approach was purposeful and the method of sampling was key. The data collection continued until theoretical saturation. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part of the descriptive-survey research method, the head, vice chairman and secretary of sport federations were 153 persons with 51 active federations in the country. According to Morgan sample size table, 113 individuals were selected as the research sample according to available sampling method. Finally, after distribution and collection of research questionnaires, 89 questionnaires were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the respective T values ​​of each factor had a significant impact and the whole framework of ecological and environmental civilization development model in sport was approved. The results also show that the development of ecological and environmental civilization in sport includes causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervention conditions, consequences, strategies. The results of this study also showed that the research model has a good fit.

As the results of this research showed, the activities of sports organizations have a great impact on the development of ecological and environmental civilization in sports.

Trying to understand the environment and the quality of urban spaces in the living environment is one of the most basic issues that urban thinkers should pay attention to due to the decline in environmental quality, especially urban spaces in terms of aesthetics and sense of belonging, to a lively environment and create to suit the moods and needs of users. With regard to this issue, the purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of the urban environment with spatial attachment and aesthetic perception in the metropolitan areas of Tabriz.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey type. The sample size is 384 visitors to Tabriz Clock Square. For the structural model, second-order factor analysis (SEM) of Amos software version 26 and SPSS were used.

The results show that in the final structure model, two components of environmental aesthetics (direct with 0.96 and indirect with 0.65) and sense of belonging directly (directly with 0.94 and indirect with 0.78 In total, with 0.93, they have been effective in improving the environmental quality in Tabriz Clock Square.

Therefore, there is a direct positive and significant relationship between the environmental quality of urban spaces with aesthetics and the sense of belonging of citizens, which are the cause and effect of each other in improving the environmental quality and urban spaces.

Today waste management is a significant issue in the world, which is of vital importance. The growing population and, consequently, the increase in the production of wastes have made solid waste management the most important issue in recent decades.

In this research, in order to manage solid waste in the new city of Pardis, checklist from the series of stages of production to waste disposal was prepared and data was collected using a survey, interview and a questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to identify the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and the external factors (opportunities and threats). A list of the internal and external factors affecting the waste management strategies in the region was prepared and a number of experienced people as Delphi group were asked to comment on the internal and external factors affecting waste management. After identifying the internal and external factors, the weighting of the criteria was done by AHP method and then all possible strategies were classified in ST, WO, SO and WT categories.

Among the identified components, two factors lack of inorganic coordination and unsafe landfill of solid waste in The final landfill location with a weight score (0.774) was identified as the most basic weakness and two factors of the lack of coordination and environmental pollution with a weight score (0.881) as The most fundamental threat to the solid waste management system was identified.

Therefore, all the main factors (reduction at the source, production, storage, processing and management on site, collection, transportation, recycling, disposal and post-disposal care) should be included in the agenda of the solid waste organization.