فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیایی برنامه ریزی شهری
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

Cities have an increasing population and physical growth. Their physical growth by changing land cover/use has many environmental and climatic effects. Neglecting the ecological dimensions of cities has caused a decrease in their environmental quality. Among the most important of them we can mention the increase in thermal loads and air pollution, and reduction of dynamic potential. Two-dimensional urban climate maps are an analytical tool that integrates urban climate factors with urban factors so policymakers and urban planners can easily use them. climate approach is divided into two general categories of weather station data for analyzing the city's climatic conditions and spatial information layers used to integrate and calculate the map of planning recommendations. The results of integrating information layers in the geographic information system, Tehran was classified into five urban climate planning zones (UCPZ). These areas include urban climate planning area one with 25% coverage of protection zones and urban climate planning area two with 35% coverage and strategic measures. The changed areas include urban climate planning of region three with 22% attention to reducing harmful factors, urban climate planning of region four including 16% with strategic action to reduce necessary and recommended measures, and planning of urban climate region five with 3%. With strategic measures for necessary reduction, recommendations are also provided for each class with a detailed urban climate planning approach.

An urban climate map is an analytical tool that integrates urban climate factors with human and urban factors. Then, using obtained the results, it provides instructions and recommendations based on the climate characteristics in the city and creates a two-dimensional spatial map in a format that specialists and urban planners can easily use. In other words, the urban climate map is an interdisciplinary study and practical program that examines urban climatology and urban planning together and focuses on the application of climate knowledge in the field of planning. A proper understanding of climate conditions and planning recommendations can be implemented in actual physical planning processes of cities such as city/municipal master plan, zoning plan and land use plan. As the planning guidelines refer to specific areas, the use of urban climate maps (UCMaps) is also recommended as an information base. The created maps are considered very important physical tools for planning and as a tool with specific information to establish communication with managers, policymakers, decision-makers and those interested in urban issues. 

The data used in this research is of the type of location information that contains the information layers of the city of Tehran; The building blocks are urban land use/cover, topography, urban green spaces, surface hydrographic network and road network, which were prepared from the Information Technology Organization of Tehran Municipality. These layers of information were directly used in the calculation of the urban climate maps of Tehran in the urban climate analysis map section.
The research method is based on the analysis and integration of spatial information layers. First, the urban climate analysis map (UC-AnMap) was prepared. Calculating the climate map of the urban planning guidelines, the information contained in the urban climate analysis map is examined and based on the physical, environmental and activity conditions and realities within the city, this information is classified together. The climate map of urban planning guidelines and recommendations has classes known as urban climate planning zones (UCPZ). Each of these urban climate planning areas has guidelines and strategies with implementation capabilities that provide climatological recommendations to maintain or reduce the thermal conditions of each climate area.

To obtain a map of Tehran's urban planning guidelines, variables and effective components were examined. Based on 8 classes of urban climate analysis maps and according to physical characteristics, natural ventilation potential, thermal load and urban climate classes, Tehran was integrated into 5 Urban Climate Planning Zones (UCPZ). The status of urban development planning zones and their recommendations are as follows: UCPZ1 has covered 24% of the urban area. This part of the city includes areas that, with their natural and suitable vegetation, do not hinder the flow of air and wind. UCPZ2, with 35% of Tehran's urban area, has the highest amount of coverage, and the northern areas of Tehran have this feature of the climate zone. UCPZ3 has covered 22% of the urban area and the central areas of the city have the characteristics of this climate zone. UCPZ 4 has covered 16% of the urban area of ​​Tehran and its distribution includes the central areas of Tehran and areas such as 10, 11, 12, 6 and the south of areas 2 and 5. They cover most of this area. UCPZ5 has covered 3% of the urban surface and the main areas of the climate zone are found in the 21st, 16th, 12th and 11th districts of the municipality. Other southern and central areas of the city have small and limited spots of this climatic zone.
The pattern of population distribution and density determines the amount of man-made environmental thermal load in the city as well as the natural ventilation potential of the air. This study, which is based on urban climate maps (UCM), climate zones and planning recommendations, is based on two components of thermal load and dynamic potential of urban areas. The roads in the central parts of the city are generally narrow and full of traffic, which leads to poor natural ventilation conditions and an increase in thermal load. Weakness in natural air ventilation has a significant effect on the amount of air pollution in urban areas, in addition to intensifying the environmental thermal load. Warehouses, industries, and uses such as gas stations and road traffic are the main sources of air pollution in different areas and neighborhoods. The urban climate planning recommendation map (UC-ReMap) shows five climate zones. This map realistically shows the climatic conditions of the city according to physical characteristics, urban geometry, urban green and open spaces and proximity to natural spaces. Therefore, it provides information on urban climate for urban planners, and based on this, they analyze regional and strategic planning based on the climatic condition of urban areas.

The central areas are characterized by unfavorable conditions of high thermal load and weak natural ventilation with urban heat island phenomenon: therefore, reducing the building load in these areas is necessary; In the vicinity of the central areas of the city, climate zone 4 has been obtained, which is characterized by hot conditions, and in them, it is recommended to reduce the number of structural measures. In districts 21 and 9, the type of roof materials and the continuity of asphalt surfaces and ground covering in parking lots, warehouses and silos of factories are among the reasons for the high environmental thermal load in these areas. Therefore, it is concluded that the areas with the unfavorable urban climate of Tehran are caused by three factors high building density; continuous metal and asphalt pavements; And the road network dense and narrow. On the other hand, the open and green spaces in the inner areas of the urban fabric and the mountainous suburbs in the north and agricultural suburbs in the south of the city provide favorable climatic areas with weak thermal load and high dynamic potential and natural ventilation. In climate zones one to three, it is necessary to protect and maintain relatively favorable climatic conditions, and in this context, it is necessary to avoid extensive land use conversion and restore favorable climatic conditions in the affected areas.

Backcasting is a normative, target-oriented, and problem-solving approach, focusing on the desirable future vision and looking back for how to achieve it. Despite the growing global attention to backcasting and its efficiency in various fields, this approach has not been considered in urban planning and facing the complex issues and evolvements of the city in Iran. Therefore, this article uses the backcasting approach to develop a roadmap for Tehran’s vision. The presumption of this study from the desirable future vision is the same as that compiled in Tehran’s Strategic-Structural (Comprehensive) Plan. Thus, it indicates applying expert-based backcasting by stepping back from Tehran’s desirable future vision on the horizon of 2026 to the origin of the current situation in 2006. The ideals of the development perspective in the seven pillars have been scrutinized as the desirable future vision. Studying the current situation has been done by the qualitative content analysis of the document of Tehran’s Comprehensive Plan. Then, the roadmap was followed by defining key steps and targets, essentially placed in three distinct categories. Accordingly, Tehran’s desirable future vision will be realized through the pathway of three short visions, including “Tehran is aware of its existential nature with comprehensive knowledge about facilities and limitations for consolidation and modification,” “Tehran is the capacity builder for infrastructure and facility services, socially and organizationally capable, and prepared to all-round development,” and “Tehran is a prosperous and sustainable regarding cohesion and resilience, wealthy concerning the quality of life, and influential on a transnational level.”

Backcasting is a normative, target-oriented, and problem-solving approach, focusing on the desirable future vision and looking back for how to achieve it. Despite the growing global attention to backcasting and its efficiency in various fields, this approach has not been considered in urban planning and facing the complex issues and evolvements of the city in Iran. Therefore, this article uses the backcasting approach to develop a roadmap for Tehran’s vision. There is a difference between predictive, explorative, and normative methods that seek to study probable, possible, and preferable futures. In this way, the backcasting is distinguished from other future studies approaches. Forecasting goes from the present to the future, but backcasting starts from the future and connects to the present. Hence, backcasting as a process and not a method involves identifying a preferable future with desired goals aspired by the planning client and creating milestones or decisive steps on the pathway from that desirable future vision back to the present. It is relevant when short-term directional studies and longer-term forecasts indicate that the goals and targets will not be achieved within the designated time.

