فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

The purpose of the present study was to designing a spectator-based brand equity model in the Premier League Football Clubs. The present study was correlational and carried out in a survey method. The statistical population of this research is the fans of the soccer clubs in the 15th Premier League of Iran. A sample of 500 people from this community was selected by random sampling method. The research instrument consisted of two researcher-made and standard questionnaires whose validity and validity were tested for this research (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.98 and 0.95 respectively). Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and LISREL. The results showed that the four human, social, marketing and infrastructure factors have a significant effect on the brand equity factors (brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality and brand loyalty). In fact, from fans' view points, it has made the brand equity of the Iranian Premier League football clubs.

  It seems that neurofeedback intervention with resistance training have an effect on changes in hormone levels related to body composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single and combined resistance training with neurofeedback on serum levels of cortisol, sex hormone binding globulin and body composition indices in young males. Thirty young men were randomly assigned to resistance training (n = 10; mean±SD age, 20/2±2/05; BMI, 24/1±1/12), resistance training + neurofeedback (n = 10; mean±SD age, 20/5±2/21; BMI, 24/3±1/35), and control (n = 10; mean±SD age, 20/3±2/11; BMI, 24/1±1/12) groups. Intervention groups performed resistance training for eight weeks of (3 sessions per week / 60 minutes per session / with a gradual increase in intensity from 20-40% of a maximum repetition at the beginning to 85-90% at the end of sessions) or resistance + neurofeedback (They performed the resistance exercise with 30 minutes of electrical stimulation of the brain, including increasing and amplifying the alpha wave in the T3 region and amplifying the alpha and suppressing theta in the Pz region).In the pre- and post-test stages, levels of cortisol, sex hormone-binding globulin, and body composition indices were measured (p≤0.05). Serum cortisol levels of resistance training (p = 0.001) and resistance training + neurofeedback (p = 0.008) groups were significantly different from the control group. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels of resistance training + neurofeedback were significantly different from the control group (p = 0.001). The ratio of absolute levels of cortisol to sex hormone binding globulin in resistance training and resistance training + neurofeedback groups was significantly different from the control group (p = 0.001). Therefore, decreasing changes in cortisol levels in young men with resistance training + neurofeedback occur more than resistance training. However, sex hormone binding globulin levels increased in both resistance training + neurofeedback and resistance training groups.

The purpose of this study was the interpretive structural model of factors affecting the development of talent identification system in beach soccer in Iran with a structural-interpretive approach. The research method is descriptive and applied in terms of purpose. Research data were collected in the field and in a mixed manner (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section was 18 experts and in the quantitative section was 104 prominent managers and coaches of beach soccer in the country. Due to the limited membership, the community became equal to the sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 19 factors affecting the establishment of the talent identification system, the validity of which was confirmed by 10 professors of sports management at the university and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.85). Documentary review, expert opinions and Delphi technique were used to identify the factors and interpretive structural modeling method was used to design the model. Findings showed that 19 factors affect beach soccer talent identification and the factor model was obtained at six levels. Factors to increase research and development as well as the quantitative and qualitative development of talented trainers were placed at the infrastructure level. The development of research in talent identification, quantitative increase and improvement of the quality level of beach soccer coaches will facilitate the implementation of the talent identification model and the establishment of talent management in beach soccer in the country.

Exercise intensity and duration of exercise are important parameters in the metabolism of purine nucleotides Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the metabolism response of some purine nucleotide indices to two types of high intensity interval training (HIT) in Athletes Judo Men. In this semi-experimental study, of, 27 Athletes Judo Men randomly assigned to 30-s HIT groups (n = 9), 60-s HIIT (N = 9) and control (n = 9). The exercise program consisted of eight weeks and two types of intense 30-s and 60-s training sessions three times a week. Blood samples were collected for pre-test and post-test stages in order to study the variables studied in fasting conditions. Data analysis was performed using one way ANOVA and t-test with a significant level (p ≤ 0.05) and using SPSS software. Results of ANOVA for HGPR , Hypoxanthine showed a significant difference between the 30-s HIIT group and 60-s HIIT group compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Also, after eight weeks of intense intermittent exercise (HIT), no significant difference was observed in the values of HGPR, Hypoxanthine and Uric acid between the 30 and 60 seconds HIIT training groups (P> 0.05). According to the dependent t-test, HGPRT levels increased significantly in both HIIT training groups of 30 seconds (P = 0.02) and 60 seconds (P = 0.001) from pre-test to post-test.Overall, the results showed that these two methods of Intensive Intervention training similar effect on indicators of purine nucleotide cycle.

