فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیایی برنامه ریزی شهری
سال دهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

The concept of resilience has been considered in academia in the last decade. Given that cities are always exposed to constant and sudden dangers, urban resilience is a new path and strategy for urban development. Urban form resilience is a subset of the urban resilience discourse, and although research and articles on urban form resilience and how to evaluate it have been written over the past decade, it is still in the conceptual and exploratory stages. This article tries to make a comparative comparison between urban form resilience assessment tools by explaining the different dimensions of the resilient place assessment toolbox, which is derived from the spatial resilience framework. In this context, urban morphology is defined as the spatial and physical manifestation of human activities resulting from the complex interactions of various social, economic and environmental factors that affect the city's response to natural and man-made hazards. Urban fabrics that do not have the capacity of resilient place are at risk of deterioration of environmental qualities in the process of urban development and extensive changes, and the quality of viability and vitality of these areas declines in the long run. In this regard, the three dimensions of fabric and structure, place and image, environment and behavior as the main dimensions are justified by comparison with other frameworks and toolboxes. By measuring the resilience of urban forms, especially in emerging contexts, this tool can enable urban planners, designers, and policymakers to intervene more effectively against change and risk.

As a man-made artifact, the city has the same life cycle as humans. Among the contemporary damages of the city, we can mention the decline and withering of urban neighborhoods. The neighborhoods on which the city's dynamism depends to a great extent have turned into dormitories where the presence of citizens has decreased drastically. Solving this challenge that threatens many opportunities in the city and many problems stemming from this damage is the focus of part of the research and projects of the city's specialists. Cities can be considered successful when they can host lively street activities, whereby people with different characteristics can come together with ease in public spaces, at different times, and for different purposes. Vitality, after all, is the symbol of successful urbanism. As it was said, the lack of urban vitality is a global problem, and in Iran, all cities can be considered involved with this problem. Numerous political, economic, social, cultural, physical, etc. factors are the basis for the lack of vitality of urban neighborhoods, which have similarities and differences between the reasons in different contexts. Political decisions in the past years have caused social and economic imbalance in the city of Yazd, which can be clearly seen in the vitality of the neighborhoods of the city of Yazd. For this reason, in this research, the urban vitality of one of the historical neighborhoods of the city is examined along with two other neighborhoods, one with an informal settlement structure and the other with a strong economic structure in the affluent part of the city. In these neighborhoods, it should be described according to its physical and social structure.

The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical with a practical purpose. The statistical population of this research is all the residents of Skan Kavir, Safaiyeh, and Fahadan neighborhoods, and the sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula of 340, according to the population of these neighborhoods, there are 170 questionnaires in Eskan Kavir neighborhood, 70 questionnaires in Safaiyeh neighborhood and 100 questionnaires in Fahadan neighborhood. The questionnaire was completed randomly. In order to conduct theoretical studies and provide measures of vitality in urban spaces, the method of collecting information has been to use the library method and the use of existing documents. Convenience and comfort, safety and security, diversity and attractiveness, leisure and fun, scope and range, interaction and sense of place. To conduct operational studies, field methods, interviews, photography, and questionnaires were used, and data were analyzed by SPSS software, T-tests, regression, and ANOVA.

The concept of vitality is a mental concept, most of which are manifested in a neighborhood in the form of a series of behaviors, and judging the vitality of a neighborhood is not easily obtained, and sometimes vitality is not found in a neighborhood with a high quality of life, and in a neighborhood with a low quality of life. Vitality is visible. The city of Yazd, one of the ancient cities of the country, has lost its traditional texture in recent years due to the migration process. After examining the studied neighborhoods, the Fahadan neighborhood has the highest level of vitality in the historical context of Yazd, it is in the second rank of Safaiyeh neighborhood among the wealthy neighborhoods of the city, and it is ranked third in the marginal neighborhood of Eskan Kavir. The above ranking is based on a set of indicators and variables, but only paying attention to the numbers in the study of a psychological issue such as vitality makes the conclusion far from reality. It seems that in order to understand the vitality of neighborhoods, in addition to quantitative studies, it is necessary to analyze the mental space. Residents. What separates the concept of vitality from other concepts that are close to it is the issue of diversity, and the fact that Fahadan neighborhood is in the first place is also due to the high diversity in the body and the people present in the environment.