The backcasting approach can be classified as expert-based backcasting, participative backcasting, and interactive backcasting. Expert-based backcasting focuses on the technical analysis of future policy recommendations in a top-down process. In contrast, participative and interactive backcasting mainly emphasize defining future visioning in a bottom-up manner. After defining the desirable future vision in the first phase, the second phase is to look back to the present, study, and analyze the current situation compared to that vision. Accordingly, in the third phase, a roadmap is developed, including decisive steps and key targets providing short visions to achieve the end vision. The presumption of this study from the desirable future vision is the same as that compiled in Tehran’s Strategic-Structural (Comprehensive) Plan. Thus, it indicates applying expert-based backcasting by stepping back from Tehran’s desirable future vision on the horizon of 2026 to the origin of the current situation in 2006. The ideals of the development perspective in the seven pillars have been scrutinized as the desirable future vision. Studying the current situation under the mentioned pillars has been done by the qualitative content analysis of the document of Tehran’s Comprehensive Plan, including 11 volumes or main study areas. Then, the roadmap was followed by defining key steps and targets, essentially placed in three distinct categories.

The seven pillars of the desirable future vision include “Iranian-Islamic originality and identity,” “intelligence, smartness, and globality,” “greenness, beauty, and vitality,” “security and resistance against crises and risks,” “structural stability and coherence,” “prosperous, well-equipped, and fair,” and “centralized with national and global functions.” According to the pillars mentioned above, studying the current situation is the result of the content analysis of the plan and the inspection of the instances included in it, which generally have a physical-spatial nature and mainly indicate the inappropriateness of the context resulted in the occurrence of widespread functional disorders in Tehran. Accordingly, the roadmap to realize Tehran’s desirable future vision has been developed based on the current situation following the framework of the seven pillars. This roadmap includes normative key steps and targets, and their number varies in the pathway of connecting the current situation to the desirable future vision in the seven pillars. It means that in achieving the desirable future vision from the current situation, the number and priority of the steps and targets could differ depending on the pillars’ nature.

Accordingly, Tehran’s desirable future vision will be realized through the pathway of three short visions, including “Tehran is aware of its existential nature with comprehensive knowledge about facilities and limitations for consolidation and modification,” “Tehran is the capacity builder for infrastructure and facility services, socially and organizationally capable, and prepared to all-round development,” and “Tehran is a prosperous and sustainable regarding cohesion and resilience, wealthy concerning the quality of life, and influential on a transnational level.” By forecasting the current situation, these visions and targets could be considered as a basis for backcasting for a constant and continuous pathway towards the gradual realization of the desirable future vision and, simultaneously, as a topic for further related research. Meanwhile, using participatory and interactive backcasting approaches in differentiating or complementing expert-based ones is a significant field for study in the future.

Cafes have a special place for users and are spaces for spending leisure time, a sense of relaxation and a platform for informal activities that are contrary to the discourse of power. The purpose of this article is to analyze the atmosphere prevailing in the cafes of Daneshgah Boulevard in Zahedan city. In this regard, Bourdieu's theoretical approach and his Field Theory have been used. The research method of this research is qualitative and based on the analysis of the viewpoints of the cafe owners and baristas of the selected cafes on this street. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, two types of cafes on this Boulevard (8 cafes in total), including take-out cafes and coffee shops, were selected, and 12 people were interviewed. Based on the obtained results, two types of coffee and espresso consumption habitus (among natives) and going to cafes (mostly among students) were observed. The fields mentioned in the investigation of cafes included the economic, socio-cultural, political and power fields. By using different strategies, cafe owners try to attract different users, and there is a difference between the actions and activities of natives and students. Examining the relationship between the identified categories showed that the core categories include changing habitus, increasing coffee consumption and turning cafes into quasi-public spaces that attract people under the influence of causal conditions such as the desire to change the social position, the changeability of habitus and the use of coffee for treatment. Cafe users' action against these changes was to accept new habitus and, at the same time, localize consumption and space. The consequences of this action were the weakening of restrictions, improvement of the economy, communication, and thinking

One of the attractions in Zahedan, especially on Daneshgah Boulevard, is cafes that have expanded on this street. A variety of cafes in the form of take-out cafes and coffee shops has attracted the local community and students and led to the vitality and dynamism of this street. The tradition of going to cafes in Zahedan dates back to ten years ago, and coffee consumption has become a dominant culture among the natives. The questions of this research are: 
-What are the habitus of cafe users and their activities, and how are these habitus affected by Field Theory? 
In order to answer them, Bourdieu's analytical approach has been used to formulate the conceptual framework of this research. Despite the fact that the third place, the public realm or other approaches have been used in the other studies, this study aims to make a profound and interpretive analysis of cafes by using the dimensions of this theory.

As a qualitative research, the purpose of this study is to analyze the cafes and habitus in Zahedan City. A semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. Three general and related issues have been questioned as the habitus, different fields and types of activities and practices. The target group of the research was 12 cafe owners and baristas on Daneshgah Boulevard of Zahedan. The cafe owners and baristas were asked about the habitus and practices of the cafe users. At the same time, in order to investigate the difference between the habitus of the research groups, i.e. natives and students, two types of cafes have been considered. The interviews were conducted in the winter of 2023 when the academic semester was still ongoing. The sample size was obtained according to the theoretical saturation and 3 take-out cafes and 5 coffee shops were selected. For choosing them first, by referring to the websites, the list of the best cafes in Zahedan was extracted, and two cafes (Pelas and Fenjun), which were on the top list and located on Daneshgah Boulevard, were selected. In the next step, Cafe de France, Cafe Honar, and Be Vaght-e Cafe were introduced by the cafe owners and baristas and were added to the list. Three take-out cafes (Cafe Tak, E.L.K Cafe and Mr. Raeis) were selected also. Cafe Tak is one of the oldest take-out cafes. For analyzing the data, the interviews were first coded and based on the conceptual framework; the layers related to the users' habitus were analyzed through Bourdieu's Field Theory. Then, grounded theory was applied to develop the research model. The process of coding, categorization, and the relationship between the categories in the form of defining the core category and identifying casual, context, and intervening conditions, as well as the action and interaction strategies, were considered.

Two types of habitus were identified; the habitus of consuming coffee and espresso, and more intensively, the consumption of espresso, which was more common among the natives, and the habitus of going to the coffee shops, which mainly was observed among the young, students, and women. Considering the function of cafes, economic, socio-cultural, political and power fields were also identified. Besides the analysis based on the field theory, categories have been identified for developing the conceptual model. Based on the interviews, 38 primary codes, 21 sub-categories and 11 main categories were defined. Moreover, the relationship between the categories and the concepts of the Field Theory were also examined and analyzed. The main categories include the changeability of habitus and lifestyle, changing the image of the city and social condition, the category of difference and distinction, freedom, spatial control, economy-oriented categories and strategy, economic orientation, and harmony of ethnic and critical thinking.
The core categories include two concepts as changing the habitus of the natives and increasing the consumption of coffee and espresso, and turning cafes into dynamic and active quasi-public spaces. The causal conditions included dynamic and acquired characteristics of habitus, coffee consumption as a treatment and the desire of natives and residents for socio-cultural change. The conditions that are affected by the specific time and place impressed the core categories, including the desire to change, the presence of students in the city, and the therapeutic use of coffee. Also, the categories related to the improvement of capital and the economic fields were recognized as effective. The intervening conditions that had an impression on the core categories included spatial monitoring and control, which impose restrictions on the acceptance of cafes as a public domain. The moderator conditions included differences and distinctions. Also, since the acceptance of habitus has positive effects on the city and natives, it can be identified as another moderator condition. For example, changing habitus and turning cafes into a dominant activity in the city promoted symbolic capital, changed the image of the city, and increased collective consensus. Also, the use of economic strategies by cafe owners has an influence on the core category. Action and interaction included different strategies. One of these strategies is localization and change in coffee consumption and space (different types of coffee shops and emphasis on some products). In other words, the concept of coffee and espresso for natives is different from its original concept. Also, the natives' strategy against this new habitus is to use its advantages to improve the economic, socio-cultural, and symbolic capital.

