نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال بیستم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Introductoin:

 This study aims to discover the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy with and without Neurofeedback, and also Neurofeedback's effect on the treatment and increasing psychological wellbeing in women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).

To carry out this research, 80 individuals, who suffered from a generalized anxiety disorder and visited 4 counseling centers in the suburbs of Tehran, were selected. In two stages pre-test and post-test, they were measured through the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test and Ryff Psychological Well-being Inventory in 3 groups of treatment and 1 control group. Based on therapeutic protocol, 2 treatment groups were given 30 sessions of Neurofeedback training and 15 sessions of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and the control group did not receive any intervention. For data analysis, descriptive and multivariate analysis of variance (Manova) methods by SPSS software were used.

The results showed that treatment alone reduced anxiety and increased the improvement of psychological well-being in the treatment groups in the post-test compared to the pre-test. But this change was not observed in the control group, and when these two treatments were used together, the therapeutic effect increased.

Using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Neurofeedback alone are effective in treating and improving the psychological well-being of women with generalized anxiety disorder, and their combination has a greater therapeutic effect.

The presence of (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). ADHD in adolescents sometimes causes inappropriate social behaviors and in this regard, various educational and therapeutic approaches are used, including modular cognitive-behavioral therapy. This study aims to determine the effect of modular cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing aggression and antisocial behaviors in ADHD adolescents.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with a control group and its statistical population consisted of all hyperactive adolescents referred to Pouya Attitude Counseling Center in Bojnourd in 2011. The sample also included 20 of these adolescents who were selected by purposive sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two groups of 10 experimental and control. The instruments used in this study were the Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) and Bart and Donlan Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire (STAB). And the experimental group underwent a modular cognitive-behavioral treatment program for 10 sessions of 90 minutes. Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance.

The results showed that modular cognitive-behavioral therapy has a significant effect on reducing aggression and antisocial behaviors of hyperactive adolescents (P <0.05).

In general, it can be concluded that this program is effective in reducing aggression and antisocial behaviors of hyperactive adolescents and it is recommended that counselors and therapists use this approach to reduce the negative behaviors of hyperactive adolescents

Introductoin:

 This study aims to compare personality traits and attitudes toward choosing a spouse with and without a relationship before marriage.

The current research was descriptive and comparative. The research population included all married students between 20-40 years old in the year (2018-2019) at Kermanshah Azad University.  A total of 80 students (40 having a relationship and 40 not having a premarital relationship) were selected as the research sample using the purposive sampling method. Neo's (1992) Personality Questionnaire and Larson's (1993) Attitude Towards Choice Questionnaire were used to collect data. Research hypotheses were analyzed based on multivariate analysis of variance by spss24 software.

The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the subscales of personality traits, new experiences, and conscientiousness, as well as experience-oriented factors and good faith as the way of looking for a spouse in married couples with and without a relationship before marriage (P≥0.05). In fact, people who do not have a relationship before marriage consider marriage, not a sexual relationship and producing children, but also to creating a perfectionist life with love and empathy.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that psychologists and counselors in premarital counseling processes should pay attention to the personality traits of people and their attitudes toward marriage.

Introductoin:

 The purpose of the present study was to examine the efficacy of positive psychotherapy based on belief to good on happiness, psychological well-being and satisfaction with life in subclinical depression.

This research is semi-experimental and of pre-test-post-test type with control and follow-up groups. 30 mothers with children with mild disability child were selected by simple random sampling based on a lottery from the exceptional school of Semiram city and were placed in two control and experimental groups in the same way. The intervention sessions consisted of ten sessions performed for the experimental group. The data collection tool included Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Neff (2003), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), 1961, and Rumination scale (RS), Nolan et al. (1991). These tools were given to both experimental and control groups, before and after the intervention and also during the follow-up period. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software, mean, standard deviation and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data.

Findings from the present study showed that the experimental group (mothers with intellectually disabled children) compared to the control group, after the intervention, compassionate program to increase self-compassion (P >0.017) decreased rumination (P >0.001) and decreased depression (P> 0.038) in the mothers with intellectually disabled children. Also, the subjects' scores in the follow-up stage were stable on all scales.

