مجله تاریخ نگری و تاریخ نگاری
سال سی و یکم شماره 28 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

New research in the field of history of ismailis and their historical sources, especially after the first decades of the twentieth century has experienced an upward trend that continues to this day. The discovery and identification of numerous collections of Ismaili sources exposed scholars in this field to a wide range of primitive manuscripts that required correction, research, and translation. Another stage of this development was the re-reading of the history of the Ismailis and the various political, social, economic, religious, jurisprudential and theological aspects of this sect, which had previously been written based on a relatively one-sided narration from Sunni sources; And now, by simultaneously referring to the numerous Ismaili sources, they were exposed to criticism and revision. Ismaili historiography, meanwhile, has been the subject of little independent research. New research in the field of Ismaili historiography is important in two respects: The first aspect is to identify, edit and introduce the Ismaili historiographical sources, and the second aspect is to use these sources in re-reading the Ismaili history. In the second aspect, little research has been done. In this article, by adopting a historical-interpretive method, we seek to answer the basic question: to what extent has the neglect of Ismaili historiographical sources been effective in presenting a false picture of the political-religious history of ismailis?

The various and sometimes different approaches and definitions in the study of Islamic art have complicated the study of it. Traditionalism and historical perspectives, the two dominant approaches in this branch, look at Islamic art differently. The base in traditionalism is on tradition and unchangeable principles, while in historical perspectives, it is history and its contexts. Traditionalists consider Islamic art to be the result of a grace that has flowed in the artist and embodied the teachings of perennial philosophy in the art works, but in the historical perspectives, the art works are the product of historical determinism and context. These differences have made the study of art works complicated even at prestigious festivals, and the various and conflicting criteria for judging works of Islamic art. This research, in a descriptive-analytical and discourse analysis method and a comparative approach, seeks to answer the questions; What is the discourse analysis of these two dominant approaches in Islamic art? And why, despite these two dominant discourses, there is no unity in the definition of Islamic art and its main features? and provide a basis for modifying a more comprehensive definition. Research findings include dissimilarity in discourse components, discourse creation, and sub-discourses.

The press, including publications, newspapers and magazines, were one of the most important pillars of the intellectual and revolutionary movement in Qajar Iran. One of the most effective strategies of the media to raise awareness and create demand among the people was to introduce the media and express their importance in the development and modernization of Western societies. Among different countries, the situation of the American press as a model was considered by dissidents and press activists in the Qajar era. The present article, with an explanatory approach and relying on the concept of modernism and critical discourse of the Qajar reformists, answers the question of how the Iranian press in this period introduced the development of the press in the United States and what were the achievements of this awareness for Iranians? Examining the Qajar-era press and unpublished State Department documents, it was hypothesized that Iranian dissidents had methodically written numerous articles on the prosperity of the press in the United States, and that the media had played a role in social and political change. They explained the country and believed that changing the social and political structures of Iran also requires the development of the press and raising awareness through it. Belief in the modeling of the American experience encouraged the Iranian press and diplomats in Washington to expand the press and improve its quantitative and qualitative status in Qajar Iran. The arrival of the printing industry from the United States.

Holiness is an important and influential factor in creating a multifaceted nature in Muslim historiography. One of the main aspects of sanctity is the link between myth-history and word-history. History as a realist science seeks to understand important historical events in the human past. The realism of history cannot be read in the dimensions of myth which is marked by poetic and mystical imaginations. Therefore, great historians use various methods and methods in order to pass transhistorical issues. In the historiography of Medina and Iraq in the first and second centuries of Hijri, a similar attempt was made for a different understanding of the myth and history of religion. The question here is: What methods and methods did the historiography of Medina and Iraq use to pass the sacred affairs in history? By using the method of historical description and analysis, the claim is that the historians of Medina and Iraq resorted to the methods of document chain recording, historical sequence, observation and experience, scientific method and reference to written documents to pass the holy matter. The result of the research is that the historians of Medina and Iraq, by using the mentioned methods, were able to produce texts based on the authenticity of historical objectivity and away from sacred affairs.