The aim of this research was to analyze the dominant atmosphere which influences the habitus related to cafes in Zahedan City. For this purpose, among different approaches to studying this issue, the Field Theory of Bourdieu was selected. This theory, on the one hand, is a unified approach and free from the dualities of subject/object, structure/agency, etc. On the other hand, by combining theory with practice and introducing a method, examine the issues with different fields such as society, culture and politics and their impact on habitus. So, it is a comprehensive and practical approach. Bourdieu's theory considers the detailed expansion of concepts' applied mechanisms and is different from similar concepts, so through it, examining the impact of concepts on each other is possible. Also, due to the comprehensiveness of this theory, the identified categories are related not only to the social and cultural layers but also to the political, ethnic, and economic layers. As another highlighted point, the case of Daneshgah Boulevard in Zahedan, which has been less studied in the urban planning discipline, led to the introduction of this street as a lively and dynamic space and as the symbolic capital of this city.

In recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. The current research is practical in terms of purpose. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on the dependence of citizens on cars, a questionnaire was designed and the information obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analyzed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by residents of Rasht. According to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. However, the index of "public transportation" with an average of 2.49 has the lowest average among all indicators. Finally, the results of this research showed that the three indicators of corona pandemic, environmental attitude and health of citizens, and lifestyle and tendencies have the greatest effect on citizens' dependence on cars.

In recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing in order to prevent this disease have had many social and economic consequences that have brought about a change in lifestyle and even urban structures, including in the field of urban transportation. He pointed out that the increasing dependence on the car in contrast to the less use of the public transportation system has caused urban planners and management to face a serious challenge in recent years. Environmental, social and economic trends also follow, which have faced urban policy makers with a serious challenge in solving this problem. 

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the method of answering research questions and the method of answering is descriptive-quantitative. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on citizens' dependence on cars, a questionnaire with a 5-level Likert scale was designed and data was collected using this method. The information obtained from the questionnaires was analysed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analysed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, in order to increase the confidence factor, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Rasht, and then the questionnaire link was deactivated.

According to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. And at the end, the index of "public transportation" has the lowest average among all indices, with an average of 2.49. On the other hand, the items "increasing the use of private cars during the Corona era" with an average of 4.29 and "decreasing the desire to use public transportation during the Corona pandemic" with an average of 4.10, respectively, have the highest average in among other subjects. Finally, according to the test of the regression results, the "corona pandemic" index has had the greatest impact on the dependence of citizens on personal cars in such a way that with a correlation coefficient of 0.387, it alone accounted for 14.8% of the variance share of the "dependence on cars" index. predict Also, in the seventh model, where all the effective indicators are included in the model, the model has a correlation coefficient of 0.629, which shows the high correlation of these factors and dependence on automobile citizens; It was able to form 38.5% of the share of variance of the variable "Dependence on the car". 

According to the results obtained from the average indicators, "Corona Pandemic" has the highest average, which shows the importance of the issue of Corona disease and its impact on all aspects of people's lives. Also, on the other hand, the two indices "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" respectively have the lowest average among the indices, which shows the lack of attention of the city officials of Rasht to the issue of the city. It is without a car, which has led to the dissatisfaction of citizens due to the lack of a suitable platform for walking and cycling in the city, as well as the inefficiency of the public transportation system of this city. In this regard, according to the correlation between indicators, the indicators of "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" have the highest correlation among all research indicators, which shows the importance of paying more attention. According to these two indicators in the city of Rasht. In the continuation of the results of this research, based on the step-by-step regression test, the "corona pandemic" index is able to predict 14.8% of the variance share of the "car dependence" index. Therefore, with the emergence of this emerging phenomenon and its spread throughout the world, cities have faced new challenges that have never existed before, and one of these challenges is less use of public transportation during the outbreak of this disease and relying on Most of the citizens have a personal car for their health and their families. In the next step, the "environmental attitude and health of citizens" index has had the greatest effect on citizens' reliance on private cars. Based on this, it is possible to take an important step towards this goal by building culture in the society and increasing the environmental sensitivities of citizens and increasing people's awareness of environmental trends and the negative impact of using private cars on the health of citizens. In the next stage, the index of "Citizens' Lifestyle and Desires" has had the greatest impact on the citizens' use of private cars. In line with this, it is possible to change the citizens' lifestyles by taking advantage of collective communication spaces and appropriate culture in order to correct incorrect social patterns and an attitude in citizens can lead the society to less use of private cars. In the fourth stage of this modeling, we see the impact of "laws restricting car traffic" on the use of personal cars, which can be used to prevent more cars from moving around the city and downtown by applying physical restrictions. In the following, among the demographic and descriptive indicators of citizens, the indicators of "number of cars in each household" and "marital status" have an effect on the use of private cars by more and more citizens. In the last stage, the index of "public transportation" has an undeniable effect on the state of citizens' dependence on private cars, and finally, all the mentioned indicators together have been able to explain 38.5% of the variance of the dependence on cars among citizens. slow, which is a very significant amount, and paying attention to these indicators and improving the quality level of each of them can play a significant role in changing the pattern of citizens' use of private cars.

With the global increase in the elderly population in the last few decades, creating suitable urban spaces in order to serve them has become a common challenge for planners and policymakers of all societies. Also, in our country, due to the increase in the aging rate and experts' warnings on a senior crisis in the near future, the necessity of creating suitable public spaces for this group is vital. In this regard, the current research has studied the desirability of urban public spaces in relation to the needs of the elderly community in Mellat Street, Shahrekord, using the approach of elderly-friendly streets, and then investigated its role in creating a sense of satisfaction. The type of applied research and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research includes the elderly who were present in this area during the researcher's questioning and presence on the sidewalks and Mellat Street for several days (spring 1402), and 300 of them were selected by random sampling. The required data was collected through library studies and completing the questionnaire. Data analysis has been done using statistical methods such as one-sample T-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression test. The obtained findings showed that the average values of most of the investigated indicators are lower than the mean value. Also, there is a positive relationship between the components of elderly-friendly streets and the sense of satisfaction. In addition, the safety and accessibility components have the greatest impact on the psychological satisfaction of the elderly community. In general, the results show that Mellat Street in Shahrekord has not been successful in creating a sense of satisfaction for the elderly community and has not been able to provide a pleasant and safe environment for this group
 Introduction:

Public spaces in urban areas play an important role in establishing social interactions with the elderly group and promoting their health. These spaces are very suitable for the feeling of security and comfort of people, especially the elderly community, and increase their willingness to spend time outside the home. The street is the most important space for public activity. The daily activities of the residents, such as social communication, make it possible for the elderly-friendly streets to create an attractive environment for the users, and being in these streets provides a spiritual feeling full of identity, belonging familiarity, and the feeling of being "at home" for the elderly. At the same time, in terms of physical indicators such as safety, accessibility, readability, and recognizability, it provides them a reliable space. Such streets contrast with the uniform street space and create a positive psychological subjective perception of the street space and its diverse social activities. The welfare of the elderly is one of the important aspects of development and modern urban planning with respect to the increase in the urbanization and aging population. Their satisfaction with aspects of urban life (e.g., street use) effectively measures society's ability to promote welfare, harmony, and development. This is worth considering in our country, which has passed its youth and is entering middle age and old age with an upward trend. The city of Shahrekord, as one of the provincial centers of the country, has more than 5% of its population consisting of elderly people, and up to now, significant actions have not been taken to the needs of the elderly in this city. This research evaluates Mellat Street in Shahrekord City, which has a commercial-recreational role and is considered one of the main streets of this city. Therefore, the main questions of the research are as follows: What is the desirability of the urban spaces of Mellat Shahrekord Street to the needs of the elderly? And to what extent these spaces are effective in the psychic satisfaction of the elderly? 

