نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 54 (تابستان 1401)

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid, iron and silicon nanoparticles on the contribution of remobilization process and current photosynthesis in wheat yield under salinity conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design arrangement with three replications in the research greenhouse of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 1400. Experimental factors included salinity levels (without salinity as control, salinity of 35 and 70 mM by NaCl), foliar application of nanoparticles at four levels (no foliar application as spray, 0.8 per liter foliar application of nano-ferrous, foliar application of 40 mg / l nanosilicon, combined application of iron nano oxide and silicon nanoparticles) and foliar application of humic acid (spraying with water as control and foliar application of 3 g / l). The results showed that the combined application of humic acid and foliar application of 40 mg of nan0-iron oxide and nanosilicon in the absence of salinity reduced the transfer of dry matter from the stem (31.70%) and shoot (22.17%). Current photosynthesis, share of current photosynthesis in grain yield, leaf area index, root volume and weight, total biomass and single plant yield (76.20, 26.14, 61.02, 64.70, 46.68, 68.06, respectively) (46.97%) compared to the non-application of foliar spraying of humic acid and iron and silicon nanooxides under 70 mM soil salinity conditions. It seems that foliar application of humic acid and nano-oxide of iron and silicon can increase the total grain yield of wheat under soil salinity by improving current photosynthesis, current photosynthesis rate, leaf area index, root volume and weight and biomass.

Water shortage is the most important factor in reducing the yield of dryland chickpeas. Therefore, increasing access to available water resources and increasing water use efficiency through the use of microorganisms that improve water absorption, such as mycorrhiza and transpiration-reducing compounds such as Chitosan, as well as regulating the growth of cycocell is very important. This experiment carried out next to Kamyaran-synoptic meteorological site of Varmahang in northwest of Iran during two consecutive years (2016-2018). The experiment was conducted as split plot- factorial in a randomized complete block design at three replications .In this study the main plot consisted of mycorrhiza inoculation )un-inoculation: control and inoculation by Glomus intraradices and sub plot involved chitosan application (0, 0.5 and 1gr/lit) and sub-subplots were foliar application of cycocel (0, 0.5 and 1gr/lit). 10 days after foliar application of Cycocel and chitosan (60 days after sowing), physiological traits such as: photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, relative leaf water content, canopy temperature, leaf proline, peroxidase enzyme and also grain yield in stage of full maturity, was measured.  The results showed that traits such as, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, proline, peroxidase and grain yield showed significant differences at 5 and 1% level by experimental treatments and their interactions. So that chlorophyll a in the first year and chlorophyll b in second year showed a significant increase under the influence of mycorrhiza × chitosan × cycocel interaction. The relative water content increased significantly under the influence of Cycocel and the interaction of chitosan × Cycocel in the first year and under the influence of inoculation with mycorrhiza in the second year. Mycorrhiza inoculation in the second year increased proline levels as 21.07%, while lowering the canopy temperature. Cycocel spraying also increased the peroxidase level by 13.43% in the second year and under the influence of mycorrhiza × chitosan × year interaction, the peroxidase level increased during both cropping years. Finally, in the first year, grain yield increased by 24.05% compared to the control under the interaction influence of mycorrhiza inoculation × Cycocel at 1 g / l concentration. Based on the results of this experiment, the use of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices before planting and spraying cycocel at a rate of 1 g/l in the pre-flowering stage of dryland chickpeas in Kamyaran region is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of different sources of organic fertilizers and nitrogen on some of the physiological, quantitive and qualitive characteristics under direct cultivation, a field experiment in the crop season 2020-2021, in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications were implemented in Ahvaz. the main factor at three levels (humic acid, fulvic acid and control) and the use of nitrogen fertilizer at 6 levels (granulated urea fertilizer, sulfur coated urea, ammonium sulfate fertilizer, urea and ammonium nitrate, sulfur coated urea and granulated urea fertilizer and no application of nitrogen fertilizer as a control) were a secondary factor. Mean comparison of simple effects showed that the highest percentage of total protein of leaf, rice yield, hectoliter weight, rice grain length, white grain width after cooking and the lowest percentage of grain crushing after bleaching were observed by humic acid application. The increase in rice yield, rice grain length and white grain width after cooking in humic acid application treatment compared to the control was 19.4, 5.4 and 5.6 percentage respectively. The highest percentage of total protein of leaf, rice grain length, white grain width after cooking and the lowest percentage of grain crushing after bleaching were obtained by applying sulfur coated urea or sulfur coated urea with granular urea. The mean comparison of interaction effect of the factors on other studied traits showed that the highest leaf area index was observed with the application of sulfur coated urea or the application of sulfur coated urea with granular urea × application of fulvic acid and the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and white grain length after cooking belonged to the treatment of application of sulfur coated urea along with granular urea × application of humic acid. It seems that the supply and availability of nitrogen in the soil at different growth stages of rice under the application of nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the improvement of soil characteristics due to the use of organic fertilizers and as a result of sufficient access to nutrients at different stages of plant growth and development, improvement of physiological characteristics, has affected the quantity and quality of rice. Based on the results of this experiment, it seems that the combined application of humic acid or fulvic acid with sulfur coated urea fertilizer or sulfur coated urea with granulated urea is recommended in similar conditions.

