فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 71، پاییز 1401)

 Over recent decades, the environment has faced serious challenges which have jeopardized the lives of all living creatures. Environmental criminalization is one of the reactions of societies to the destruction of the environment. In our society, environmental crime is happening in various forms and levels. While emphasizing types of control, the present research analyzes environmental crimes.

 The research method is of survey type and the statistical population of the research includes 23 plus men living in Bandpay county, Babol city. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 400 people have been selected as the research sample. In this research, Bandpay county is divided into three regions: the first region (including the villages in the forest areas), the second region (including the villages on the forest borders) and the third region (including the plain areas) The samples were selected from among the residents of the three regions. A questionnaire was used for data collection and SPSS was used to analyze the data.

 The results of the bivariate test have shown that there is no significant relationship between the variables of employment status, marital status, education, expenditure and economic status and variable of environmental crime. It means that most people involved in environmental criminal behavior are not influenced by environmental variables. Also, the analysis of several variables shows that the impact of weak informal control (Beta= 0.36), low self-control (Beta=0.16), weak formal control (Beta=0.10) on environmental crime has been positive and meaningful, while weak influence of the severity of punishment (Beta=0.06) has been positive, but not significant. Finally, the types of control have been able to explain 17% of the changes in the dependent variable. Therefore, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the issue of control in the discussion on the prevention of environmental crimes.

 The occurrence of crime and security shortage is one of the problems of today's life in metropolises of our country, which has led to reduction of the level of satisfaction of citizens, feeling of fear and a reduction of the quality of social life. Environment, individuals’ behavior and individual behavior define the social space. The impacts of environmental psychological factors on modulating or aggravating a person's mental states and taking it into account in environment design with an eye on crime prevention may, to great extent, improve the quality of the space and security feeling, which is the main aim of the present research.

 The research is of descriptive-analytical type conducted based on statistical analysis. The first part was compiled using library sources and relevant articles, and in the second part, it was devoted to a case study that used a quantitative strategy in a survey context. The resulting data was analyzed by SPSS. The statistical population including 330 people with 37 questions and with a reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.829 was randomly selected in the main street of Rajaeeshahr, Karaj city.

 The findings indicated that the correlation of the research variables was 0.829, which indicates a direct and strong correlation between the dependent variable (urban design) and the independent variable (security, crime prevention through environment design and environmental psychology with related indicators in each category).Based on the research findings, paying attention to crime preventive through environmental design, environmental psychology, security issue and reflecting these issues in urban design will bring about reduction in the occurrence of crimes based on regression model estimation  of security (crime reduction = 0.518), crime reducing environmental design + (0.799) environmental psychology +(-1.057).

 The security feeling is a psychological-social phenomenon that has various dimensions. The feeling is emanated from individuals’ direct or indirect experiences of the surrounding environment and different people experience it in different ways. The present research is to investigate the role of social capital in the social security feeling in the under study area.

 The statistical population of the research is the population in Kojour city. In accordance with the Cochran formula, 343 people were selected as the sample size. The validity of the research was confirmed according to the opinion of university professors, and the reliability of the research using Cronbach's alpha has been 0.75%.

 Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (single-sample t-test, Pearson correlation and path analysis) were used for analyzing the data. The findings of the research show that, based on the single-sample t-test, among the components of social capital, the cohesion dimension with an average of 3.18 has had the highest average. Also, the single-sample t-test also shows that for the urban development indicators, the desirability number for all dimensions is less than (3) and has been evaluated negatively. Also, the Pearson correlation test showed that there is a positive relationship between the dimensions of trust, contribution and social security at the level of 0.05% alpha, and there is also a negative relationship between the network dimension and social security at the alpha level of 0.05%. Following that, in order to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of indicators of social participation, social cohesion, social trust and social network in social security, the path analysis test was used, and it came out that the dimension of social trust with a rate of (0.459) has had highest overall impact on social security.

 One of the possibilities available to the Supreme Leader is to understand the delicacies and capacities included in the eternal and universal speech of Islam. The product of such perception using the strong base of Emamiyeh jurisprudence is a transparent and influential language. On the other hand, security is a natural need of human beings and essential for the stability of Islamic society. Ayatollah Khamenei, as a religious expert and leader of the Islamic society, has a special interest in the establishment of security in the society. The present research is mainly aimed at dealing with the jurisprudential foundations of security from the Supreme Leader’s point of view.

 Using a descriptive-analytical approach for collecting data, the present article aims to explain and analyze the jurisprudential foundations of security from Ayatollah Khamenei's point of view. In the content of the concepts within an objective and qualitative descriptive system, and in the extraction of the jurisprudential foundations of security, it has been analyzed and evaluated based on jurisprudential evidence. A concrete approach was devised to understand and organize the Supreme Leader’s political thoughts in order to be able to interpret and understand the content of common propositions in his statements.