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research consists of the elderly walking on the sidewalks and Mellat Street during the researcher's visit for a few days (in the spring of 1402), which was done in the form of random sampling. The measurement tool was prepared in the form of a closed-answer questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. According to the purpose of this research, 300 questionnaires were prepared with 44 questions and randomly distributed and completed among 300 elderly people. The validity of the form and the content of the questionnaire (dimensions and items) were confirmed using the opinions of relevant experts. Also, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the stability, and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. To analyze the data, one-sample T-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression were used. 

This research was conducted to investigate the desirability of urban spaces for the psychic satisfaction of the elderly, with an emphasis on Mellat Street in Shahrekord. To achieve this goal and measure the desirability of the urban space of Mellat Street, using the T-Tech test, a sample of six main components including safety, recognizability, accessibility, familiarity, legibility, comfort, and elements, and their related indicators have been used. Examining the results of the research shows that among the six studied components, only two components of familiarity and readability has a much better status than the other components. In general, according to the results of this section, it can be said that from the point of view of the elderly, the study area does not have favorable conditions and does not meet their needs. Also, by using the Pearson correlation coefficient test, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the six components and the psychic satisfaction of the elderly, and among them, the safety index with a coefficient of 0.609 has the highest correlation with the dependent variable. The multiple regression test also gives similar results. This means that by considering the six components (safety, recognizability, accessibility, familiarity, readability, and convenience) as independent variables and the sense of psychic satisfaction as dependent variables, the result was obtained all components which have investigated factors that affect the satisfaction of the elderly. So that these factors have been able to explain about 50% of the changes in the dependent variable and among these elements, the safety component, and its related indicators have the greatest regression effect in explaining the satisfaction of the elderly in Mellat Street, Shahrekord. 

According to the obtained results, it can be said that Mellat Street of Shahrekord, as the central market and the main symbol of the city, and the most prominent public space of Shahrekord has faced many problems and has not been able to satisfy the citizens, especially vulnerable groups such as the elderly. The status of some investigated indicators such as the lack of safe and covered areas for the elderly to sit, the lack of control and regulations limiting noise and pollution, the lack of markings on the tables and the opening of the entrances, the fear of falling, the lack of available parking spaces. With the priority of use by the elderly, the lack of equipment and furniture suitable for the elderly on the street, the presence of disturbing obstacles on the sidewalks, the improper flooring of the sidewalks, the prolongation of the widening and development operations in this axis and the emergence of many problems for passers-by, especially the elderly. The lack of ramps and gentle slopes, and the fear of collision with motorcyclists are more serious than the rest of  the studied indicators, which has the most dissatisfaction among the elderly on Mellat Street. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize the welfare and comfort of the elderly by considering the six indicators of elderly-friendly streets in future planning.

In today's fast-paced urban lifestyle, individuals are increasingly exposed to heightened stress. Stress can give rise to a multitude of physical and mental health issues. The presence of green spaces within urban environments significantly impacts residents' overall quality of life. Beyond environmental advantages, green spaces offer citizens substantial health benefits, particularly in reducing stress and alleviating mental strain. This research pursues a practical objective and adopts an exploratory and descriptive-analytical approach. The primary aim of this study is to investigate various factors contributing to stress reduction in small-scale district parks. The research instrument employed is a 45-item questionnaire structured in accordance with the content objective table derived from theoretical and documentary research. Factor analysis was utilized to validate the data, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was computed. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test results indicated the sample size's adequacy, while Bartlett's Test of Sphericity affirmed that the data could be subjected to factor analysis. Employing the principal component analysis extraction method, an exploratory factor analysis revealed eight distinct factors as sociability, participation, readability, responsiveness, sense of belonging, attractiveness, variety, and security. Notably, the sociability factor explained more than 12% of the factors influencing park stress reduction. Landscape designers should consider these factors, and urban open space decision-makers should evaluate them in their plans, ultimately equipping cities with landscapes that play a more substantial role in mitigating the stress experienced by their inhabitants. Future studies should explore the intricate connections between these factors, paving the way for the creation of urban landscapes with greater role in improving the quality of life

The global population has been experiencing rapid growth, especially in developing countries, leading to an increased disconnect from natural environments. The fast-paced urban lifestyle has contributed to elevated stress levels, which can result in various physical and mental health ailments. Air pollution, noise, and a lack of restorative environments are more profound in cities than rural areas. This condition leads to stress symptoms in a significant portion of urban populations. Because urbanization is predicted to double over the next 30 years, stress will most probably increase in city dwellers.
Urban greenery is crucial in enhancing the overall quality of life, contributing to improved city climates, and offering spaces for social activities and leisure. In addition to their environmental benefits, green spaces provide substantial health advantages, such as stress reduction, and offer opportunities for daily interaction with nature. Studies have demonstrated that when people are psychologically stressed or fatigued, they recover faster in natural areas than in urban environments. Although consensus exists about the positive health benefits of urban green spaces, more knowledge is needed about the mechanisms behind why and how green spaces reduce stress. The present study focuses on small urban public parks, specifically on how they should be designed to promote a potential for psychological restoration. This study aims to identify the key factors responsible for reducing stress in small-scale urban parks, which have been established by transforming underused and abandoned site parks to meet the growing demand for green and recreational spaces in response to urbanization.

This research has a practical objective and employs an exploratory and descriptive-analytical approach. The primary research tool is a 45-item questionnaire based on a content objective table derived from theoretical and document studies. The study's sample comprises students from Shahid Beheshti University and Shahid Rajaee Tarbiat University who frequent small local parks around their campuses, including Negin Park, Golrizan Park, Golestan 1 Park, and Shabanlu Park in Tehran's Districts 1 and 4. The study's sample size encompasses 210 participants, and data collection was facilitated through the distribution of online surveys via social networks. Data validation was performed through factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was computed.

The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test affirmed the adequacy of the sample size (KMO=0.814), and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity indicated that the data was suitable for factor analysis. After rotation, the data analysis revealed 13 significant factors contributing to stress reduction in small urban parks, accounting for approximately 70.10% of the overall variance. Following Varimax rotation, eight primary factors were identified. Sociability, with an eigenvalue of 5.569 and a variance percentage of 12.376, emerged as the most influential component in stress reduction. Sociability denotes versatile spaces that support multiple daily activities and social interactions. The second factor, participation, characterized by a specific value of 2.861 and a variance percentage of 6.357, reflects people's engagement in park spaces and their environmental impact. The third factor, readability, displayed a variance percentage of 5.773 and a specific value of 2.647, encompassing physical environmental qualities and human perception. The fourth factor, environmental responsiveness, with a variance percentage of 5.709 and an eigenvalue of 2.569, provides settings to meet physiological and psychological needs. The fifth factor, sense of belonging, with a variance percentage of 4.838 and a specific value of 2.177, highlights the relationship between humans and their environment, influenced by physical attributes and social activities. Attractiveness, diversity, and security had variance percentages of 4.827, 4.255, and 4.219, with specific values of 2.172, 1.915, and 1.899, respectively. These factors encompass spatial appeal, variation, and safety, all contributing to an enhanced quality of life in urban areas. The spatial structure and elements, such as adequate nighttime lighting, readability, and sociability, can foster a sense of security and stress reduction.

