Journal of Alternative Veterinary Medicine
Volume:5 Issue: 15, 2023

One of the most common horse diseases that cause diarrhea and septicemia is salmonella disorder, which is also a reason for economic losses in this type of livestock. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the diagnostic role of ultrasonography in enteritis caused by Salmonella infections in horses.

In this study a sample of 4 to 9 years old hybrid horses (n=9) with the symptoms of clinical fever, intense tenesmus, rectal prolapse, dysentery, and anorexia were gathered from horse riding clubs and traditional farms around the Urmia city. At first, each of the horses underwent ultrasound on the skin of the abdomen to evaluate the thickness of the wall of the small intestines and other ultrasonic parameters, then blood samples were taken from these animals and the samples were sent to the microbiology laboratory for specific tests and definitive diagnosis of the disease. Statistical results were analyzed by utilizing SPSS version 21, T-test, Chi-squared test, and Fisher’s exact test.

ELISA test results demonstrated that 33.3 percent of infected horses had Salmonella Typhimurium anti-body. The relative frequency of horses with chronic diarrhea and/or attenuation affected horses were 100 percent, 66.7 percent, and 22.2 percent, respectively. In ultrasonographic assessment, the mean skin thickness of the small intestine of infected horses was 7.2 millimeters which is a considerable difference compared to healthy horses (i.e. 2.8 mm) (P<0.05).

In general, it can be concluded that the ultrasound method is very useful and effective for the clinical diagnosis of salmonellosis in horses suffering from this disease, and with this method, a quick diagnosis can be achieved.

Heavy metals such as lead have negative effects on different tissues of the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum) on the antioxidant content of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and the expression of the Bak gene as an active gene in the apoptosis pathway in the liver tissue of adult male rats.

Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 including control, Sham, experimental1 (20 mg/kg lead acetate), experimental2 (200 mg/kg extract), experimental3 (20 mg/kg lead acetate and 100 mg/kg extract) and experimental4 (20 mg/kg lead acetate and 200 mg/kg extract) were divided. The length of the study period in all groups was 21 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken to measure GSH and GPX and liver tissue samples were taken to evaluate Bak gene by real time-PCR method.

Lead acetate decreased the antioxidant content of GSH and GPX in rats and in contrast increased the expression of Bak gene. Administering aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves in rats treated with lead acetate, increased the antioxidant content of GSH and GPX and decreased Bak gene expression.

Lead acetate has negative effects on liver tissue by reducing the antioxidant content and increasing the expression of apoptosis genes. However, it seems that the aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves with antioxidant effects can counteract the harmful effects of lead acetate and improve the antioxidant content and modulate the genes involved in the apoptosis of rat liver tissue.

Today, the widespread use of petroleum products has led to environmental pollution and has created serious problems for the health of the environment. Streptomyces make up 50% of the total population of soil actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive, and essentially aerobic. These bacteria are abundant in natural aquatic and terrestrial environments, are not nutritionally hardy, require only a source of carbon and nitrogen along with mineral salts, and they are able to remain in the soil as spores for a long time. The aim of the study was to clone the Streptomyces  catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase gene (C2,3) gene present in the soil in Escherichia coli bacteria in order to remove oil pollutants.

In this study, 58 samples were collected from a depth of 5 to 10 cm in different areas of the suburb of Tehran and oil contaminated areas such as the oil depot and its surroundings. After culturing, diluting and selecting suspicious Streptomyces colonies for identification, after confirmation of Streptomyces bacteria based on colony appearance, microscopic characteristics, and biochemical tests for final confirmation of molecular identification, their 16srRNA sequence was amplified and replicated, was examined. In the next step, after DNA extraction of the samples, PCR was used to amplify the C2,3 gene. The C2,3 gene was then cloned into Escherichia coli Origami by PTG19-T vector. Finally, the amount of gene expression was determined by Real Time PCR and after sequencing the phylogenetic tree was drawn.

The enzyme catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase can be extracted from limited sources such as Streptomyces, so the need for gene amplification of this enzyme is important from the bacterial sources that produce it. Therefore, in this study, this enzyme was isolated from Streptomyces. As a result of this study, we were able to find native Streptomyces that produce the enzyme catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase, and finally, the gene of this enzyme was successfully introduced into Escherichia coli Origami.