The view of the right to the city by Henry Le Four can be examined from two perspectives: the right that the citizen has over the city and the right that the city has over the citizen. It is not fair and logical that any action outside of logic, value, norm, and humanity, in general, is done in the city, and in the end, the consequences are placed on the shoulders of the city. The major part of human growth and excellence is owed to the city, so the city also has a right on the shoulders of the citizens. The right to the city is not only a material concept; citizens and city dwellers must be involved in the production and atmosphere of the city; produce and reproduce the space they produced. But one of the rights that citizens enjoy is the right to a lively urban atmosphere, dynamic neighborhoods, worthy of dignity, and course the efforts of the citizens of a neighborhood. But to achieve this right, the citizen must first observe the right; To produce a space that reproduces the lively urban space for all citizens. Producing and increasing the public space that all citizens can benefit from, increasing the collective spirit (not individual and atomized), and establishing distributive justice in society are among the rights that the city deserves. The sum of these cases makes the society out of the individual state and creates local communities; Where the fate of people is important to each other. Increasing the capacity of society in meeting the needs (commensurate with the values and priorities) leads to the growth and development of the local community. The output of this path is the provision of resources for everyone and intergenerational and intergenerational justice, a stable situation where development is not for a few but for all and not for a few years but forever.

Sustainable urban brands are formed from social contexts and interaction between humans and the environment; and the evaluation criterion is the level of satisfaction that is recorded in the minds of citizens as a result of environmental experience. This study aims to measure citizen satisfaction with the selective street branding trial project in Tohid-Shahr of Sabzevar, entitled "Food and Recreation Street". This study uses a descriptive-analytical approach which at first, the TOPSIS technique was used to determine which street would be the best to implement a pilot branding plan and to analyze citizens' perspectives based on traffic patterns and physical characteristics. Accordingly, Ferdowsi Street was selected as a trial platform for the branding plan, and then, through the Food and Recreation Street pilot festival, the level of satisfaction and identification of citizens' main needs if the project continues, was measured. In this regard, through Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among all citizens, and according to Cronbach's test, the validity of these questionnaires was calculated to be 0.713. Finally, the data collected was evaluated by t-test. Accordingly, the level of meaning of the components was less than 0.05 and the hypothesis of citizens' satisfaction with the proposed plan was confirmed and the only component that needs more attention in future plans is the climatic comfort with a level of meaning of 0.10. Finally, the Friedman test ranked user satisfaction's four categories for the branding plan: satisfaction with social attributes, functional-physical attributes, managerial attributes, and environmental attributes.

Urban segregation is a significant issue in most cities around the world; Because urban segregation causes a strong focus on poverty and the emergence of the lower classes, which in itself can cause the emergence, expansion or aggravation of many issues and problems in the city. According to the present study, these are the social space of educational and occupational groups in Ardabil. The research method is quantitative and its approach is descriptive-analytical. The data used in this study were prepared from the Statistics Center of Iran and are related to the 2011 census of Ardabil. The required data were analyzed in the form of a map using GIS, GeoDa software and spatial separation analysis. For this purpose, the extent of single-group separation between the upper, middle and lower classes of the city was first measured. The results showed that there is a moderate separation between the strata in the city. Also, by examining spatial statistics methods such as Moran autocorrelation index, mean of nearest neighborhood unit, general G statistic and K-Ripley test based on 2011 statistical data based on 1415 statistical blocks of Ardabil city, the results showed that Ardabil city is a centralized structure. And has a cluster. in a general overview of the results obtained based on the indices used, the spatial structure of the city is located in the north west and south - east and mainly consists of informal settlement zones, with the middle - out tissue and the backgrounds with rural backgrounds.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of place attachment with environmental perception and their effect on pro-environmental behaviors in Oun-Ibn-Ali, a recreational and cultural complex in Tabriz, Iran. In this regard, place attachment was considered as an emotional bond between human beings and natural place while environmental perception was propounded as a cognitive factor. According to the literature review, the variables of environmental behaviors (civic action, policy support, and recycling dimensions), place attachment (place attachment, affective attachment, place identity, and social bonds), and environmental perception (activism, aesthetics, crime rate, interestedness, pleasure, preference, comfort, and safety dimensions) were investigated. this field survey was conducted among 214 visitors of the Oun-Ibn-Ali tourism complex, selected via systematic random sampling. The data were collected by a questionnaire containing a combination of the available scales. Later, SPSS.24 and AMOS.24 software were run to analyze the data. Findings indicated that the respondents were at a moderate level of environmental quality perception, but at favorable levels of place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the constructs of environmental behaviors, place attachment, and environmental perception dimensions were valid. According to the structural equation modeling, a positive and significant correlation was found between environmental perception and place attachment, so that these variables had a significant effect on improving the individuals' pro-environmental behaviors.

