فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 62، تابستان 1401)

Subclinical ketosis is one of the most important metabolic diseases which irreversible economic effects on the dairy industry. Subclinical ketosis has been associated with increases reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in cells. Since the nuclear factor kappa-B is known as a fast cellular response factor to endogenous stress; this study was conducted to evaluate relative gene expression and some blood metabolites in dairy cattle during the transition period were performed. Blood samples (5 mL) were obtained from the tail vein of 100 cows with fourth and fifth lactation one week pre-parturition and one week post-parturition. In the present study, It was found positive correlations between plasma NEFA concentrations in the pre-parturition period and BHBA, GGT, MDA, and NF-κB and negative correlations between plasma NEFA concentration and HDL. As well as, the positive correlations between BHBA plasma concentration and NEFA , ALP, GGT, MDA and NF-κB and negative correlations between plasma BHBA concentration and HDL in the post-parturition period. Also while the cut-off point BHBA≤1.2(Health) and BHBA≥ 1.2(mmol/l)(subclinical ketosis or disease) in the post-parturition period was designated, it was observed that NEFA(p<.0001), BHBA(p<.0001), MDA(p<.0001), GGT(p<.0001) and ALP(p=0.03) were gradually increased, and HDL(p= <.0001) gradually decreased in disease group. The results showed that the activity of NF-κB (p<.0001) was gradually increased in the disease group. Also results showed that increased NEFAs and BHBA increased inflammation response through activating the NF-κB pathway and oxidative stress.

The protective role of astaxanthin on human health, including the prevention of cardiovascular disease, prevention of cell aging, refers to the very strong antioxidant properties of this substance. Cadmium is one of the pollutants in ecosystems. This heavy metal acts as a toxin on the reproductive system and destroys the process of spermatogenesis in testicular tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin on cadmium chloride induced testicular damage in adult male Wistar rats. In this study, 45 rats were randomly divided into 9 groups. The healthy control group did not receive any treatment. Control group, physiological serum, infertile control group, cadmium chloride (1 mg / kg body weight) by intraperitoneal injection, astaxanthin receiving groups (5, 10 and 20 mg / kg body weight) by gavage and groups They received cadmium chloride and astaxanthin (5, 10 and 20 mg / kg) at the same time. Test samples from testicular tissue homogenates were used to measure oxidative stress parameters. The parameters were analyzed by photometric method with ELISA reader and microplate reader. The results showed that astaxanthin (10 and 20 mg / kg body weight) increased the antioxidant enzymes SOD, GPX and CAT and astaxanthin (10 mg / kg body weight) decreased MDA. Thus, astaxanthin may act as an antioxidant in protecting the rat testis against oxidative stress induced by cadmium chloride.

Babesiosis is an important disease in canines that different species of Babesia, including Babesia gibsoni and Babesia canis can cause it. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Babesiosis and its vector ticks in dogs in Urmia. A total of 136 dogs were randomly selected from commercial, domestic, herding, guard, and stray dogs to evaluate the prevalence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and 165 dogs to investigate Babesiosis infection. Ticks were isolated from the animal's skin along the oral appendages. Blood samples were taken from cephalic and saphenous veins and thin blood smears were prepared. Blood smears were stained and then were examined under a microscope and the ticks isolated from the dogs were carefully observed in the laboratory. 23 (13.9%) positive samples of Babesiosis were identified out of 165 dogs examined for Babesiosis, the highest number belonged to stray dogs with the number of 10 (6.06%) and the lowest number belonged to the commercial dogs with the number of 2 (1.21%). Out of 136 dogs studied for foreign parasites, 47 (34.5%) dogs were identified as infected with the Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the highest and the lowest numbers of infected dogs were 26 for stray dogs (19.11%) and 3 for domestic dogs (2.2%) respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant relation between infection and age of dogs (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of infection and sex, how dogs were kept (p>0.05).

