فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
سال پنجاه و سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Dehloran Township, Despite the great distance from multifunctional agriculture it faces many problems in the fields of agriculture, natural resources, environment and economic situation, If no measures are taken to reduce these problems and eliminate them More problems will be faced by the present and future generations of agriculture and rural areas of this Township. Since the development of multifunctional agriculture requires attention to planning and strategy tailored to the conditions of each region. The aim of this qualitative study was, preparation multifunctional agricultural development strategies in Dehloran Township (Ilam province). The study population was purposefully selected from 21 multifunctional agricultural experts in one of the western regions of Iran, Dehloran Township. Data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews in five steps of the Meta-SWOT technique based on the Resource-based theory. After completing the interviews, the position of Dehloran Township in comparison with competitors, existing resources and obstacles affecting the development of MFA were identified. After analyzing the interviews and evaluating the impact of each resource on environmental factors and their relevance to the objectives, a strategic map was drawn. In examining all aspects of the strategic map, three rare, Inimitable and Non-substitutable capabilities, one with the most strategic fit, an environmental factor were identified as the most important and powerful obstacle to the growth and development of MFA. Finally, judging by each of the internal and environmental factors, 15 optimal strategies for MFA development were preparated in order of importance using the AHP technique. By implementing the preparated strategies, it is possible to help strengthen and develop the existing capabilities and remove the existing obstacles, and with proper planning, we will witness the development of more multifunctional agriculture in the future.

Groundwater crisis has become a major problem in Lorestan province. Meanwhile, Aleshtar township is one of the cities affected by this crisis. While there are several reasons for the underlying groundwater crisis in the township, one of the most important challenges facing this township can be due to the institutional constraints by stakeholders involved in groundwater resources management. Thus, this study describes institutional constraints to groundwater resource management in Aleshtar using grounded theory approach. Participants were 24 key informants involved in the groundwater resources management in Aleshtar township that to select the samples, targeted sampling approach using snowball sampling technique was used. Thus, participants were interviewed in-depth and interviews were recorded and transcribed for qualitative analysis. In the present study, the result of open coding was the extraction of 170 concepts and 43 sub-categories. Based on the paradigm model, the core category identified in this research was “institutional structural and functional weakness” which found to be related to other categories of meanings. The result show that, the most important context conditions the occurrence of the phenomenon were “farmers weak financial vigor”, “cultural elements as barriers to groundwater resources management” and “traditional agriculture”. The results of research on the causal conditions affecting the occurrence of this phenomenon indicate “irregular and excessive harvesting of groundwater resources” and “weak control and monitoring” as the most important causes. In this study, “climate change” and "poor performance of secondary institutions involved in groundwater resources management" were among the most important intervening condition that have led to the intensification of the phenomenon. The most important action/interaction strategies of institutions to overcome the phenomenon were the sub-categories of “implementing water engineering and control” and “farmers participation”. Finally, implementing action/interaction strategies can have both positive and negative consequences. The most important positive consequences was “improvements to farming”. However, the most important negative consequences included “destruction of natural resources” and “occurrence of economic problems” and “occurrence of social problems”.

Climatic and regional conditions have provided a good environment for agricultural development, especially in the Caspian Sea provinces. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of climate variables on spatial analysis of grain yield and Grain cultivation capability in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Then, using important functions of spatial statistics including moron index and hot spots analysis of spatial patterns of rice, wheat and barley yields on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea during the statistical period of 2000-2016 were investigated. According to the results of Moran index analysis, it was determined that the yield of rice, wheat and barley were positive and close to one in the study period, indicating the clustering of the spatial distribution of the yield of the products under study. Also, based on the results of Local Indicators of Spatial Association and the analysis of hot spots, high value values or positive spatial correlation of rice yield were mainly found in Mazandaran province and high values or positive spatial correlation of wheat yield in southern parts of Golestan province and limited parts From Mazandaran Province. For yield of barley, the most areas with high positive spontaneous autocorrelation (hot spots) are mainly confined to Babolsar and Joybar cities of Mazandaran province at confidence level of 99%, Babol in 95% confidence level and Aliabad city Located in Golestan province at a confidence level of 90%. Low value of wheat and barley yields were found in the eastern and western parts of Gilan province at 99, 95 and 90 percent confidence levels.