In this study, in order to create of a recombinant host with high expression capacity, it can be considered a big step towards increasing the production of this enzyme in the industry. Further investigation to find new strains producing catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase can lead to a new method of removing oil contaminants.

Dairy products are one of the food items whose presence in people's lives fulfills a major part of food needs, which has received a lot of attention today. But the presence of food pathogens has caused dairy products to be exposed to contamination and spoilage caused by microorganisms such as coliforms and Escherichia coli. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Escherichia coli and coliform in traditional butter of Qom city.

One hundred samples of butter were sampled from 10 supply centers of this product and transferred to the food hygiene laboratory with an ice flask, then microbial tests related to coliform and Escherichia coli were performed on it.

The findings showed that out of 100 butter samples taken, 6 were infected with Escherichia coli, and from ten butter supply centers, 50% were in a poor sanitary condition with high overall contamination, 20% were in a favorable contamination condition, and 30% of Dairy product supply centers were in an average condition in terms of coliform contamination.

The results showed that the level of Escherichia coli contamination in butter is high and according to the Iranian standard, the presence of Escherichia coli in any food should not be positive. Therefore, it is necessary to refrain from consuming traditional dairy products by people without a health card and unaware of health issues.

Administrating antineoplastic and alkylating drugs such as busulfan can cause subfertility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in testicular tissue, serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone levels following busulfan administration in mice.

Thirty-two adult male mice of the Balb/C strain were randomly divided into two groups (n=16), control and busulfan. The animals of the control group did not receive drug treatment, but the animals of the busulfan group received two doses of busulfan (10 mg/kg body weight) at an interval of 21 days. 35 days after the second injection, the animals of the busulfan and control groups were anesthetized and blood was taken to measure testosterone and antimullerin hormones. The testicular tissue was also removed for histopathological evaluation. Hormonal data were analyzed using one-way variance test and LSD post hoc test.

Hormonal data showed that the serum levels of testosterone and antimullerin hormone in the busulfan group were not significantly different from the control group (P>0.05). Also, the histopathological evaluation of the testicular tissue in the control group showed that the seminiferous tubules have a regular structure and spermatogenesis is normal, but in the busulfan group, the lumen space in the seminiferous tubules was wide, the thickness of the germinal epithelium was lost, and spermatogenesis was completely destroyed.

Administration of busulfan with two doses of 10 mg/kg has no effect on the serum levels of testosterone and antimullerin hormone, but it can cause testicular tissue destruction and azoospermia induction in mice.

One of the important factors of the low per capita consumption of honey in the country is the lack of correct identification of natural honey from unnatural honey, which lacks a fundamental basis. Different types of natural honey have relatively common physical characteristics, and knowledge of these characteristics can be effective in distinguishing natural honey. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating some physicochemical properties of honeys produced in Andika city.

This study was conducted in different parts of Andika city from 20 honey samples produced during 4 months (April, May, June and July) in 2021. In order to check some physicochemical properties of honey samples, diastase, acidity, moisture, specific gravity, pH and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) tests were performed in the desired honey samples. Sensory evaluation of honey samples based on color, taste, smell, texture, throat itching and sweetness was also investigated.

The average amount of acidity, moisture, diastase, HMF, pH and specific gravity in honey samples were 17.79±6.93 meq/kg, 14.99±1.48%, 10.17±1.47 in diastase unit, 27.41±2.68 mg/kg, 5.08±1.21 and 1.453±0.004, respectively. From the comparison of the investigated factors and their standard amounts, except for HMF and pH, a statistically significant difference was observed, and all the physicochemical properties of the honey samples were in a favorable condition in terms of the standard, but in 16.7% (3 samples) the amount of HMF was higher than the standard, which could be due to the old honey or being heated under the influence of high temperature. Seventy-two and two-tenths percent of honey samples were positive for diastasis qualitative test. Also, the results of the average scores in the sensory evaluation test in honey samples showed a favorable situation.

In general, the results show the favorable condition of most of the honey samples in Andika city.