نشریه پژوهش های علوم کشاورزی پایدار
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1401)

In order to investigate the genetic diversity of canola cultivars, an experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks with 9 rapeseed cultivars in 3 replications in Iranshahr region. After culture, DNA extraction was done using CTAB or Dellaporta method with some modifications and 6 pairs of RAPD primers were used for amplification. Also, at the end of the growing season, traits such as plant height, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, yield and seed oil percentage were measured.The results of the analysis of variance showed that the cultivars have a significant difference at the 1% probability level. Also, there was a positive and significant correlation between the studied traits. Cluster analysis of morphological-agronomical data of rapeseed cultivars in four main groups and cluster analysis of molecular data of rapeseed cultivars in three main groups. Cultivars placed in each group have more genomic similarity and cultivars placed in different groups have more genetic differences. In the analysis of the main coordinates of the molecular data, the first two components could not include all the information obtained, so this information indicates the wide distribution of these markers on the rapeseed genome and can cover a wide area of it. The results of this research showed that according to the diversity observed in the cultivars and based on the results of the grouping of genotypes, it is possible to select genotypes from groups that have a greater genetic distance from each other and use them for specific breeding purposes.

In order to investigate the effects of drought stress on grain yield, biological yield, yield components and harvest barley index of Gohar cultivar, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in the experimental farm of Shushtar Azad University. For this purpose, in field conditions, drought stress treatment at five levels was applied as irrigation interruption in the stages of tillering, stem emergence, flowering, seed filling and no irrigation interruption (control treatment). The amount of water consumed was measured by a volume meter. The results showed that there was a significant difference between drought stress treatments in all studied traits except harvest index. Stress-free treatment produced the highest grain yield by producing the highest biological yield, number of spikes per unit area and number of grains per high spike and suitable 1000-grain weight. In terminal stress conditions or cessation of irrigation in the grain filling stage after non-stress conditions had a higher yield than other stages. The study of correlation coefficients showed that among the yield components, the number of spikes per unit area had the highest correlation (0.63) with grain yield. In this experiment, the lowest grain yield was obtained in the cut-off treatment at the flowering stage, which indicates the sensitivity of this stage of plant growth to dehydration stress

Application of nutrients needed for the growth and development of plants through the use of biological and Nano-fertilizers, while increasing yield, prevents the effects of excessive use of chemical fertilizers on the environment. This experiment was carried out as split plots in randomized complete blocks design in three replications during the cropping year 2020-2021 in Khamesan village of Kamyaran located in Sanandaj. In this experiment, the effect of four levels' application of sulfur fertilizers including control, granular sulfur fertilizer, thiobacillus bio fertilizer, granular sulfur fertilizer + thiobacillus in main plots and the three amount of foliar application of Nano-potassium fertilizer, 0, 5 and 10 kg/ha in the sub-factor were compared on morphological, seed yield and quality characters. The results showed that there were significant differences in the number of secondary stems at 5% and number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, oil and protein yield at 1% under the influence of sulfur fertilizers. The maximum grain yields, oil and protein yield was achieved in the treatment of granular sulfur fertilizer + thiobacillus, which showed an increase of 28.49, 41.72 and 32.46% as arrangement in comparison with the control. Also, grain numbers per head, grain yield, biological yield, and oil yield at 1% and oil and protein percentages and protein yield at 5% showed significant differences under the influence of different amounts of foliar Nano-potassium fertilizer. So, that the foliar application of 10 kg/ha of Nano potassium caused the maximum amount of the mentioned traits and increased grain yield, oil and protein percentages and oil and protein yield compared to the control: 1.05, 2.56, 0.64, 14.26 and 4.48%, respectively.