It is important to provide therapeutic interventions to reduce the mental problems of mothers with intellectually disabled children, including depression and rumination, and it will lead to a more appropriate treatment of mothers with these children

Introductoin:

 Post-traumatic stress disorder is a severe psychological disorder, which arises due to undergoing a stressful and traumatic event. The present study aimed at identifying the effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure therapy in resilience and reducing the clinical symptoms in sexually abused girls with post-traumatic stress disorder.

The research design was a single subject of A-B type with a follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included all 12 to 18-year-old girls with post-traumatic stress disorder due to sexual harassment in Izeh city who were referred to the Social Emergency Center in 2020. Two of them were selected through purposive sampling. Three baseline sessions were considered for each subject. Intervention sessions were performed individually based on a prolonged exposure therapy program in 10 sessions of 90 minutes (2 days a week).Evaluations were performed by the PTSD Symptom Scale (Foa et al., 2018) and resilience questionnaire (Connor and Davidson, 2003) in three stages baseline, intervention sessions, and one month following the treatment. Data analysis was done using visual analysis of graphs, calculation of recovery percentage, and reliable percentage index.

Findings proved that with the beginning of the intervention, both subjects showed a decreasing and improving process in the scores of post-traumatic stress disorder syndrome, and an increasing and improving process in the scores of Connor and Davidson resilience scales. Subjects preserved these results for up to one month following the treatment.

Based on the findings, it is recommended that therapists in the field of children and adolescents use prolonged exposure therapy to increase resiliency and improve stress-made symptoms to achieve more effectiveness. These findings provide important implications for educating and promoting children's mental health.

Introductoin:

 Considering the role of cognitive and environmental factors in the occurrence and maintenance of self-injury the aim of this study is to predict non-Suicidal self-injury based on the exposure, outcome expectancies, and avoidance self-efficacy in students

This research is a descriptive correlational study. The research sample was 264 students of the University of Guilan in the academic year 2019-2020 who were selected by convenience sampling. In order to collect data Sanson's et al. (1996) Self-Harm Inventory, Zelkovich & Cole's (2014) Social Exposure to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scale, Hasking and Rose's (2016) Non-suicidal Self-injury expectancy Questionnaire and self-efficacy scale of avoiding NSSI by Czyz et al. (2014) were used. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis.

The results of multiple regression analysis showed that 44.3% of the variance of non-suicidal self-injury is predicted by exposure to non-suicidal self-injury, outcome expectancies, and avoidance self-efficacy, and among those, avoidance self-efficacy and outcome expectancies had the highest share with a prediction of 24.8% and 23.8% of non-suicidal self-injury variance, respectively.

Given that exposure to non-suicidal self-injury, outcome expectancies, and avoidance self-efficacy can predict non-suicidal self-injury, the findings of this study can greatly help prevent this behavior and planning educational and treatment programs so that students are less exposed to the damage caused by this behavior.

Introductoin:

 Adolescence is a difficult time in itself and the epidemic of covid-19 disease makes it even more difficult. With the closure of schools and the cancellation of social events, many teens have not only lost some of the most important moments in their lives but have also moved away from everyday activities such as chatting with friends and attending classes. Feeling lonely in a coronary epidemic can be a major factor in exacerbating anxiety, and psychological skills such as mindfulness may also play a role. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between feeling loneliness and anxiety about covid-19.

The study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of path analysis. In this study, 242 people (141 girls and 101 boys) who had experienced the effects of the corona epidemic were selected by convenience sampling method. Students completed the Corona Virus Anxiety Questionnaire, loneliness scale, and mindfulness questionnaire under the Shaad virtual network. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the effect of loneliness on mindfulness (β = - 0.50, p <0.01) was negative and significant and on the anxiety of covid 19 (β = 0.19, p <0.01). Also, the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between the variables of loneliness and anxiety was confirmed (Z=-4.18, p<0.01).

The findings of the present study indicated that mindful thinking can mediate anxiety of Corona and the feeling of loneliness. Therefore, mindfulness can protect people from negative influences in better adaptation in critical situations and help in better mental health.