Urban parks have many functions and benefits. These functions and benefits are essential for improving life quality in urban areas. With the ongoing growth of urbanization and the resulting rise in stress levels, it is crucial to address the factors that alleviate stress in urban parks, especially small-scale ones. This study has identified the principal elements contributing to stress reduction in small parks, providing valuable insights for landscape architects and designers to enhance the effectiveness of green open spaces in mitigating stress. The research findings, including factors like readability and attractiveness, are consistent with those of other researchers like Kaplan. Future studies should explore the intricate connections between these factors in greater depth, paving the way for creating urban landscapes with a more pronounced role in stress reduction and improved quality of life.

Analyzing the structure and morphological patterns of the urban network has a fundamental role in the understanding of the population distribution process and the communication and service patterns of the urban system in the regional area. Considering this importance, in this research, an attempt has been made to analyze the morphological structure of the urban network in Khuzestan province. Analytical indicators of the research are to identify the structure and morphological patterns of the distance of population nodes and the hierarchy of the communication network in the Khuzestan province. Net draw and Uci NET flow and network analysis software were used for data analysis. The results show that based on the distance index of population nodes in the province, the morphological pattern of the urban network is linear-circular, radial and network. Meanwhile, according to the intra-regional communication network index, the dominant pattern of the urban network is linear-circular, which forms a network pattern by increasing the functional range of the communication network. The results of the research show that the majority of the urban network in Khuzestan province is small and medium in size and in close distances they have a linear morphological pattern, and with the increase in the distance of geographical centers and the functional scope of the communication network due to the presence of several dominant cities such as Ahvaz and Dezful, A network pattern is formed around the axis of these cities in the morphology of the urban network of the province

Investigating the morphology of the urban network in a geographical space is done in the framework of achieving the goal of balancing the land use. As the center of concentration of population, capital, flow of goods, services, innovation, etc., cities play an important role in planning as an element of space balance in regional and national scales. The balanced organization of space is possible with the scientific understanding of urban network morphology because the organization of spatial forms is formed through urban communication at different spatial levels. The urban network of Khuzestan province has been formed on the basis of different environmental, economic and social diversity. The existence of various spaces has caused diversity in the function and role of cities (port, commercial, basic energy industry) of the province. In this regard, the dispersion of cities in the macro-geographical level along with the diversity in role and function has affected the urban morphology. In this research, by analyzing the morphological structure of the urban network of Khuzestan province based on the variables of the distance between the population nodes and the communication network, the relationship between the types of morphological patterns and the performance of the cities is discussed.

This research is practical and has been done with "descriptive-analytical" method. The data has been collected from library documents and data, providing at the provincial and national institutions. To draw and analyze the morphology of the Khuzestan urban network in two separate parts, the communication network index based on service-based relationships as well as the distance of population nodes (cities) in the spatial area of Khuzestan province has been used. To analyze the data and draw the morphology of the urban network of the province in two dimensions of the communication network and the distance of the nodes from three Gower functions; Closeness and Varimax have been used in UciNET and Net Draw software.

In the findings section, the morphological patterns of the urban network of the province were analyzed based on the distance of population nodes in three radii of 10, 30 and 50 km, based on which it was determined that the reason for the formation of the linear pattern is due to the small size of the cities. It is mostly seen in the central, western and southern parts of the province. In this pattern, the absence of dominant cities near small cities is influential, which is an important reason for the formation of a linear pattern in the near distance for the cities of Khuzestan province, which are mostly small in size. In the analysis of urban network morphology based on the distance between nodes, network and ring patterns have been formed when dominant cities such as Ahvaz and Dezful metropolises have played a role in the urban network structure and the morphological structure of the urban network of the province. In the formation of the linear-circular pattern, the main factor was the large distance between the cities of the province in the central, northern and southern and western-eastern parts.
In the analysis of urban network morphology based on intra-provincial communication network, three radii of 30, 50 and 80 km were considered and analyzed. In the analysis of urban network morphology based on intra-provincial communication network, three radii of 30, 50 and 80 km were considered and analyzed. Similar to the node distance index, in the communication hierarchy index, in close distances, most of the cities have found a linear pattern due to their small size, and their morphological ring is due to the existence of dominant cities such as Ahvaz, Dezful and Ramshir, which are nearby cities. To them, they obey them in communication interactions as communication nodes. As the distance increases, network polygons in all four corners of the province with dominant cities such as Ahvaz, Dezful, Abadan and Bandar Mahshahr and connecting cities such as Hamidiyeh, Shush, Shushtar, Andimshek and Suleiman Mosque and Behbahan form the morphology of the urban network of the province. They give a grid shape.

The results of this research using the mentioned two indices, i.e. the distance between population nodes and the intra-regional communication network pattern, showed that from the point of view of focal waste index or geographical nodes, based on the dominant patterns in the theoretical literature presented for urban network morphology, three dominant morphological patterns were obtained in the urban network of Khuzestan province, which were linear-circular, radial and network patterns. While from the point of view of the communication network pattern index, the dominant morphological pattern for the urban network of the province was linear-circular, which with increasing the functional radius of the communication network, a network pattern is formed in the morphology of the urban network of the province. Examining the existing approaches and the background of the research shows that the best model for evaluating successful urban morphology is a network model with strong and synergistic links of two-way and multi-way interactions between the urban network, and the weakest morphological models are linear and radial models or center around It is a sign of the hierarchy and centrality of the structure, communication and function of the cities of a region. In this regard, a finding of this research made it clear that multi-dimensional and multi-functional interaction is not dominant in the urban network of Khuzestan province, and strong nuclei such as Ahvaz and Dezful form a circular pattern to meet needs and demand, and a linear pattern is also the pattern that governs relations and The communication between the small cities of the province is in close and even medium distances, and this type of pattern itself shows the poverty of having a proper, complementary and decisive position for the cities of the province to take an interactive, service and communication role suitable for themselves and their sphere of influence. Considering the importance of studying the structure, function and morphological patterns of the urban network in regional development and its role in the analysis and development of approaches based on sustainable land use, the present study from a morphological point of view was able to, according to the available data, based on Indexes of node distance and communication network to analyze the urban network of Khuzestan province. In this regard, future studies can analyze the urban network of the province and the interactions and functions of the urban network by relying on more and more diverse indicators such as the role of physical structure and also the pattern of dominant activities in the regional area.

Public transportation plays a central role in people's daily commute, connecting them to work, education, and leisure environments. It's essential to consider the specific needs of each user group when planning and providing these services. To address this challenge, inclusive approach is necessary to ensure the creation of barrier-free transport environments that are compatible with all citizens, regardless of their abilities and limitations. This research used the documentary method to investigate global experiences regarding the transport barriers of disabled people. The study also conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with 20 elderly people, 20 disabled people, and 20 children and teenagers. The aim was to reflect the voices and experiences of these people as representatives of marginalized groups. Through analysis of research literature and conducted interviews, it has been found that addressing certain issues can greatly improve the inclusivity of public transportation.. The elderly group expressed the need for optimized transportation environments through better design features and improved access. Disabled individuals prioritized employee training and the physical design of transportation environments. Children placed importance on increasing flexibility and enhancing security and safety measures. Considering the growing trend of aging in the country and the growing awareness of the need for the participation of all citizens in the economic and social life of societies, adopting an all-inclusive approach in creating and providing transportation environments can make it an attractive alternative for disabled and vulnerable people

Public transportation is essential for daily commutes, connecting people to work, education, and leisure activities. There is a strong connection between transportation accessibility and social exclusion experienced by people with disabilities, as recent research has shown. This issue has gained the attention of both scientific communities and political decision-makers in recent years. Just because someone has a disability, it doesn't mean that they are not entitled to a fulfilling life. Disability is not only determined by personal characteristics but is also affected by environmental and situational factors. Consequently, travel impairment should be considered a product of human-environment interaction, and people with disabilities may face transportation problems due to a lack of necessary transportation functions. The transport system must be accessible to all, particularly vulnerable groups and those with mobility impairments, and should be promoted as a reliable alternative to private transportation. Unfortunately, due to physical limitations and societal environments that assume high mobility, people with disabilities may become isolated from economic and political affairs, opportunities, services, and social networks. 