The growing global population has led the United Nations to predict that the world's population will increase from seven billion to eight billion by 2025 and 9.6 billion by 2050. This population growth has increased the need for food supply. Also, the 20% increase in annual food consumption in the last decade has exacerbated the problem of insufficient food production, leading to maximum utilization of crops, fertilizers, chemical pesticides, and genetic modification to increase agricultural food production. This approach has led to environmental problems, ecosystem pollution, and more importantly, food pollution and food insecurity, and endangering human health and the occurrence of various diseases, poisonings, and cancers. One of the most important sources of competitive advantage in this way is the capacity for innovation, which, despite its great importance, its success requires access to new knowledge. Given the costly and time-consuming creation of new knowledge by a single organization and that not all the knowledge needed for innovation and intelligent, innovative, and creative people in an organization, using an innovation network consisting of various actors related to food safety is a suitable and helpful solution to use a maximum of knowledge to create innovation in this field. This research uses a qualitative-quantitative research method, snowball sampling method, and in-depth interviews with experts and experts in organizations/companies related to agricultural food safety to identify the food safety innovation network and design a questionnaire from the qualitative stage collecting information. Drawing relationships between actors and examining network indicators using UCINET software. The findings of this study identified 21 organizations as actors in this network. Eight actors, including the Food and Drug Administration, Food Industry Group, etc., were the main and central actors, and 13 other actors, including the Food and Drug Administration, Quality Control Laboratory of the Food and Drug Administration, etc., were peripheral activists.

Knowledge-based companies have been considered as the engine of economic development of developing countries. But these companies have not grown significantly in western Iran. The present quantitative research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of effective factors on the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies in western Iran in a descriptive-correlative manner. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts from 45 agricultural knowledge-based companies in the west of the country, numbering 276 people,. The value of the multiple determination coefficient for the main structural equation 0.79, which indicates that the independent external variables of the research, including educational-research, economic, political-legal, managerial, ideals and participatory factors, have been able to achieve about 0.79 of Predict changes in the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies. The political-legal factor had the first priority and the managerial, participatory, educational-research, economic and ideal factors had the second to sixth ranks, respectively. It is necessary for all organizations in charge of growth and development of agricultural knowledge-based companies to pay serious and fundamental attention to the identified indicators and components. Have agricultural knowledge-based companies in research for development and progress.

Restrictions on water resources and less favorable attitudes toward agricultural water use a significant threats to the sustainability of these resources. Accordingly, the investigation of factors influencing the attitude of wheat farmers towards optimal water management in Kermanshah County was considered. The statistical sample of this study was 364 people who were identified by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. Finally, 322 people participated in this study. The questionnaire was the main tool of data collection. The validity of the research tool was evaluated using the opinions of academic and executive experts. Also, using a pilot study and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients, the reliability of the research instrument was confirmed (0.73 ≥α≥ 0.90). The results showed that the attitude of wheat farmers towards optimal water management is moderate. The results of path analysis showed that the sense of responsibility towards optimal water management directly explained 30.9% of the variance changes in the attitude towards optimal water management. Also, understanding the benefits of optimal water management, understanding the vulnerability to water scarcity, social norms and quality of extension services in the related to optimal water management through the variable mediation of sense of responsibility has an indirect effect on wheat farmers' attitudes toward optimal water management.

In recent decades, along with other factors of production, energy has played a decisive role in the economic growth of countries. But high levels of energy intensity have negative effects on the environment. Therefore, attention to energy efficiency and optimization discussion shows its importance. The aim of this study is investigate the efficiency and optimization of energy consumption of dryland wheat in Khoy under uncertainty. The data used in this study was collected through a face to-face questionnaire method with 192 dry land wheat farmer in year 2019. The results showed that the total input energy is 20137.06 MJ h-1, the highest amount is related to the diesel-fuel (58.12%), seeds (15.40%) and machinery (14.15%), respectively. The total energy output was 47966.42 MJ h-1 and energy efficiency indicators for the constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale model are 5.6 and 2.5, respectively. By applying these parameters, the total optimum energy for the models presented were calculated 8565.3 and 18726.47 MJ h-1, respectively. It means that we can reduced 53.7% and 7% energy consumption in the production of this product. In the region under study, wheat production is mainly related to non-renewable resources (83%), which it is a serious risk to human health and environmental pollution. For example, at a level of conservatism of 7 (Γ = 7) in the CRS model, 57.3% of total energy consumption and 64.8% of fuel consumption can be reduced, which indicates the inefficiency of farmers. Therefore, the use of mechanized equipment to reduce fuel consumption and reduce the applying of labor for threshing is recommended.

Planning for spatial agricultural development and formulating future scenarios for regional development in the agricultural sector requires understanding the trend of changes in agricultural development differences among provinces. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the trend of changes in agricultural development among provinces. In this regard, by compiling 49 indicators of agricultural development and using data from the two periods of 2011 and 2019, the trend of agricultural development in 31 provinces was evaluated. The methodology of this research is based on combining a set of individual indicators in the final composite indicator based on weighting by principal component analysis method and calculating the deviation from the optimal value. Finally, ArcGIS10.2 software were applied to level the provinces. The results showed that in both 2011 and 2019, the provinces of Gilan, Fars, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Tehran were ranked at the first 5 provinces, while in 2011, Semnan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Hormozgan and Bushehr provincesand in 2019, Bushehr, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Ilam, Hormozgan and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces were in the last ranks, respectively. In addition, agricultural development in most provinces has decreased in 2019 compared to 2011. Based on the findings of leveling the provinces three levels of agricultural development including low, medium and high were identified. Hence, the agricultural sector and its development should be taken more into consideration by policy makers, planners and those in charge of the country's development, particularly in provinces with a low level of development.