The concept of "Zell Allah" (shadow of God) has been associated with the concept of "kingdom" in the history of Iran during the Islamic period, and in a way expressed the foundations of the legitimacy and power of the rulers. Most contemporary historians and researchers with a holistic and one-dimensional approach have considered Zell Allahi's thought as a continuous concept in the context of Iranian history and have not paid attention to the conceptual differences and fractures of this thought. For this reason, this concept has sometimes been interpreted in the epistemological form of Iranshahri thought and in parallel with the formulation of Farah Izadi (the divin of glory) the overseer of Iran's the historical continuity. The question of the present research is how the discourse of Zell Allahi was able to establish the legitimacy of the patriarchal rulers in light of the ruptures in the Iranian Middle Ages and what are the differences between the sanctification process of the mentioned period and the previous periods through historiographic sources. According to its nature, this research is organized with the method of historical explanation and the approach of historical sociology and the concept of history and tries to criticize and analyze the data of historiographic sources. And by looking at the "change" in the historical macro-trends, recognize this concept from the perspective of the "historical sociology of the sultan's holiness" and by examining its ideological components and structures, change this concept from the form of the "unholy-responsible" sultan of the early Middle Ages to the empire of the sultan “holy- unresponsible" to explain the late middle period. The focus of this major transformation can be traced to the "Ilkhanid" era. Therefore, the concept of monarchy underwent an important change and development in the field of "sanctifying" the position of the sultan during this period and created a new discourse in the political system of Iranian history, which can be interpreted as the beginning and development of the "Zell Allahi discourse".

Taking into the consideration that environmental education, especially formal primary and secondary education, has a great impact on the sociability of individuals, and according to the fact that the content of textbooks is a mirror of government policy in the field of education, this article, by using quantitative content analysis of the fifth grade of primary school and the third grade of guidance school textbooks of the 1360s/1980s (1361/1982, 1365/1986 and 1369/1990), is trying to show the contribution of the environment and its protection in textbooks and subsequently in formal education. And by doing that it seeks to show the role of the environment in formal education. In addition it answers this question that “How has the view of the environment been in the minds of curriculum planners and textbook authors?” Findings show that out of the total textual content of the studied books, only two percent have addressed environmental protection. At the three levels of knowledge, attitude and skill, out of the total environmental textual content of the studied books, 78% is allocated to the level of knowledge (awareness), 1% to the level of attitude and 9% to the level of skill. In addition, most of the environmental data can be found in books such as “Geography”, “Experimental Sciences” (Oloum e Tajrobi) and “Profession and Technology” (Herfe va Fan). This also shows the empirical thinking of curriculum planners about teaching the environment.

blasphemy is a rare phenomenon in history. These works, which were written with the aim of slandering, that is, blaming, blaming and slandering his opponent and his thoughts, are rooted in relative, ethnic and Arab rivalries, but after Islam, gradually focusing on topics such as: jurisprudential and theological religions, political leaders, sects. Imams, Sufism, and Sufism have developed and, most importantly, have maintained their historical framework, the Arabic title of example, and the like to this day.Studies show that the flow of blasphemyo graphy is also a function of the flow of Islamic historiography and most of almost all blasphemyo graphy belong to the Islamic East.blasphemyo graphy, although they have been criticized and debated by elites and elders from the beginning due to their unjustified and immoral appearance, but for special and debatable reasons, they have opened their historical place in Islamic literature.However, out of about 80 books, only 24 are available in manuscript or print. Historically, factors such as racial or linguistic factor, ethnic-tribal factor, socio-political factor, psychological factor of enmity and misunderstanding, belief and ideological factor, profit motives and exaggeration have played a role.The contribution of these works in guiding and strengthening the faith of the followers may not be clarified, but it can be claimed that they played a major role in social conflicts and seditions.

The present study tries to answer the question "What topics do the companions of hadith present to the audience in recording Kharijite narretive?" by understanding the value of the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith and its impact on the minds of the audience of these works on the subject of the Kharijites of the Umayyad era and with the aim of discovering the thematic network in these texts and to achieve a pattern that explains their general logic. First, the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith was studied in this field, and among the existing works, Tarikh Khalifa Bin Khayyat (Ibn Khayyat 240 AH), the remains of AL-Ma’refa Va Tarikh (Faswi 277 AH),Tarikh al- Umam Va al-Molouk (Tabari 310 AH), al-Montazam fi Tarikh al- Umam Va al-Molouk, (Ibn Jawzi 597 AH) were selected and the data related to the Kharijite narretives were extracted from them and then the data analysis method and its various steps were performed to analyze the data and discover the themes hidden in the selected sources and led to the discovery of four themes incuding the political-religious and pragmatic current, the constant threats of the Kharijites to the government, the repression of the Kharijites at great cost and the Islamic nature of the Kharijite repression. And these themes are against the suppression of the Kharijites, according to the approach of the hadiths to the caliphate, in order to legitimize the behavior of the Umayyads.