Inclusive city is a new approach to access to affordable necessities such as housing and services and access to suitable jobs and opportunities (to create wealth and property) as well as equal rights and participation of all members of urban society and it requires observing three spatial, social and economic dimensions. The purpose of this study is to provide a favorable scenario in order to move the metropolis of Tabriz to an inclusive city. The method of the present research is analytical-exploratory. The necessary information is obtained from reviewing the sources and documents and a researcher-made questionnaire has been collected. In order to analyze the information, the technique of analyzing cross-works in Mick Mac software has been used. The results show that the three variables of spatial justice, resilience and opportunity distribution were introduced as the variables that have the most impact and the most uncertainty. Due to the review of upstream plans regarding the role of economic reconstruction in the sustainable development of Tabriz metropolis, the variable of economic reconstruction was added to the above three variables. Then, the scenario of ideal and inclusive city (economic reconstruction and increasing resilience along with spatial justice and distribution of opportunities) was introduced as a favorable scenario in order to lead the city of Tabriz to the inclusive city.

The issue of housing is a complex and multifaceted issue, and at the same time it is intensifying. The inability of low-income groups to meet their needs in the formal land and housing market has forced governments to play a role in this area. Adopting the right policy requires a realistic understanding of the needs of users.The aim of this study is to identify the needs, expectations and priorities of low-income groups in the field of housing. For this purpose, a qualitative method of contextual theory has been selected using semi-structured in-depth interview tools. The case study is the city of Bojnourd, which has faced the migration of various low-income groups in recent decades.Summarizing the results showed that the users are more concerned about the residential environment so that 75% of the codes in the form of 12 indicators are allocated to this issue. Other codes are related to the residential unit and are extracted in the form of 8 indicators. The allocation of these indicators to the four categories derived from theoretical foundations indicates the priority of social (41%) and physical (35%) aspects in assessing the quality of housing. A closer look shows that residents are more focused on the security and tranquility of the residential environment in the social aspect and access to public services in the physical aspect. This research can be a basis for targeted housing planning for low-income groups based on a perceptual-mental approach in order to prioritize the real needs of beneficiaries.

From the beginning of creation, human beings are in a two-way relationship with their living environment, with the help of which they meet their human needs. This study aims to evaluate the effective factors in the sense of belonging of citizens to urban spaces and determine the effective indicators in strengthening the sense of belonging to urban spaces and the extent of realization of these indicators in Bushehr Port Enghelab Square. The type of research is a descriptive survey according to the applied nature and based on the research method. The location of the research is Enghelab Square of Bushehr port, one of the oldest squares in this port. The research population consists of two groups: fixed (shopkeepers) and floating (passers-by), in which the share of women is 84% and the share of men is 56%. The instrument of the present study is a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability and validity have been scientifically measured. Then, the indicators were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The results of the research have shown that 20 spatial indicators affecting the effective factors in the sense of belonging of citizens to urban spaces were categorized into 6 factors: "Memory / Spatiality", "Accessibility and Readability", "Visual Beauty and Spatial Diversity", "Activities", "Universality" and "Interactivity / Attendance".Finally, solutions that can enhance the sense of place and identity of the place in Revolution Square are presented.