One of the most important concerns of investors in the capital market is choosing a portfolio that is optimal in terms of profitability and risk. The purpose of this study is to compare the profitability and risk level of portfolios containing different percentages of shares of agricultural and food industry groups and other industries. For this purpose, the daily returns of 18 companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange for the metals, agriculture, food industry, banking, petrochemical, and chemical groups during the period 2019-2020 were collected and classified into 11 portfolios. The returns of the portfolios were simulated and the best portfolios were determined based on stochastic dominance criteria. The results showed that if the degree of risk aversion of individuals is not known, portfolios 10 and 6, which have 30% and 25% of shares of the agriculture and food industry, respectively, are superior, and if the degree of risk aversion of individuals is clear, portfolio 11 with 30% of shares of agriculture and food industry group is the best portfolio among the risk portfolios. Also, for people with lower risk aversion, portfolio 6 with 25% of agricultural and food industry shares and 20% of petrochemical group shares, and portfolio 4 with 80% of petrochemical group without food and agriculture industry shares are superior portfolios, and for people with a higher degree of risk aversion, portfolios 10 and 2 with 30% and 10% of the shares of agriculture and food industry group, respectively, are superior to the other portfolios. The top portfolios have the highest percentage shares of in the agriculture and food industry and the highest percentage is related to the shares of the petrochemical group. Therefore, the shares of the agriculture and food industries group, along with other shares, can contribute to the superiority of the portfolio. Also, by increasing the percentage of petrochemical stocks in the portfolio, the utility can be maximized.

The first and most basic premise of presenting and developing economic theories in the field of consumer behavior is the rational behavior of the consumer and the accuracy of the studies and surveys conducted in the field of demand and consumption depends on the validity of the assumption of rational consumer behavior. In this study, we have tried to test the presence of structural breaks in the Iranian consumer preferences for meat portfolio. For this purpose, the non-parametric approach of testing the weak, strong and generalized axioms of revealed preferences, Afriat efficiency index, Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and De Peretti graphical method have been used to study the rational behavior and stability of consumers' preferences of meat portfolio in Iran. According to the obtained results, the behavior of the consumers of the meat portfolio in the period 1993-2017 was rational and can be interpreted by a concave, continuous, uniform and unsaturated utility function. Therefore, this data can be used to estimate the demand function in the mentioned time period or smaller sub-periods which the precondition of that is the existence of a neoclassical utility function.

Nomadic settlement is one of the policies that dates back to the years before the revolution and its implementation has always faced -challenges. Although nomadic settlement can make these households better able to benefit from some services, since the main occupation of them, is animal husbandry, how the livelihood of these households will be affected by this decision has always been questionable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of housing on livelihood resilience of nomadic families. For this purpose, the required information was prepared by completing 287 questionnaires in Fasa city and their livelihood resilience was calculated. Then, the effect of housing on household resilience index was investigated using endogenous switching regression method. The results show that the settlement of nomadic households will reduce their livelihood resilience by 13.75%. Consequently, it is suggested that in case of encouraging and supporting nomadic settlement, paying attention to creating a sustainable livelihood for these households should be given priority. It is also suggested that the interests of nomadic households be supported by the sustainable development of nomadic areas and by using policies such as diversification of the subsistence model.

The hypothesis of excess co-movement in commodity markets indicates simultaneous price movements, which led to different consequences on the supply and demand side. These consequences include diverting resources from productive activities on the supply side and creating widespread inflationary pressures on the demand side. In the present study, the co-movement of the different types of animal meat was assessed over time. In addition, the other purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the factors affecting co-movement. For this purpose, first, by using the ARMA-DCC-GARCH approach, Co-movement among the meat types market in Iran was estimated. Then, using Quantile regression analysis, the effect of the most critical factors affecting conditional co-movement was estimated. The results showed that the co-movement among the meat types market has experienced significant changes over time and has been decreasing in some periods and increasing in others. The Maximum and minimum value of the dynamic conditional correlations were -0.58 and -0.08 between fish and poultry meat markets, 0.44 and 0.02 between fish and red meat markets, and 0.46 and -0.04 between chicken and red meat markets, respectively.  In addition, the most critical determinants of Co-movement between meat types market include exchange rates, exchange rate volatility, production costs, liquidity, energy market fluctuations, and volatile monetary policymaking. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers, given the role of these factors in their decisions, prevent the occurrence of periods with high co-movement.