Review:In recent years, alongside traditional historiography, attention has been drawn to social historiography. Today we believe that history has not been monopolized and fabricated by elites and politicians, and that a large part of every historical event has been carried on by ordinary people; But due to various reasons such as illiteracy, poverty, lack of self-confidence, lack of experience and literacy in historiography and lack of sufficient facilities to record the situation and even because of the gender perspective, etc., they have not thought about participating in writing history. On the other hand, historians, intellectuals and writers have been less concerned with the history of their daily lives and lifestyles. They are subalterns and forgotten in the history books.To research and write history at this level; Materials and documents are needed more than traditional historiographical sources. The purpose of writing this article is to study the social historiography of the lower classes in today's world and how to compensate for the poverty of written sources of social history with the help of historiographical tools. An example of this is the case in this article by exploring archival sources; The subject of women's activism in the years of oil nationalization.The method used in this article is a descriptive research method that has been done using library and archival sources.

Historiography is one of the newest branches of historical sciences that its subject is critical reflection on historiographical texts and the thought, discourse, style, method and achievements of historians. So far, historiography in Iran has been percepted in various forms and therefor, has caused many concerns and dangers. Critical reflection on research shows that the conceptual dualities of "vision and method" as well as "historiography and approach to history" have been used mainly as a framework for analysis in these studies. But the problem is that the same concepts have different meanings and meanings and have confused researchers in this field. This article tries to critique the existing dualities and show how these concepts are used in some researches Reveal some theoretical and practical confusions and answer the question that Is it possible to achieve a new methodological framework in this direction? To get out of the current turmoil, this article concludes that it must devise a new plan in the framework of the "knowledge of historiography" and its main branches, namely " Historianology" and "historical textology" Finally, the paper proposes three research formats: "historian-centered", "text-oriented" and "combined" approach and speaks of the conceptual-theoretical approaches of philosophy of history and theoretical philosophy of history as a framework for research in this science.

Oil historiography emerged from the events of the 1320s and the increasing role of oil in the transformation of society and the spread of oil colonialism. Mostafa Fateh, a high-ranking representative of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, made an important contribution to the development and promotion of oil historiography during the Pahlavi period with his the book Fifty Years of Iranian Oil. Based on the method of thematic analysis and interpretation of historical narratives, this study answers the question of the direction of Fatih’s historical thinking, what are the characteristics of his historiography, and what was his role as a high-ranking representative of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. This article hypothesis that Fatih plays a double positive and negative role in relation to oil. He considers oil as an important source of wealth and the cause of extensive investment and progress, and on the other hand, the cause of underdevelopment of Iranian society, and the reason is the corrupt ruling classes and elites who are inattentive and dependent on the government. The historian's view is based on the assumption that the colonial countries are the cause of the backwardness of the oil states and nations, but the historian has introduced England as the representative of colonialism, and its political position has dominated its historical vision. Fateh has presented the negative role of the British government as the main cause of the imbalance between oil and development in Iranian society more gently and covertly. By emphasizing negative role of domestic and foreign populations, he marginalizes the role of the British government in Iran's underdevelopment. Fatih's historiography can be described as “corporate-oil historiography.”

Iranian Mongolology, along with the Marxist and European Mongol studies branch, formed the triple formulation of Pahlavi Mongolism. In the meantime, Iranian Mongolology, due to differences in methodological foundations and different analytical insights, as well as its connection with the discourse-ideological structure of the Pahlavi period, offered a special type of Mongolology that had several important characteristics. : Lack of reliance on the foundations of a coherent methodology, lack of analytical approaches based on theoretical-conceptual foundations, its connection with nationalist discourse, the prevalence of Iranian-oriented and sometimes Iran-oriented tendencies and domination The elitist approach in it. Influenced by these characteristics, Iranian Mongolology was linked to a larger ideological discourse, and its narrative of the history of the Mongol era was centered around the grand narrative of Iran's cultural resurrection. Based on this situation, the hypothesis of this research is based on the claim that Iranian Mongolology, in relation to its two branches of contemporary Mongol studies, could not open new horizons in this branch of study, but history succeeded. Iran narrates the Mongol era as a golden age and proudly strengthens the ideological discourse of the Pahlavi period by centralizing the theory of cultural resurrection and the continuation of Iranian identity. In this research, an attempt is made to measure the validity of this hypothesis in an analytical way.