The proximity of brownfields to the city’s urban fabric, predominantly residential areas, due to urban development, is a severe threat and, at the same time, a vital opportunity to reduce or improve living qualities, such as environmental vitality, dynamism, and security. Despite recent efforts concerning the brownfields’ revitalization, the principles and considerations in their redevelopment process have been neglected. Therefore, the present study seeks to apply the principles and considerations in the redevelopment framework of urban brownfields. The research approach is qualitative, and the method adopted at the theoretical level is meta-synthesis. Accordingly, the principles and considerations were first extracted and compiled from the literature, then scrutinized and applied at the empirical level through the case study method. The principles of “understanding the importance and narrative of the place,” “determining the causes of site obsolescence,” “cleaning up or controlling pollution,” “adapting the secondary use to the site conditions and surrounding context,” “flexibility of the reuse,” “preservation, display and use of identified and valuable elements”, and “preservation and improvement of landscape” with their specific considerations have been applied in the abandoned industrial zone belonging to the Naab Vegetable Oil Factory, located in the Hakimieh neighborhood of Tehran. Fulfilling and implementing these seven principles under the particular conditions of each site is an important step and a fundamental approach in responding to the challenge of the redevelopment of urban brownfields and, subsequently, their planning and design phases.

Urban sprawl is a process in which extensive urban areas are spread in surrounding lands and nearby rural and agricultural lands, and the city's physical expansion takes on a speed greater than population growth. The accelerated and uneven physical spatial development of Iranian cities in the last few decades has brought adverse social, economic, and physical effects and consequences. The exorbitant costs of city transportation and services, energy waste, waste of material, and social capital in the city are among the most important problems of cities in the discussion of unfavorable development of physical space and low density of cities. The current research aims to investigate the phenomenon of urban sprawl and measure the amount of sprawl in Sari city. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and practice in applying the results. Also, in terms of the type of method, it has a quantitative methodology of the factor analysis type. The research results showed that 16 effective indicators in urban sprawl in Sari city could be categorized into six factors: density, accessibility, net density, irregularity of built areas, activity space, and construction parts. Also, the results of the investigation of these factors and the overall dispersion index in the regions of Sari city showed that 176.60 hectares of the area and 18124 people of the population of Sari city are in the very low dispersion area, as well as 598.31 hectares of the area and 74540 The population of Sari city is located in a very scattered area.

Nowadays, the rapid increase of cities’ population and the lack of balanced development of urban services, reduces the level of citizens' use of urban facilities and services. Regarding the importance of health in the society, measuring the potential accessibility to the health care services at the level of hospitals is the subject of this study. To measure the accessibility, three methods of 2-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA), Enhanced 2-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) and 3-Step Floating Catchment Area (3SFCA) have been implemented in two time periods of 2006 and 2016. The basis of these first two methods are supply and demand while in the third one, the competition between the suppliers is also taken into account. The results revealed the inequality in accessibility of both urban blocks and neighborhoods to the hospital services for two sections of study which are 2006 and 2016. On the other hand, the accessibilities were improved from 2006 to 2016 by all of the three methods’ results. There is also expected differences between the results of three methods, as the results of 3SFCA method shows the lowest accessibility in compare with the two other methods.The results of this research shows that despite of the improvement of hospital capacities in the city during ten years of study, inequality is observable across the urban blocks and neighborhoods. The strategy for reducing these inequalities and improving the spatial justice is to increase the number of hospitals or to enhance the street network in areas of poor accessibility.

Although the dilapidated and historical textures of the city were once the beating heart and the flourishing factor of the urban system, but with the isolationof these textures, the wholecity has suffered harmful effects and has become one of the biggest challenges of the city.Have been.The worn-out textures of the city can produce harmful and irreversibly severe effects.To this end, it is necessary to look at the importance / performanceof regeneration policies while looking at the regeneration of worn-out tissues, in order to identify the best programs for regenerationwhile identifying the performance gap.Based on the descriptive-analytical method,the present study has tried to analyze 40 indicators obtained based on theoretical foundations and field studies using MICMAC and ScenarioWizard software to position Indicators and their effects on each other, key factors and possible scenarios of regeneration should be identified. Also, the importance / performance of factors affecting regeneration should be analyzed using IPA model.It is necessary to explain, since the research was expert-centered, the sample was selected basedon the purposeful method(snowball)to 20 people.The resultsof the research show that the pattern of regeneration of worn-out tissues of Urmia in Mikmak environment has followeda linear trend, which indicates the instability of the regeneration situation and possible regeneration situations in the futureof this city indicate the possibility of unfavorable scenarios.Because the importanceand performance of important factors in regeneration basedon the findingsof the IPA model have showna great difference and less attention has been paid to the main factors of regeneration of worn tissues in practice.