From Ayatollah Khamenei's point of view, security is one of the greatest God blessings, the main point of which is being free of threats. The Supreme Leader, in terms of realms, has divided security into security and internal and external threats and various types of internal threats in economic insecurities, economic corruptions and threats to social security, as well as external threats in sanctions and military threats. The jurisprudential foundations of his point of view on security are based on verses of holy Quran, narrations and rational rules, including the obligation to preserve the administration system and considering disruptions as prohibited, rule of preserving the expediency of the system, not allowing non-Muslims dominate Muslims, justice, cooperation on merit, piety and harmlessness.

  The escalation in the volume of judicial-disciplinary cases, physical aggression in the street and public spaces, the existence of family and personal disputes, show that  over the past years quarrel and  strife in the society has escalated significantly. The main aim of the present research is meta-analysis of factors impacting quarrel and strife in studies conducted in the period of 2018-2021.

 The research method is of meta-analysis type (quantitative), its statistical population is 45 documents that were selected using purposeful (non-probability) sampling method. And, 37 articles were selected in compliance with methodological-scientific principles, in the period of 2018-2021.

The results show that social disorganization as a result of society's transition from traditional structure to social modernization has led to quarrel, violence and collective aggression. In this social transition, the general atmosphere of the society shifting from the traditional style (tribal-nomadic life, collective nervousness, tribalism, culture of courage and revenge, the importance of the tribe descent, xenophobia and limited goodness) and moving towards modernity (urbanization, media literacy, social-geographical mobility and modernization) has led to the creation of an anomic atmosphere and suspension between the conditions of traditional and modern society, which results in the irregular development of institutions and social classes, the clash of traditional and modern values, the malfunctioning of civil and official institutions, and the reduction of the authority level of the traditional control system, and official, social-cultural gap of classes, confusion and identity crisis,  conflict feeling and social alienation, reduction of social capital, class gap, accumulation of conflict and social failure and the institutions and individuals’  inability to respond to social demands and the basic needs of society, which has reduced  the citizens’ social resilience, and in the historical process has led to the reproduction of aggression and collective strife in the society.

 Performing risky behaviors by teenagers will be the most important factor in jeopardizing the health and safety of society in the future. Therefore, the present research was conducted aimed at investigating the path analysis model of the social security feeling and non-observance of law in the tendency toward risky behaviors among adolescents.

 The present research was of applied type in nature and of correlational type in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of the present study is made up of all 1361 male students secondary school of the twelfth grade of humanities in 15 schools of Urmia city in the academic year of 2020-2021. In order to determine the sample size based on Klein's method (2010), 370 students were selected using the available method. In this research, Mohammadzadeh and Ahmadabadi's risk behavior questionnaire (2008), Mirfardi and Faraji's law non-observance questionnaire (2016) and Niazi and Farshadfar's social security questionnaire (2011) were used. Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation test and path analysis using SPSS 18 and Amos 23.

 The findings showed that there is a negative correlation between social security feeling (-0.40) and the tendency toward risky behaviors at a significant level of 0.01. While, there is a positive correlation between non-observance of law (0.37) and tendency to risky behaviors at a significant level of 0.01. The social security feeling has an impact of 0.503 on the tendency toward risky behaviors with the mediation of non-observance of law. In the research, it could be concluded that once social security is improved, the rate of law non-observance by people will decrease, as a result, the probability of displaying high-risk behaviors by adolescents would be lower.

 Social security and, accordingly, the mental image of tourist destinations is one of the main conditions of every tourist destination, which is definitely checked by tourists prior to traveling and then decide where to travel. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of social security and the image tourists of destinations on the attractiveness of urban tourism destinations.

 The present research is of applied type in terms of purpose and is of descriptive-analytical type in terms of method. Data collection was done via library and field approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of incoming tourists to Tehran, but due to the lack of accurate statistics on the number of incoming tourists, in order to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used for the unlimited population and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose reliability was checked and confirmed by compound reliability and Cronbach's alpha, and validity by two methods, face validity and divergent validity. SPSS and Amos were used to analyze the data.

 The research findings showed that social security has a positive and significant impact on tourists' mental image of tourist destinations, as well as the attractiveness of tourist destinations. Given the value of the obtained path coefficient, the variable of social security projects 33.6% of the variance of the mental image of destinations, and 39.6% of the variance of the attractiveness of tourist destinations. Other findings of the research pointed to the positive and significant impact of the mental image of tourist destinations on the attractiveness of tourist destinations. It might be argued that the mental image of tourist destinations could explain 23% of the variance of the attractiveness variable of tourist destinations.