Introductoin: 

Families of psychiatric patients often experience physical and psychological stress, depression, anxiety, and social communication problems that affect their quality of life, and controlling these effects requires identifying related factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of family psychoeducation on the quality of life of families of patients with psychiatric disorders in Tehran

This semi-experimental research was conducted with the participation of 30 main caregivers of patients suffering from psychotic disorders admitted to Razi Psychiatry Training and Treatment Center in Tehran in the spring of 2018. This sample was selected by the available method and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, test and control. This research was done in four steps. In the first step, a pre-test was conducted, and in the second step, family psychological education sessions were held only for the main caregivers of the experimental group patients during 8 two-hour sessions (one 120-minute session each week). In the third step, two groups of experimental and control patients completed the quality   of  life   questionnaire   at the time of discharge, and in the fourth step, six months after the end of the family psychological education sessions, the two groups of experimental and control patients completed the questionnaire related to the research. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and repeated measures analysis of variance.

According to the data obtained in the pre-test stage, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P> 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of quality of life (F = 0.92, P> 0.05). But in the post-test and follow-up stages, a significant difference was obtained between them (F = 7.63, P <0.001). In other words, family psychological education and care sessions increased the quality of life in the families of patients with psychotic disorders.

Based on the research results, it can be said that family psychoeducation has increased the quality of life of families of patients with psychiatric disorders. This increase is significant in quality of life and subscales of physical health, mental health, social relationships, and environmental health.

Introductoin: 

Although dreams are subjective and completely personal experience while sleeping, some themes of dreams are universal and shared by all humans in different cultures. This study aims to identify common dreams and examine their relationship with the dimensions of attitude toward dreams in a sample of the general population of Iranian culture.

For this purpose, 720 Iranian people (17-63 years), were selected by voluntary sampling method in the study.  They participated by completing questionnaires about common dreams and attitudes towards dreams on the website of this research. Data were analyzed using Canonical correlation in SPSS-24 software.

"Seeing a dead person alive", "Sexual experiences" and "Being chased without physical harm" were the most frequent dream themes, respectively. The results of the canonical correlation showed that the relationship between the canonical variable of attitude toward dreams and the canonical variable of typical dreams is 0.57 (p<0.001). Also, 0.62 of the variance of the components of common dreams is explained by the dimensions of the attitude towards the dream.

The results of the canonical analysis with 99% probability confirm the existence of a correlation between the two sets of attitudes toward dreams and the components of common dreams, which indicates that intra-psychological variables such as attitude can make an individual difference even in common aspects of dreams. Therefore, they should be considered in the study of common dreams

Introductoin:

 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common childhood disorders that has a great impact on mothers because they are the first caregivers and people who have the most interaction with these children. Therefore, the need to use new methods to improve and improve their conditions is important. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on the ambiguity tolerance and resilience of mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Isfahan.

The design of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and a control group with a follow-up period. The statistical population included all mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who had referred to clinics in Isfahan in 2020. After initial screening and review of entry and exit criteria, finally, 40 mothers whose ADHD was definitively diagnosed by a specialist and randomly assigned to two groups (20 people) were tested and controlled. During the sessions, 5 people left each group, and eventually, 15 people remained in each group. Then, 12 sessions of 90-minute schema therapy were held for the experimental group, and at the end of the intervention, a post-test was performed for both groups, and after one month, a follow-up test was taken from both groups. The tools used for data collection included the McLean type 2 ambiguity tolerance questionnaire (2009) and the Connor and Davidson (2003) adaptation questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of repeated measures analysis were used.

The results indicate that the experimental group showed a significant increase in ambiguity tolerance (p <0.001) and resilience (p <0.001).

Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that schema therapy is effective in increasing the tolerance of ambiguity and resilience of mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, it is suggested that therapists use this therapeutic approach to increase the tolerance of ambiguity and resilience of these mothers

Introductoin:

 This study aims to study the effect of inducing shame and guilt on self-control performance in homework.