The current research has used a mixed approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative data to investigate the characteristics of inclusive transportation spaces in Tehran. To determine the indicators for the qualitative part, document study and content analysis techniques were used, in addition to a survey. Face-to-face interviews and thematic analysis techniques were also employed to study the characteristics of the participating community. For the quantitative part, Shannon's entropy method was used. The research participants were elderly individuals (men and women over 65 years old), disabled individuals (men and women with physical and movement disabilities), and children and teenagers (boys and girls between 7 and 16 years old) who have experience using public transportation services in Tehran. A sample size of 20 people was considered for each study group (elderly, disabled, and children/teenagers), resulting in a total of 60 participants. 

Conducting documentary studies and content analysis of research literature showed that dealing with issues such as flexibility, comfort, reliability, physical design, access, security and personal safety, economic issues, staff training, and readability are important indicators that are considered getting them can turn public transportation environments into inclusive spaces. Then an attempt was made to identify the concerns and needs of these people in public transportation environments by conducting interviews with the group of elderly people, disabled people, and children and teenagers as representatives of vulnerable groups. Physical design, comfort, and security, and safety were the most important issues mentioned by participants from all three groups to improve transportation. Although there was some overlap between the ideas and concerns presented, the demands of each group were prioritized differently. For example, the elderly group sought to optimize transportation environments by addressing design features as well as improving access, while the group of disabled people first referred to staff training and secondly to the issue of physical design. Children also considered increasing flexibility and improving security and safety as one of their most important demands. Then, in order to determine the priorities of inclusive transportation planning, taking into account the opinions of participants from all three groups, the weight of the components from the interviews, with the Shannon entropy of the case Calculated. Considering that the basis of entropy is based on the fact that the greater the dispersion in the values of an index, the more important that index is, it was very appropriate for the current research that was trying to pay more attention to the special needs of each group. The results of entropy showed that the highest weight belongs to the training of employees, and secondly, economic issues require more attention. Other weights also belong to the flexibility index, readability, security and safety, physical design, access, and convenience, and finally, the least amount of weight was given to the reliability index. 

Considering the demographic changes and social developments such as the growing trend of population aging and the increasing awareness of the need for the participation of all citizens in the economic and social life of societies, adopting an all-inclusive approach in creating and providing transportation environments can be a suitable and appropriate response to promote Spatial justice in cities. This approach acknowledges that human abilities are not only diverse but also undergo changes along the way of life. This inclusive approach is a way of creating and providing environments that are inherently accessible not only to people without disabilities, but also to people with disabilities, the elderly, and many others, such as children, who are often left out by traditional design.

Markets have been one of the most essential spaces in the urban body, which have received much attention from many audiences and have high dynamics. The present study aims to identify the indicators of the sensory preference components affecting the sense of place attachment of users in the historical Bazaar of Tabriz to pave the ground for survival and permanence and enhance the link between the architectural heritage and its users. This paper is applied in terms of purpose and conducted by descriptive survey method in terms of nature in the historical Bazaar of Tabriz (Iran). The data collection measures include documentary studies and written sources, objective observations, field studies, and questionnaires (384). SPSS 20 and Amos 24 software were applied to analyze each variable's main components. The study results show that 75% of the variability of the place sense can be predicted based on the variables of sensory preferences. The auditory variables include human voice, music sound, mechanical sound, artificial smell, natural smell, touch, including functional and instrumental, and vision, consisting of coherence, complexity, and mystery, which are significant at less than 0.05. The present research helps designers and urban planners solve the problems of the relationship between humans and the environment from a psychological perspective. This improves such spaces' environmental and social quality, survival, and durability

Markets are one of the most important public spaces in the urban body, which includes a wide range of uses, economic, social, religious, and cultural activities, which creates an environment with identity besides responding to the needs of the users and audience by creating meaning and improving quality. The Bazaar of Tabriz is the historical center of northwest Iran, and it was considered one of the important commercial centers of Iran throughout history. It has always received much attention from architects, researchers, tourists, and experts. Today, the design of architectural spaces, including markets, has been changed considerably. In their planning, new lines of thought affected by various sciences, such as environmental psychology, have been introduced. The Sense of Place is one of the most important factors in the stability of markets, both physically and semantically, and it has a considerable impact on the liveliness and dynamism of these places. The sense of place has become a sacrifice for the place by going to deeper levels of commitment and plays a crucial role in the production of meaning by deepening the sensory link of the audience with the buildings. A review of the theoretical basics shows that the sense of place, which has various dimensions and components, is one of the key elements for the stability of the urban context. By examining the sensory preferences affecting users' sense of place in urban spaces and identifying the relevant key elements, it is possible to improve the level of the users' sense of place and pave the way for the sustainability of the historical urban context. Despite the studies conducted in the field of users' sense of place, the number of studies performed in the field of the survival of historical buildings through maintaining and enhancing the links between the audience and the place is limited, and most of the researches emphasize on the physical dimension; therefore, considering the importance of user behavior in attaining architectural goals, the present study can be a basis for other future researches in this field. The historical Bazaar of Tabriz should be considered as one of the main goals of managers and experts of architectural heritage to ensure its continued survival and durability with exact and appropriate planning and enhancing the quality of the market.

 The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey method in terms of nature in the historical Bazaar of Tabriz. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method was used in SPSS22 software. The sample size was calculated based on the Cochran formula of 384 people, and the questionnaire distribution in the study area was systematically random. The relationship and impact of the variables were analyzed using the structural equation system (SEM) and the Amos24 software. 

The standard coefficient between sensory preferences and sense of place is 0.830, according to the absolute value of its t-statistic, as 7.488 and greater than 1.96. Thus, with a probability of 95%, the null hypothesis is not verified, and the H1 is confirmed. It means that sensory preferences have a positive and significant impact on the sense of place (significance = 0.001; β = 0.830), and for a one-unit increase in sensory preferences, the sense of place increases by 0.830 units. 

Based on the analyses performed in the historical Bazaar of Tabriz, about 75% of the variability of the sense of place can be predicted by the variables of sensory preferences and the variables of human voice, musical sound, mechanical sound, artificial and natural smell, touch including functional and instrumental, vision consisting of coherence, complexity, and mystery are significant at the level less than 0.05. studies of the market show that among the components of sensory preferences, the visual component with the indicators of "readability," "complexity," "coherence," and "mystery" is the most effective, and the taste component with the index of "quality" has the least impact. In the users' sense of place component, the social components with the sub-components of "the existence of meeting place" and "expected behavior" are the most effective, and the physical component with the components of "design style," "sustainability," "enclosure," and "invitation" have had the least impact. Thus, based on the obtained results, the role of sensory preferences in understanding the environment and creating a sense of place for users is extensive. Designers and managers of commercial spaces can do things such as clarity of spaces and uses, easy access to all spaces, lighting Suitable for day and night, using a mysterious spatial structure to increase people's sense of curiosity, having a map to know the location in the environment, using the sound of music and reducing disturbing mechanical sounds, using natural plants and smell specific to each store, and also increasing the possibility of touching and examining the goods, as well as the existence of cafes and restaurants for sitting and resting, while improving the sense of place of the users, provide the grounds for the sustainability of such spaces and help city managers and professionals in protecting architectural heritage.