The purpose of this study was to prioritize football sports development strategies in Mazandaran province based on the QSPM approach. The statistical population of the research in a small part included the heads and secretaries of the football delegations of Mazandaran province and the affiliated city and also the coaches and players of Mazandaran national teams of 80 people. The sampling method was performed as a whole in a quantitative part. The research instrument consisted of open and closed questionnaires which were extracted as a qualitative study and its validity was confirmed by expert professors and their reliability was used using Cronbach's alpha test with a coefficient of /90. It was confirmed. SWOT analysis was used to formulate strategic planning for football in Mazandaran province. To do this, two-way comparisons were used to determine the four strategies SO, ST, WO and WT based on analytical and intuitive judgment. After analyzing and forming an evaluation matrix of each of the internal and external factors, it was found that the strategic position of football in Mazandaran province is located in the WT region, and finally, using the QSPM approach, these strategies were prioritized. The most important strategies for the development and progress of football in Mazandaran province are: hosting football events with talented athletes, increasing the hours of free extracurricular sports classes and special discounts for people attending football gyms,

Intense physical activity is associated with the production and increase of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. In the present study, the effects of consuming honey Rosa Canina L. solutions were investigated in comparison with Red Bull on the levels of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase after three quasi-competitive kickboxing matches in kickboxing men. A practical and semi-experimental study method was applied. The statistical population of this study consisted of athletes from Mazandaran province, from which 32 athletes were randomly divided into 4 groups of placebo, honey, Rosa Canina L. and Red Bull. Blood samples were collected before, immediately, 60 and 120 minutes after the test and the above variables were measured by enzymatic calorimetry. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis. Lactate levels increased immediately after training in the Red Bull group compared to placebo and in the honey and Rosa Canina L. groups showed a significant decrease compared to Red Bull. Lactate (120 min) showed a significant decrease in honey and Rosa Canina L. groups compared to placebo and red bull. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (60 and 120 minutes) in honey and Rosa Canina L. groups compared to placebo and also Red Bull and creatine kinase in honey and Rosa Canina L. groups compared to red bull (60 and 120 minutes) showed a significant decrease. The results of this study show the effectiveness of honey and Rosa Canina L. solutions compared to Red Bull in increasing the performance of athletes and reducing fatigue indices.

The aim of the present study was to determine the Background Factors affecting the Create of new businesses in the country's sports, which was done by qualitative studies derived from the Straus and Corbin models. The statistical sample of this study was experts and experts in the field of sports management and sports business, who were selected in a targeted manner and snowball, and the sample size was done considering the assumption of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool in this study was semi-structured open interviews. Data collection and analysis were performed simultaneously with interpretive analysis, and then, using three coding methods including open, central and selective coding, the main and abstract categories were identified. Four categories of communication, teamwork, practical knowledge and training were identified as underlying categories affecting new businesses. Finally, the main categories were analyzed by experts using hierarchical analysis and the results showed that the category of communication was the most effective and the category of education were the least important underlying factors influencing the creation of new businesses in sports. It is suggested that in order to help create new businesses in sports, universities should interact with industry and professional sports and require business-related courses to be practiced in universities.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that can be controlled through a variety of methods such as exercise, diet and medication. The aim of this study was to evaluate 9 weeks of aerobic exercise with saffron supplementation on liver enzyme AST and HOMA-IR in obese female patients with type 2 diabetes. 44 volunteer obese female type 2 diabetics in Kermanshah province with an average (age: 50 to 60 years, weight: 70 to 80 kg) in a purposeful and random manner to 4 groups of 11 people (exercise + supplement, exercise + placebo, supplement and Placebo) were divided. According to some human studies, a daily dose of 200 mg of saffron powder once a day as well as 200 mg of wheat flour was used as a placebo for 9 weeks. The exercise program consisted of 15 minutes of warm-up and 20 minutes of activity with an intensity of 50 to 55% of the maximum heart rate, which was added to the training time by 5 minutes every week and by 5% every two weeks to an intensity of up to 9 weeks of activity. Pre- and post-test blood samples for AST and HOMA-IR indices obtained with German Greener kits were evaluated based on correlated T-test, one-way analysis of variance, as well as LSD and Cohens d post hoc tests with a confidence level of 0.05. The results showed that aerobic exercise on can

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of marketing mix elements on the level of satisfaction and attraction of Gorgan Municipality basketball team fans. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey data collection was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study included all fans of Gorgan Municipality basketball team who had purchased tickets to the stadium in 1398 (700 people) and according to Morgan's table, 250 people were considered as a statistical sample. In this study, regression method was used to analyze the hypotheses. SPSS and LISREL statistical software were also used to perform these analyzes. Measurement tools of researcher-made questionnaire including measuring the main variables of marketing mixes; Fan satisfaction and fan attraction, the validity of which was confirmed by 8 academic experts in the field of marketing and sports management, and the reliability of the variables were obtained (0.772, 0.868, 0.820, respectively) and indicates a very good reliability of all questionnaire questions. The results showed that the seven elements of marketing mix have an effect coefficient of 10.84 on fan attraction and an effect coefficient of 11.14 on fan satisfaction. Also, the coefficient of effect of marketing mixes on the components of attracting fans is equal to 7.99; Attention 7.42; Interest 7.15; Trust 7.57; And the components of fan satisfaction are equal to the basic needs 8.06; Performance requirements 5.81; And motivational needs 7.42. Therefore, the managers of sports clubs should consider the marketing mix, consider a special place to promote its constituent elements, and thus try to attract and satisfy more team fans.

