فصلنامه زیبایی شناسی ادبی
سال سیزدهم شماره 52 (تابستان 1401)

Bahmannameh is of great value in terms of epic style and expression, especially in the field of description, because the description element is one of the criteria for measuring the quality of an epic work and is a means to make the various scenes in epic poetry more tangible. In this work, tools such as simile, metaphor, allowed and irony have been used to express descriptions. These tools are a means of creating poetry and are considered as semantic norm deviation in the study of different types of deviations. Semantic norm deviation, which is one of the methods of highlighting language, is in fact a violation of the characteristics governing the use of words in the standard language. In this article, after giving an introduction about highlighting and its types, an attempt has been made to deal with various types of semantic norm deviations, including its various cases, including similes and metaphors. The research method in this article is descriptive and the data have been reviewed using the content technique in a library manner. The study population is Bahmannameh Hakim Iranshah Ibn Abi Al-Khair edited by Rahim Afifi. The findings of this study show that in the mentioned work in the field of semantic deviation, visualization is more manifested than abstractionism because the epicist tries to depict strange and complex events with a tangible and material expression clearly and explicitly in front of the reader. Another finding of this research is the high frequency of metaphors and metaphors of anthropomorphism.

Humor has a long history in Persian literature and examples of it can be seen not only in ancient texts but also in contemporary Persian works. In order to arouse the audience's emotions and influence their minds and psyches, the satirist must transform the world around him as it is and become unreal. For this reason, he tries to express his mental concepts indirectly so that "his main message can be heard unspoken, said and unheard." Caricaturist is a humorous and short text that has a new and different look at the surrounding phenomena and relations between objects and beings, so in this study, the language of humor and comparison in caricatures of the 90s is examined and analyzed. The result of this research, which was done in a descriptive and analytical way, shows that the satirical language of the 90s cartoonists is a creative and artistic language, and the authors of the works of this decade have been able to express the realities of society by using, brevity, all kinds of language games, avoiding norms and using poetic language to depict.

Grams, who is one of the founders of structuralist semantics, has developed a structured method called "generative semiotics" from semiotics. Grams claimed that "meaning" can only be understood in the form of narrative. In Grams' method, all aspects of "discourse" are structured, analyzed and categorized so that "sign" is extracted and the method of reaching "meaning" is understood through it. Discursive semiotics provides grounds to attribute linguistic structures to emotional types. Studying the emotional flow of discourse means examining the formation and production of the emotional system and how to create meaning through it. This research was carried out with the method of library-documentary studies with the aim of investigating the semantic sign of the emotional system of the discourse in Hadiqeh al-Haqiqah Sanai. From the results of the research, we found that the semantic sign of the emotional system of the narrative discourse in Hadiqah al-Haqiqah; It is based on two types of meaning formation: tense-sense system and event-sense system. By examining the anecdotes of Hadiqa Al-Haqiqah, we come to the conclusion that Sana'i uses the flow of meaning production in the context of the emotional and mystical system; He has used the two types of systems mentioned and while "producing meaning" by using a pleasant story, he conveys knowledge to the audience through the transmission of the act of knowing.