The purpose of this study was to identify and explain the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of virtual education in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during the Corona pandemic. The data collection tool was in-depth and semi-structured interviews and qualitative content analysis technique With Maxqda softwarewas used to analyze the extracted information. The statistical population of the study was 15 faculty members of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University who were selected by purposive sampling. To determine the validity, the technique of triangulation includes the use of confirmatory sources, researchers and various methods during the process of data collection and analysis were used, and to ensure the accurate guidance of interviews, creating a structured process for conducting and interpreting interviews and forming a specialized committee were used. The research findings were presented in the form of four main themes (concept) strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and 23 sub-themes (code). The results of qualitative content analysis revealed 6 strengths, 8 weaknesses, 4 opportunities and 5 threats facing virtual education in Sari University by faculty members that can be the foundation of strategies and operational plans for the prosperity and development of e-learning. According to the research, improving the evaluation system of virtual education through improving and upgrading the Sama Live system or using local and foreign systems with regard to access to international experiences, improving the virtual education system and designing simulators and virtual reality spaces for practical lessons and workshops, using laboratories and Practical virtual tours and visits, benefiting from the implicit experience of successful professors in the field of practical education and student evaluation are among the most important ways to improve the virtual education system.

The use of multiple risk management tools at the same time is a common practice among the farming communities around the world. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the Factor affecting of Simultaneous adoption of managing custom catastrophic risks tools such as diversification and precautionary savings in agriculture in Khorram Abad Area of Tonekabon. So bivariate probit model was used to cope the possible correlation between the risk management adoption decisions. The results highlighted that, age, education of the household head, family size, in farm income, land size and risk aversion coefficient has the significant effect on the decisions to adopt diversification and precautionary savings to manage farm risks. Risk aversion coefficient has the most effects on decisions to adopt managing catastrophic risks tools; Increasing in risk aversion coefficient, was increased the probability of simultaneously use of risks management tools by 0.22 percentage. Therefore, due to the positive impact of education and income on the use of risk management tools, increasing farmers 'awareness and increasing farmers' income through modifying their cropping pattern has been suggested.

Generally, one of the important factors affecting development of controlled environment agriculture, is related to external environment factors which are out of the control of producer’s individual management. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of effective external environment on development of CEA in Tehran and Alborz provinces (N=74). The data gathering tool of the research was a researcher-designed questionnaire, its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (0.797- 0.916). The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling with partial least squares method (PlS-SEM) with smart PLS software. The findings showed that all dimensions of external environment affect CEA development with 99% confidence. Also, according to the beta standard values, it can be said that the three structures items including supporting system, structures and procedures, and business situation have the highest effects and the other two items including policies and laws and financial and managerial facilities have the lowest effects on CEA development, respectively.

Agricultural education system plays an important role in sustainable agricultural development by promoting knowledge, skills and insights of human resources. One of the most important challenges of the agricultural education system is the lack of active practical methods appropriate to agricultural work. To deal with these challenges, teaching method of “one-minute perception” (OMP) is introduced. OMP is an inclusive approach effective and efficient teaching and it consists of five micro skills of commitment, exploration of supporting evidence, teaching general rules, enhancing correctness and correcting mistakes. In this research, systematic review has been used. The term  OMP searched in title and abstract of English articles during the years 2000 to 2017 in Databases like Clinical Key, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science.The search results were 131 articles, after removing irrelevant articles to OMP, articles with no full-text, and duplicate text, 31 articles was considered as final papers. OMP enhances   self-esteem, improves learner’s   understanding, increase learning and satisfaction and effectiveness of education and enhances student’s academic achievement.

Food literacy has significant potential for improving some aspects of food insecurity by increasing flexibility and maximizing the use of available resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the indicators and factors affecting food literacy among rural households by survey method among the statistical population of rural households in Dashti city of Bushehr province. The number of samples was selected based on Cochran's formula and 232 households by multi-stage sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by the pilot and the opinion of faculty of agricultural extension and education and data analysis was performed using SPSS25 software. The results showed that the average food literacy among rural households with different levels of education and income level was significantly different. The results of examining the causal relationship in the form of path analysis test showed that among the variables included in the model, the use of ecosystem services (effect of 0.725), attitude towards conventional agriculture (effect of 0.577) and food security (effect of 0.465) had the highest effect (sum of direct and indirect effects) on food literacy and the age variable (effect of 0.225) had the lowest. In order to improve the food literacy of rural communities, it is recommended to identify the scientific methods that can be offered in formal and informal education courses, and pay more attention to the empirical knowledge of villagers regarding food, as well as appropriate educational management.