The research was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was male and female undergraduate students who were studying at Shiraz University in the first semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample consisted of 64 students (26 male and 38 female) who were selected using the available and goal-based sampling, and according to the entry and exit criteria of the three classes of Shiraz University, and completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS), the Self-Control (Tangney, 2004), the Desire for Self-Control (Uziel & Baumeister, 2017) the Shame-Proneness and Guilt-Proneness subscales of Test of Self-Conscious Affect (Tangney, 1989) and the Shame and Guilt Scale. Then participants of the three classes were exposed to experimental intervention by assignment to three groups sham induction, guilt induction, and control. In both experimental groups, shame or guilt was induced by reminding and writing slightly about an experience of the personal fault and their emotions were measured again by the Scale of Shame and Guilt. Eventually, the participants in each of the three groups performed the unsolved puzzle task.

The results showed that the level of self-control of the participants in the group of guilt was more than the group of shame likewise the control group, but there was no significant difference between the level of self-control of the group of shame and the control group.

According to the results, guilt, and shame self-conscious emotions can affect self-control and thus adaptability and persistence of individuals in conflicting situations

Introductoin: 

In scientific and social terms, well-being research has been relevant in recent years, which makes it necessary to investigate the psychometric properties of the questionnaires used for its measurement. The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the PERMA Well-Being Profile in a sample of students.

This research is of psychometric type and its statistical sample includes 500 student teachers in Tehran, who were selected by the available sampling method. PERMA Well-Being Profile Butler and Kern, the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire were completed by them.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed the existence of 5 factors, which explained 72.870% of the total variance of the instrument, and the results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the results of exploratory factor analysis. The overall reliability coefficient of the tool was obtained optimally with Cronbach's alpha (0.90) and retest (0.88) methods. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between the factors of this tool with Riff's psychological well-being scale and a significant negative correlation with the short version of Young's Schema Questionnaire.

The results confirmed five factors of Seligman's well-being perspective. Construct validity and appropriate reliability, the sufficient correlation between its factors, convergent validity, and divergent validity with similar tools showed that PERMA Well-Being Profile is a suitable tool for measuring students' well-being and a reliable tool for evaluating interventions in this field

Introductoin: 

Lack of complete sexual desire may have physical effects, but its psychological effects are more important due to its pervasive and destructive effects. So, this study aims to determine the reliability and validity of the Orgasm Questionnaire (ORS) in Tehran.

The research method was descriptive and validation research method. The statistical population consisted of all men and women living in Tehran who had at least one orgasmic experience. The statistical sample consisted of 750 people (450 women and 300 men) in the non-clinical sample and 46 people in the clinical sample from counseling centers, which were selected by available methods. The research tools were Orgasm Scale (ORS); Female Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (FSFI) and Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ).

Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.967 and 0.973 in the women and men groups, respectively, which proved the high reliability of the test. Also, the results showed that the correlation coefficients between the questions and the whole test are significant and indicate the level of internal consistency of the test (P<0.01). In order to study the validity of the Orgasm Questionnaire (ORS), its relationship with the dimensions of FSFI and MSHQ was investigated. According to the results, the relationship between the orgasm questionnaire (ORS) and dimensions of desire, stimulation, satisfaction, and orgasm of the female sexual function questionnaire (FSFI) was positive and significant and with sexual pain dimension was negative (P <0.01). The confirmatory factor analysis method indicated the good fit of the four-factor model and the diagnostic validity of the questionnaire between clinical and non-clinical samples was also significant.

Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between the orgasm scale (ORS) and MSHQ (P <0.01). Therefore, the overall results confirmed the concurrent validity of the Orgasm Scale

An intervention mapping approach is a systematic approach for designing and formulating theory-based interventions in various fields and areas. This six-step approach defines the path of formulating an intervention in a regular and precise manner, from identifying a need or problem to identifying and testing potential solutions and evaluating its effectiveness. The activities identified at each step provide a logical and conceptual basis for how behavior changes and conditions are affected to promote the health, prevention, or improvement of an issue. Therefore; Researchers, creators, and implementers of an intervention can explain how an intervention succeeds or fails. Using the intervention mapping approach increases the possibility of success and achievement of an intervention to its goal. This approach applies to any intervention aimed at changing behavior. The purpose of this study is to carefully study this approach and its steps for designing psychological interventions that, if used properly, can be formulated and implemented as effective interventions