The regeneration of historical textures to adapt these textures to the modern needs of urbanization and to preserve their identity is an important matter, and due to the multi-stakeholder nature of the reconstruction processes and the involvement of different interests of the stakeholders in the processes, conflict of interests is inevitable. The current research aims to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of conflicts of interest and the effects of conflicts in the regeneration process of historical textures. The current research is qualitative. The statistical population of the research includes the beneficiaries of the regeneration of the Nafar Abad neighborhood, who were identified in the form of 18 groups by studying the available documents. Using the snowball sampling method, which went until theoretical saturation, 31 people were selected as the representatives of the interested groups. The data needed for the research was collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was also done through thematic analysis and using MAXQDA. The research findings show that several factors in managerial, economic, legal, executive, and social dimensions cause conflicts of interest in reconstructing historical textures, including the factors of urban management, the number of key stakeholders, and urban rules and regulations. The conflict of interests acts as a mutual influence and impression with the regeneration process so that the conflict of interests appears under the influence of the defined regeneration process. After it occurs, the conflicts begin to affect the regeneration process.

Historical textures and related issues are some of the most important issues and challenges of urban planning. Urban regeneration is one of the most critical recent approaches in worn-out and historical textures; due to the nature, extent, and comprehensiveness of this approach in covering various economic, social, physical, environmental, and cultural dimensions, much complexity appears in regeneration projects. One of the main reasons for the complexity and uncertainty of urban regeneration projects is that there are different stakeholders in these projects, which increases the possibility of conflicts of interest in the regeneration process. In this way, it is important to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of conflict of interest in the process of regeneration of historical textures, despite the existence of wide and valuable areas of historical textures in the country, as well as their need for regeneration to match the modern and contemporary needs of citizens' lives. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of conflict of interests in the process of regeneration of historical textures as a fundamental challenge in the path of realization and efficiency of programs of regeneration of historical textures and also to identify the effects of conflict of interests in the process of regeneration historical textures which was done using qualitative research method and case study approach. The Nafarabad neighborhood of Rey City was selected as a case study from the historical and old neighborhoods of Rey City.

The current research is applied and based on a qualitative methodological approach. The research strategy is also an Abductive strategy, and the case study approach was used to complete the research. In the current research, the key stakeholders of the regeneration process were identified using available documents, and then snowball sampling was used to collect data. In this way, 18 key stakeholder groups, including urban management organizations and institutions at the policy, decision-making, and executive levels, and the local community, including owners, residents, businesses, investors, and pilgrims, were identified as key stakeholders. The data required for the research was also collected through semi-structured interviews with the key stakeholders of the regeneration process of the Nafarabad neighborhood; in total, 31 interviews were conducted, and the data analysis was done through the thematic analysis method.

Based on the research findings, the key stakeholders of the regeneration process were identified in 18 groups and divided into two categories as internal and external stakeholders based on Freeman's classification and primary and secondary stakeholders according to Clarkson's classification. Conflict of interest occurs under the influence of several factors. According to the findings and results of qualitative data analysis based on thematic analysis, 21 main concepts were extracted as factors influencing the occurrence of conflict of interest. Then, according to the frequency of the obtained codes, factors such as urban management, the number of key stakeholders, and city rules and regulations were identified as the most important factors in conflicts of interest. In order to get an overview of the dimensions affecting the occurrence of conflict of interest and a better understanding of the nature of the factors affecting the occurrence of conflict of interest, the obtained factors were categorized according to their nature. In this way, the factors affecting the occurrence of conflict of interest are mainly managerial, executive, legal, economic, and social, which cause conflict of interest. In this way, the management and social dimensions, considering they include more factors than other dimensions, play a greater role in the conflict of interest in regenerating historical textures. The occurrence of conflict of interest during the regeneration process has effects on the regeneration process, which include the slowness and stagnation of the regeneration process, the degradation of social capital, the imposition of costs on the beneficiaries, the deviation and change in the goals of the plan and the reduction or non-realization of the plans, which these effects cause the regeneration process is not completed optimally.

The analysis of the present research shows that the conflict of interest occurs due to several factors in the regeneration of historical textures. Factors affecting the emergence of conflict of interest act in such a way that stimulating interests influencing them and changing the extent of obtaining benefits by different stakeholders causes the emergence of conflict of interest. Based on the five categories of factors, management factors have taken the largest share in the interviews regarding conflict of interest, which seems logical. Because urban management can control other conflicting factors, and by controlling other factors, conflict of interest can be brought to the lowest level. Therefore, perhaps the most important features of good urban management in the current era can be considered the optimal management of the interests of the urban stakeholders and agreement-making and interactive management. According to previous research results, the relationship between the conflict of interests and the process of urban regeneration needs to be examined. Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that the occurrence of a conflict of interest has a reciprocal influence on the process of regeneration in such a way that the conflict of interest affected by the defined process of regeneration by the planners may appear. Also, the conflict of interest will affect the process of regeneration and will cause slowness or changes in this process.

One of the most important goals of the Renovation Plans of Urban Blighted is to enhance the quality of the environment, and the dominant approach of urban renovation is regeneration, which takes into account the economic, social, cultural, physical, etc. aspects. This study's main aim was to evaluate Renovation Plans in Urban Blighted the Central Core of Ahvaz Metropolis Using a Formative Approach to an Urban Sustainable Landscape. This study, in terms of purpose and method, was applied-theoretical and survey and descriptive-analytical due to the nature of the subject and the governing approach of this research. The statistical population of this study was all residents 18 years and older in Urban Blighted, the Central Core of Ahvaz Metropolis. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of about 384 people was selected as a sample group. The evaluation results of various indicators of renovation Plans of Urban Blighted the Central Core of Ahvaz Metropolis using a one-sample t-test showed that on average, all indicators of this research (economic, physical, aesthetic, and environmental), except for social and functional indicators are less than assumed average (3). In other words, the Implementation of renovation plans and projects to improve the status of social and functional indicators was impressive. However, the mentioned plans had very little role in Improving the status of physical, environmental, economic, and aesthetic indicators. The results of the Friedman test showed that the most important has been related to the social index, and the least important has been to the aesthetic index

Geographic centrality, ease of access, establishment of market and commercial activities, and historical and cultural values have caused Urban Blighted to generate income. Thus, investing in these areas can be economically advantageous. However, despite the mentioned features, due to the lack of attention of managers and officials, lack of proper planning, and the existence of many issues and problems, such as the inappropriate road network, wear and tear of residential units, weak infrastructures, and environmental problems, these tissues are on the path of stagnation and backwardness. The appearance of urban wear and tear, especially the wear and tear of the central and old fabric of cities, along with the transformation of land as a scarce social resource, has made the optimal use of Urban Blighted, which is one of the primary sources of land supply, to become especially important and necessary. The primary purpose of this research is to evaluate renewal projects in the Urban Blighted of the core of the Ahvaz metropolis with the approach of developing a sustainable urban landscape.

The present applied-theoretical study employed a survey research and descriptive-analytical research method. The statistical population of the research consisted of all citizens eighteen years and older living in the Urban Blighted of the central part of Ahvaz metropolis. The sample size was determined as 384 individuals using Cochran’s formula and with a confidence coefficient of 0.95%, selected by a simple random sampling technique. The data collection method was also documentary and survey research. In the first stage, the data related to the research theoretical framework and background from scientific sources, including books, dissertations, and valid scientific articles, were collected. In examining a case sample of the method, survey research (questionnaire) was employed. The previous domestic and international studies on the research area were reviewed to prepare the questionnaire. Then, questions and items related to the study indicators (social, economic, functional, physical, aesthetic, and environmental) were extracted. In the next stage, questions and indicators were examined and explicated using urban management experts’ opinions. Finally, SPSS software, the one-sample t-test, and the Friedman test were employed to analyze the data collected using the questionnaire.