The aim of this study assessment effect of cold water immersion recovery on muscle damage and sport performance was followed by repetitive rapid activity in young male soccer players. For this applied research, 30 young soccer players were selected based on inclusion criteria. Fat Percentage, VO2max, strength and power of the subjects were measured and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 people including cold water immersion group (CWI) and control group (C). After 24 hours of evaluation of physical fitness tests, the first stage blood sampling was performed to determine the plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Creatine kinase (CK) and after 24 hours all subjects performed the rapid activity repetition training protocol and subsequently At the end of the exercise, the control group experienced active recovery and the immersion group experienced the cold water immersion protocol. Finally, after 24 and 48 hours of the training session, blood sampling and physical fitness indices similar to the pre-test were measured. Analysis of variance with repeated measures at the significance level of p<0.05 were used to examine intragroup or intergroup changes. The results showed that recovery by cold water immersion did not increase CK and LDH levels. Also, the performance of variables such as oxygen consumption, strength and muscle power not decreased in both groups (P> 0.05). Plasma CK levels in group C increased significantly 24 and 48 hours after recovery (P= 0.0001). Also, LDH in group C had a significant increase 24 and 48 hours after recovery (P= 0.0001). However, plasma CK levels in the CWI group did not show a significant increase 24 and 48 hours after recovery. Also, plasma LDH levels in the CWI group increased significantly 24 hours after recovery (P= 0.0001) but did not show a significant increase 48 hours after recovery. The results of this study showed that the recovery method by cold water immersion is probably effective in reducing muscle damage due to intense training and trainers can use this recovery method to reduce muscle damage after intense training.

The present study aims to design a model for the development of sports in the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the statement of the second step of the revolution. The research method was qualitative using a systematic design of data-based theory. In this study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect information and data analysis was performed by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model The statistical population of the study includes people with management experience at the level of senior management of the country, experts and sports policy makers, professors of sports management who had articles or writings in the field of research that the opinions of 25 experts to reach theoretical saturation in full Unlikely and using theoretical targeted techniques and snowballs were selected. To analyze the data, open, pivotal and selective coding were used. The reliability of the interviews was 0.85 by intra-subject agreement study. A total of 495 conceptual statements were created from open source and 25 axes from the process of communication between codes and 15 selected codes to develop the main phenomenon. The results showed 15 factors of revolutionary system, revolutionary spirit, jihadi management, hope for the future, safe and stable, religious and Mahdavi, independent, moral, knowledge-based sport, ethics-oriented, resilient sports economics, value-oriented, dignified, justice-oriented and Civilizing sport affects the development of sport. According to the results, a historical and retrospective view is suggested in order to use and learn from the experiences of the past in the field of sports.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate toxin used to control agricultural pests. These toxins alter the expression of genes and cause cell damage in the body. Due to the high consumption of these compounds in rice fields and citrus orchards and their potential harm, the present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on GAP43 gene expression and myocardial damage in rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. In this study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy control, sham, poisoned control, aerobic training poisoning, eugenol poisoning, and toxic + aerobic training+ eugenol. The interventions were performed based on the name of the group and 48 hours after the last intervention, a biopsy was performed. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and P less than 0.05 was considered as a significant change. The results of the present study showed that poisoning significantly reduced the expression of this gene and the destruction of collagen in heart tissue. Collagen degradation was trained in poisoned rats and consumed less eugenol, while GAP43 gene expression in poisoned rats did not change significantly due to exercise and supplementation alone. The interaction of exercise and supplementation increased the expression of the GAP43 gene in the hearts of poisoned rats and decreased the collagen degradation of their hearts. In general, the simultaneous use of exercise and supplementation caused more beneficial effects on the heart tissue of poisoned rats in the variables of the present study

The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the development of defense arts in the form of a model. The research method is exploratory mixed type that in the qualitative part the grounded theory method was used and in the quantitative part the structural equation analysis method was used using a researcher-made questionnaire taken from a semi-structured in-depth interview in the qualitative part which confirmed its validity and reliability. Is located. The statistical population in the qualitative section included all professors of sports management, experts and specialists in the field of martial arts, and finally 16 people were selected as a statistical sample after reaching saturation. The statistical population in a small part also includes professors and students in the field of physical education as well as specialists and athletes in martial arts, of which 347 people were selected as a statistical sample. In the qualitative stage of the research, 127 themes were obtained for the factors affecting the development of the defense arts sport. During the axial coding process, 11 of these themes were identified. The results also showed that out of 12 variables identified in the qualitative interview, 10 variables had an impact on the development of this field. Human resources with 28%, infrastructure with 27%, advertising and field introduction with 24%, success with 22%, regular league with 22%, talent identification with 19%, organizational support with 14% and cultural and social factor with 4 Percentage and finally research and development with 2% had no significant effect. Therefore, due to the importance of developing this field in the country and abroad, it is suggested to the managers of this sport to do the necessary planning and investment for the development of this sport based on priority.