The evaluation of the cardiovascular system is one of the important steps in animals' examination and a way to determine the health of this system. In the meantime, examination of pericardial fluid can greatly help to assess heart health. In this study, sampling was done from 60 apparently healthy buffaloes slaughtered in Ahvaz abattoir. The pericardial fluid samples were examined for color, translucence, presence or absence of clots, as well as volume, specific gravity, cell count, and concentration of fibrinogen, protein, and glucose. In all cases, the pericardial fluid was straw- colored, crystal clear, and coagulated rapidly if collected in tubes without anticoagulant. Mean ± SE of volume, specific gravity and number of red and white blood cells of pericardium and also the concentration of fibrinogen, total protein and glucose were 37.4 ± 17.8 cc, 1021 ± 0.0004, 9000 ± 3000 cells/µL, 3300 ± 160 cells/µL, 146.9 ± 4.2 µg/dL, 2.05 ± 0.07 g/dL and 100.9 ± 3.5 µg/dL. Respectively. Also, the percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils of pericardial fluid were 52.2 ± 1.6%, 46.1 ± 1.7%, 1.3 ± 0.2% and 0.8 ± 0.2%, respectively. Based on the results, it seems that the pericardial fluid of Khuzestan river buffalo has characteristics similar to the peritoneal fluid of cattle. Also the similarity of some of these characteristics to the modified transudate is significant which should be taken into consideration in pericardiocentesis fluid analysis of buffaloes suspected to cardiac illness, especially pericardial diseases.

Canine parvovirus (CPV-1) is a highly contagious viral disease in dogs that usually causes acute gastrointestinal disease in puppies. The disease is more common in dogs aged 6 weeks to 6 months. Antioxidants are compounds that prevent oxidation. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals, thus leading to chain reactions that may damage the cells of living organisms. Antioxidants such as thiol or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) interrupt these chain reactions. Due to the prevalence of parvovirus in dogs and little research on the effect of antioxidants in controlling or exacerbating the disease, this study was performed to determine the effect of antioxidants in the treatment of this disease. In this study, blood samples were taken from 50 dogs, including 25 dogs with parvovirus disease and 25 healthy dogs with the disease, followed by catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity. Rendox kit spectrophotometry was measured. Statistical results to t-test method and SPSS software version 23 were analyzed. The results showed that the enzymes of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in the treatment group compared to the control group had a statistically significant decrease and the amount of malondialdehyde increased statistically (P <0.05). The results show that dogs with parvovirus infection are affected by the antioxidant system, so it should be considered in treatment and prevention.

Leptospirosis is a common zoonosis caused by Leptospira interrogans. Leptospira are more durable in temperate and humid climates and if transmitted to a vertebrate host, can lead to clinical to subclinical disease with a wide range of symptoms including fever, jaundice, hematuria, abortion and sometimes death. Sheep are important hosts of Leptospira that have received less attention due to the higher prevalence of subclinical form of the disease in this species.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis serology in sheep in Khuzestan province using standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT).261 blood samples were taken from sheep in 10 cities of Khuzestan province during the autumn and winter of 2022. All samples were tested by MAT method using five serotypes of Leptospira Grippotyphosa , Pomona, Icterohemorrhagiae, Canicula and Hardjo.The results of MAT showed that 12 samples (4.5%) had positive reaction, of which 4 samples with Grippotyphosa, 4 samples with Icterohemorrhagiae, 3 samples with Hardjo and 1 sample with Pomona. Titration of positive samples showed that 10 samples had a titer of 1:100 and 2 samples had a titer of 1:400.The results of this study indicate a decrease in the serological prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep in Khuzestan province compared to previous studies. It seems that the trend of climate change, the unprecedented decrease in rainfall expectations over the past years and the increase in compliance with health protocols, have played an effective role in reducing the prevalence of the disease.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is one of the most important ectoparasites in ornamental fish causing economic losses. Although many different methods are being applied to reduce the prevalence of the disease but it is recommended to adopt preventive methods such as using immune stimulative materials like probiotics to support immune system of fish. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Bacillus subtilis probiotic on experimental infection of gold fish by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. In order to do the research, 32 nearly same sized gold fish was used in two groups of 16 fish as the control and treatment groups and then the treatment group fishes was fed with Bacillus subtilis probiotic enriched pellets for eight weeks and after this time, the groups were experimentally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis parasite and were tested for parasitological and histopathological purposes. Parasitological examinations revealed that the infection rate of the parasitic disease was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the treated group compared to the control group, in such a manner that the number of the parasites were 107 and 276 in the treatment and control groups, respectively. Histopathological examinations also showed that the fish in the control group had more lesions than the treated group (P<0.05).