The method of sugarcane cultivation is generally affected by mechanization conditions and has always faced the problem of long distances between cultivation rows. On the other hand, its asexual cultivation through the cultivation of cuttings and influencing the characteristics of the cuttings does not provide the possibility of precise control of the planting density. Therefore, it is necessary to review the pattern of sugarcane cultivation and of course, keeping in mind the limitations of mechanization. In order to investigate the effect of planting pattern on the yield changes and quantitative and qualitative traits of sugarcane variety CP57-614 in the crop year of 2013-2014 in the Amirkabir Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company in the South of Khuzestan, a research was carried out in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The investigated treatment was the planting pattern in six levels (including planting distance of 180 cm in two rows (control), planting distance of 180 cm in one row, planting distance of 150 cm in one row, planting distance of 90 cm in one row, planting distance of 180 cm in three rows on the stack, the planting distance was 180 cm, three rows of atmospheric soil) which were randomly placed in the plots. The treatments of 90 cm in one row and 180 cm in two rows produced the highest yields of 104.21 and 86.533 tons per hectare, and in total, they were superior to other treatments in terms of the investigated traits. The three-row cultivation treatments were not favorable either in terms of cuttings consumption or yield, compared to other treatments. Based on the obtained results, none of the studied cultivation methods were superior to each other in terms of quality characteristics.

Production in areas under rainfed cultivation is always associated with different constraints that among them, changes in precipitation and air temperature from year to year are widespread and uncontrollable. In this regard, the current study was conducted in order to compare conservation and conventional tillage methods on wheat yield in sowing dates before and after effective autumn rainfall. The experiment was carried out as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with 3 repetitions in two years 2018 to 2020. Experimental treatments included planting time as main plots with two levels D1= before rainfall and D2= after rainfall tillage method as sub-plots including T1= conservative and T2= conventional and seeding rate as sub-sub-plots including S1= 200, S2=300 and S3= 400 seeds. The results demonstrated that although the planting date and seeding rate had no significant effect on the studied traits, the values obtained from the cultivation before rainfall and under 300 and 400 seeding rates were remarkably better. Tillage method caused a significant difference in grain yield and biomass of treatments 3634 and 8394 kg. ha-1, respectively, whereas conventional tillage the values were 2819 and 6114 kg. ha-1. Conservation tillage and cultivation before rainfall associated by using 300 seeds/m2 led to the highest values in number of plants, spikes, and 1000-grain weight compared to conventional method and cultivation before rainfall. Consequently, considering the cost of production, pre-autumn rainfall sowing under conservation tillage and with a 300 seeds/m2 is recommended for Gachsaran region.

In 2020, this research has been devoted to the determination of energy indicators and economic analysis in the vineyards of Qazvin province, after calculating the amount of energy consumption and economic indicators, optimization was done using the method of data envelopment analysis. According to the results, the energy ratio of grapes was estimated as 9.66 and 11.26 in traditional and semi-mechanized methods, respectively. Also, the economic results showed that the net profit of one ton of grapes in the traditional and semi-mechanized method was 2609.77 and 2995.22 dollars per hectare, respectively. The data coverage analysis method showed that the average scores of technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency for traditional grape production are 0.90, 0.95, and 0.94 respectively. Also, the average scores of technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency for semi-mechanized grape production are 0.91, 0.97, and 0.93, respectively. Based on the results of optimal consumption, it has led to a 25.19% reduction in the energy consumption of traditional production and a 24.78% reduction in the energy consumption of semi-mechanized grape production. According to the results, the high energy consumption of chemical fertilizers should be directed towards organic agriculture and less use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as as possible. Also, it is suggested that optimal energy consumption and saving at the level of farmers should be advertised and promoted by the relevant bodies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of apple marketing in West Azerbaijan province using factor analysis method. The statistical population of the study includes all gardeners in West Azarbaijan province, of which 39315 are gardeners. Krejcie and Morgan table were used to determine the sample size (n=360). The present study method is descriptive-survey and in order to collect information from a researcher-made questionnaire, its validity was assessed by obtaining the opinions of a group of experts and necessary modifications were made. The results of factor analysis showed that the most important factors affecting the improvement of apple marketing in West Azerbaijan province were summarized and categorized into four factors, which could explain 66.3% of the changes in factors affecting the improvement of apple marketing in West Azerbaijan province. Among the effective factors studied, economic factor including the items of payment of facilities and credits to apple beneficiaries, the existence of border markets in the province, product diversity was identified as the most important factor affecting the improvement of apple marketing in West Azerbaijan province.