A two-year field experiment was conducted in flooded rice fields of Islamic Azad University, Astara Branch in 2018-2019. Experiments in the form of randomized complete blocks in two places (in saline and normal soils) and experimental treatments including inoculation with plant growth-promoting microorganisms at five levels (Pseudomonas putida; Pseudomonas fluorescent; Arbuscular mycorrhiza; P. putida + P. fluorescent + mycorrhiza; as well as a non-inoculation treatment as a control). The results of the combined analysis showed that the effect of microorganisms and soil salinity on sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations of roots, stems, young and old leaves, and yield and yield components were significant. Soil salinity increased Na+ concentrations in roots, stems, young and old leaves, while microorganisms significantly decreased Na+ concentrations in all organs except roots and increased K+ concentrations in them, especially in young leaves. Also, microorganisms increased rice grain yield in normal soil by 34% -25% in the first year and 67% -21% in the second year and in saline soil by 45% -22% in the first year and 67% -45% in the second year compared to the treatment. Witnesses increased. Among microorganisms, except P. putida, other microorganisms showed significant superiority over control in most of the measured traits. In general, P. fluorescens + AM fungi + P.putida inoculation is recommended for rice cultivation in saline soils of northern Iran.

In order to investigate the possibility of reducing the negative effects of heat stress at the end of the wheat season by using Silicon nanoparticles and mycorrhiza, this experiment was carried out in a split form in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications in the crop year 2018-2019 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. The main factor is the interruption of irrigation at the end of the season in the three control levels (normal irrigation), the interruption of irrigation from the flowering stage and the interruption of irrigation from the milking stage to the end of growth and the first secondary factor, silicon nanoparticles in the three levels of not using silicon nanoparticles, silicon nanoparticles 40 mg/liter and silicon nanoparticles 80 mg/liter and the second factor was mycorrhiza biofertilizer in two levels of not using mycorrhiza and using mycorrhiza. The interaction effect of three treatments showed that in the treatment of normal irrigation + Silicon nanoparticles 40 mg/liter + mycorrhiza, the highest seed yield (5279 kg/ha), 1000 seed weight (36.87 grams), number of seeds per spike (46.3 units), the number of spikes per square meter (699 units), raw protein yield and biological yield (774 and 15150 kg/ha) were obtained, on the other hand, in the treatment of stopping irrigation in the flowering stage and not using silicon nanoparticles and mycorrhiza, the most The percentage of crude seed protein (17.33%) was obtained. it is worth mentioning that the highest harvest index (37.70%) belonged to the treatment of stopping irrigation at the milking stage + 80 mg/liter of silicon nanoparticles + mycorrhizal inoculation. In this experiment, differences of 60.45, 40.22 and 55.91 were observed between the highest and lowest seed yield, protein yield and biological yield. The results showed that the use of mycorrhiza biofertilizer and Silicon nanoparticles were useful for increasing the quantity and quality of wheat, especially at the end of the growing season. Considering that the sources of Silicon and mycorrhizal fungi are obtained at the lowest cost, therefore, it is suggested that farmers use the above inputs in wheat cultivation in order to produce more.

In order to investigate the effect of seed decay, plant density and defoliation on morphological, yield and yield components of bread cultivar, an experiment in the cropping years 2016-17 and 2017-2017, in Galikesh city of Golestan province with a longitude of 26 degrees and 55 minutes, Latitude 16 degrees and 37 minutes and altitude 200 meters above sea level. The experiment was a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included two levels of seed decay including decayed (control) and decayed seeds (72 hours at 45 ° C), three density levels including 350, 400 and 450 seeds per m2 and decolonization at four levels including removal of all leaves, removal of all Leaves except flag leaf and delete all leaves except flag leaf and before, without leaf removal (control). The simple effects of accelerated leaf removal and accelerated aging and wheat seed density on yield and its components were significant at the level of one percent. The results showed that seed degradation significantly reduced biological yield, 1000-seed weight, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, grain yield and harvest index. The highest biological yield, 1000-seed weight, number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight, grain yield and harvest index were obtained at a density of 450 seeds per square meter, which can be expressed as the desired density for this cultivar. Decolorization significantly reduced biological yield, number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index.

The high richness of food and the high resistance of quinoa to various environmental conditions and stresses have increased attention to its cultivation worldwide. The current research was carried out in the crop year of 2018-2019 in Kohdasht city in Lorestan province in the form of factorial split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications. The test factors include three genotypes (Titicaca, Giza 1, and Sajama) in the main plot and factorial levels including planting method (transplanting, seed priming with boric acid 1000ppm and direct sowing) and boron spraying (spraying with boric acid solution 1000ppm and no foliar spraying). The use of the transplanting method in planting Titicaca, Giza 1, and Sajama genotypes improves the studied traits such as increasing plant height (respectively 14.61, 11.28, and 50.55 percent), increasing leaf area index (respectively 24.28, 30.15 and 17.48 percent) reducing the time up to 50 percent of flowering (34.01, 34.2 and 38.83 days, respectively) and increasing seed yield (46.07, 34.45 and 28.82 percent, respectively) compared to the direct sowing method. The priming effect was also positive and significant on all traits of the studied genotypes, increased seed yield (14.8%), and reduced the ripening period (13 days). It was also found that the effect of boron foliar spraying on seed yield was significant and positive, and the method of transplanting increased its effects even more. Finally, Giza 1 genotype was recommended for planting in the Kohdasht region.