The results of the one-sample test in connection with the six indicators of this research in the studied area show that between the theoretical averages (equal to 3) and the obtained theoretical averages (experimental average) of the economic, social, physical, functional, aesthetic and environmental, there is a significant difference at the level of 0.95% because firstly, they differ from the theoretical average; secondly, the obtained t-statistic is greater than the value of the standard t-statistic (greater than 1.96 positive and negative); thirdly, the level of significance obtained for the one-sample test, a two-tailed test, is less than 0.05; and fourth, the distance between the upper and lower limits does not include zero, that is, zero is not placed between these two limits. Among the six indicators, two social and performance indicators significantly differ significantly from the theoretical average, which is also positive. Therefore, implementing improvement and renewal projects has effectively improved the condition of the social and functional indicators of the Urban Blighted of the central core of Ahvaz. On the contrary, four physical, economic, environmental, and aesthetic indicators negatively differ from the theoretical average. Therefore, the implementation of improvement and renewal projects had a minimal effect on the mentioned indicators, and the average of these indicators is still below the average.
Also, based on the Friedman test results and referring to the chi-square statistic as 193.86, significant at the error level of 0.05%, it should be said that the participants’ average opinions towards the research indicators are different in the scope of the study statistically and with a confidence of 0.95%. In addition to the significance of the difference or lack of difference in the mean rating of the respondents, the Friedman test deals with the prioritization of indicators. In other words, the test result indicates the participants’ opinions about the six studied indicators. Accordingly, social and functional indicators have more favorable conditions than other research indicators. After these two indices, the physical and economic indices have the highest and lowest ranks related to the aesthetic indicator.

In general, the research results indicated that implementing renewal projects had little effect on improving the living conditions of the residents. These projects have had the most significant impact on social and functional indicators and little on other economic, physical, aesthetic, and environmental indicators. Accordingly, to improve the effects of the implementation of improvement and renewal projects in improving the quality of life of the residents of dilapidated buildings and increasing their level of realization based on the primary goals, more attention should be paid to the approaches of empowering the residents and taking advantage of social capital and public participation in line with the policies of a system based on the citizens’ participation as much as possible in all fields, including social and environmental issues, along with economic and physical issues, is necessary as the main pillars of sustainable development.

Evaluation and quantification of the quality of urban life is one of the important and key prerequisites in urban planning and development. The purpose of this study is to provide a strategy based on a multi-criteria decision-making system to evaluate the quality of urban life. For this purpose, 8 environmental criteria and 6 infrastructure criteria were used. The weight of the effective criteria was calculated based on the opinion of experts using the BWM. Then, the OWA method was exerted to produce urban life quality maps in different mental scenarios. Finally, the spatial distribution of the population in different classes of quality of urban life was evaluated. Among the infrastructural and environmental criteria, population density and air pollution had the most significant impact on the quality of urban life. The quality of urban life maps in different scenarios showed that with the increase in the degree of optimism, the area of the classes with high and very high quality of urban life increases, and with the decrease of the degree of optimism, the area of the classes with high and very high quality of urban life decreases. The results of this study showed that a high percentage of the population in the urban environment lives in conditions of low quality of urban life, which indicates the necessity of evaluating the current state of the quality of urban life and planning to improve the existing state.

The growth of cities since the beginning of the 20th century, the exponential increase of the urban population, the inappropriate and disorganized physical growth, and the quantitative approach to urban planning and neighborhoods have changed the culture of neighborhoods, inter-neighborhood migrations, and dissatisfaction with the quality of urban environments, which has been accompanied by the loss of identity and sense of belonging among residents. Therefore, to deal with such a trend, an approach called the quality of urban life has been proposed to create a desirable urban life. This approach is based on the belief that urban places, as part of human identity, also form an emotional bond between people and their surroundings. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of urban life can create a sense of belonging and identity in citizens towards the urban environment. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the quality of urban life in District 2 of Tehran by insisting on risk in decision-making. To achieve this goal, a risk-based expert system based on a geographic information system will be used. This system's ability is flexible in creating a wide range of scenarios (very optimistic to very pessimistic).

The spatial data in this study includes satellite-based data, location-based field data, and spatial layers collected from related organizations. The research method in this study includes five steps. In the first stage, using past studies and experts' opinions, effective criteria for the quality of urban life were identified, and a spatial database of these data was created. In the second stage, due to the different sources of the collected data, the pre-processing operation was done on the data first. Then, according to the type of criterion, a map of the criteria was prepared using spatial analysis in GIS. Normalization of the criteria map, calculation of weight, and importance of criteria and sequential weights were done in the third stage. In the fourth step, using the ordered weighted averaging method, quality of urban life maps was prepared in different decision-making scenarios for environmental and infrastructure dimensions. Also, at this stage, the final quality of urban life maps was prepared by combining the two considered dimensions. Finally, in the fifth stage, an assessment of population distribution in urban quality of life classes was done.

In this study, in the environmental dimension, air pollution, discomfort index, and vegetation cover criteria had the highest weight, and elevation, distance from stream network, and distance from fault had the lowest weight. Also, in terms of infrastructure, population density and distance from the road network have the most weight, and the criteria of distance from industrial areas and medical centers have the least weight. The visual evaluation of the quality of urban life maps in the environmental dimension shows that the eastern and central half of the studied area has a better quality of urban life than other regions. This is due to the adjustment of the urban microclimate in accordance with the increase of vegetation, reduction of air pollution, and improvement of the condition of discomfort index towards the eastern and central parts, directly affecting other environmental indicators. Regarding infrastructural criteria, the areas located north of the study area have the worst quality of urban life, and most areas with very low quality of urban life are located in these areas. However, the central parts of the studied region have a more favorable quality of urban life than other parts. The road network infrastructure, subway stations, medical centers, and parks are more concentrated in these areas than in others.
The combination of urban life quality maps in environmental and infrastructure dimensions showed that with the increase in the degree of optimism, the area of the areas located in the high and very high quality of urban life class increases, and the area of the areas located in the low and very low quality of urban life class decreases. So, the very low, low, medium, high, and very high quality of urban life in the very pessimistic scenario was 11.84, 20.07, 11.17, 3.73, and 1.58 km2, respectively. In a very optimistic scenario, these values would reach 3.46, 6.42, 13.79, 15.78, and 8.96 km2.

From an environmental point of view, air pollution and distance from the fault criteria, respectively, have the most and the least impact on modeling the quality of urban life. Also, in terms of infrastructure, the population density criterion has the most impact, and the distance from industrial areas criterion has the least impact in modeling the quality of urban life. The central and eastern regions of the studied region have better urban life quality conditions than other regions. With the increase in the degree of optimism, the area of the areas located in the class of high and very high quality of urban life increases, and the area of the areas located in the class of low and very low quality of urban life decreases. In the very pessimistic, pessimistic, intermediate, optimistic, and very optimistic scenarios, respectively, 5.31, 7.94, 10.24, 14.66, and 24.73 square kilometers of the studied area have suitable urban life quality conditions (high and very high class). In a very pessimistic state, 650,963 and 9,162 thousand people of the study area population are located in areas with unsuitable (low and very low class) and suitable (high and very high) quality of urban life, respectively. The results of this study can be useful for managers and planners to implement plans and programs to improve the quality of urban life.