فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی در آموزش عالی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 106، زمستان 1401)

In this article, through a phenomenological research, an attempt has been made to provide a conceptual framework for presenting an alternative narrative of the history of the university in Iran. Those who have studied the history of the university in Iran have not been able to narrate the history of this institution as a place where students experience a different kind of collective life. For phenomenologists, however, recognizing the university as a distinct institution is possible only through identifying places where students experience a distinct life. One of these places and perhaps the most important of them is student organizations. For any phenomenological researcher who is interested in the history of the emergence and dynamism of the university as a comprehensive and distinct institution, the narrative of the unique experiences that students go through in student organizations and through them become community activists is important. The narrative of the history of the university is an alternative narrative from the perspective of the experiences of organizational students because it helps to conceptualize the university as a distinct and unique institution. In this article, in order to make such a narrative possible, first an attempt was made to explore student organizations from a phenomenological point of view and in relation to the concept of freedom. During this research, some data from in-depth interviews with students active in student organizations was used. In the other part, an attempt was made to narrate the history of the university as the history of student organizations, relying on the conceptualizations made. This narrative is an example of possible narratives that can be obtained by relying on the experiences of students of an Iranian university.

After the Islamic Revolution part of the task of strengthening religious teachings, promoting revolutionary values, countering the cultural influence of the West and students' compliance with the goals of the political system of society was assigned to universities. Cultural policymaking in the country's universities, as a part of the ideological system and within the framework of government discourse, became a tool to strengthen the values and ideals of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the present article, an attempt was made to examine the relationship between such expectations and the existing facts. For this reason, based on the method of documentary study, the salient aspects of the cultural ideals that policy makers were considered about the behavior and character of students was explained. Then relying on a systematic review of national surveys; aspects of the reality of students' thoughts and behavior were analyzed. The findings indicated that there is a significant gap between cultural ideals and the reality of students' attitudes and tendencies. This situation may be due to inefficiency of policies or shortcomings in the way they are implemented, or it may be due to ignoring the structural conditions of society and disregarding the social life of young people in today's world. In any case, it is necessary to rethink the cultural expectations of the university towards the student in a more realistic framework.

Higher education governance refers to the formal and informal authority that arises from the laws, policies, and rules that determine the responsibilities and powers of various actors. The purpose of this article was to present a model of good governance in Iranian higher education institutes. We used classic grounded theory methodology to explore this model. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 20 key informants with knowledge and experience with the higher education system. Based on Strauss and Corbin's coding paradigm, the data analysis consisted of a three-step coding process, including open, axial, and selective coding. The process concludes that the relations between codes were examined using a continuous comparison approach using a coding paradigm that focuses on causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, action/interaction strategies, and consequences. Findings showed that 259 conceptual constructs (codes), classified into 52 subcategories and 17 categories, affect the central phenomenon. Among the causal conditions, the categories of academic autonomy, the economics of higher education, administrative decentralization, and authority distribution significantly impact higher education's good governance. In the contextual categories, structural factors affect action or interaction strategies and causal conditions more than others. Among these factors, the negative impact of the non-academic management subcategory is more than other factors. Realizing strategies and establishing good governance will have desirable results and consequences that may be causal conditions for the other emerging phenomenon in a different situation. Future studies can design a framework with measurable metrics based on this model that higher education governance qualification could be measured and compared. Additionally, testing the model by quantitative approach can increase the validity and transferability of research findings.

Governance of science is intended as an orientation to the behaviors and practice of science system actors through compliance mechanisms and has been studied from different angles. What are the dimensions and aspects of the governance of science in its scope? What are the main focus of the studies and what topics and issues have been less considered by researchers? What research methods have been followed in this field and what methods have not been used much? The method used in this article is the Scoping review method proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. The identified studies were obtained by searching the valid databases. Out of 327 documents obtained, 48 documents met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study. Studies have focused on public participation and aspects of the political theory of the governance of science and the ethical challenges of advances in science and technology. The "analytical-descriptive" method and then the "case study" has been the most widely used method in researches of governance of science. The United Kingdom, followed by the Netherlands, are the two countries with the most publications in this area. In terms of time, the growth of scientific production in the last two decades has been increasing, and this shows that the scientific literature in this field is gradually evolving and enriching. "Ethics of the governance of science", "political theory of the governance of science", have been the two sides of this field that have the most works. But "the theory of the governance of science", "tools and methods" and "economics and finance of research" have been aspects that have been less discussed and have not yet reached much theoretical and experimental richness. The researches have used less experimental methods and this shows that this field has the capacity to increase its theoretical and practical richness by using experimental research designs and methods.

The general purpose of this study was to identify the main and secondary components of graduates' employability from the perspective of faculty members, employers, and experts in the field of employment for a bachelor's degree in behavioral sciences at Shahid Beheshti University. The present study was a qualitative research. Participants in this study are faculty members, employers and employment experts. Sampling method in qualitative research was purposive sampling of the theoretical sampling type. Among the interviewees were 15 faculty members, 12 employers, and employment-related officials. The analysis of the first interview began with open coding and finally reached theoretical saturation in interview 27. In this study, an interview tool was used to collect the required data and the interview questions were designed in a semi-structured manner. The content validity of the interviews was reviewed and confirmed by 5 higher education experts. Also, to determine the accuracy and validity of the data, three criteria of acceptability, reliability and verifiability were used. The obtained data from this study was  analysed by the thematic analysis method. A total of 94 themes related to employability were identified and finally in 15 sub-components and 4 main components of individual competencies, professional competencies, cultural competencies, and social competencies were categorized. Academic practical knowledge and skills were identified at the top of the employability components.

The launch of a national innovation system in many countries stems from the flow of ideas and skills between universities, research centers and the economic sectors of society. Attention to the relationship between university, government, industry and other elements in the production of science and technology has led to the design of multiple helical models; models that are based on the mutual information approach and information entropy and are able to measure the interactions of agents from different sectors in converting science into technology. This study examined the cooperations between university, industry, government and international society sectors in publishing scientific articles in the field of electrical and electronic engineering in Iran, using a Quadruple Helix Model approach. Statistical population included the articles of the field of electrical and electronic engineering of Iran, which have been indexed in the Web of Science database during the years 2010-19 and contains 19802 records. According to the findings, the highest T indicator of university-industry-government-international society sector relations is appeared in 2017 and in 2011 this indicator showed a negative trend. Results reveal that in general, cooperation between the pillars of the model during the ten-year period under study has been associated with a lot of fluctuations and the interaction between the elements of the model is not favorable. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop some new science and technology policies and to make approperiate research and industrial strategies in Iran to advance interactions between these elements.

Current study used exploratory mixed method designs to identify the competencies of e-instructors based on the constructivism approach. A qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in this research. The qualitative method was thematic synthesis and the quantitative method was a survey method. The statistical population of the study included all works published in this field from 1992 to 2019 in 6 valid databases.  The study sample included 30 documents. In the quantitative section, due to the researcher’s access and utilizing Krejcie and Morgan table, the statistical sample consisted of 135 e-instructors in the field of educational sciences and psychology who were selected from Payame Noor University. At this stage, a 41-item questionnaire was designed based on the components obtained in the qualitative section and for the purpose of validation. The results obtained by data collection were analyzed after adjustment and summarization using statistical tests including first and second order confirmatory factor analysis using applying LISREL 8.8 and SPSS 22 software. Experts were used to confirm the content validity of the research instrument, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the construct validity of the measurement instrument. Also, the reliability of the tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to the findings of synthesis research, the components of constructivist competencies of instructors in e-learning environment as the main theme include four themes of constructivist guide, constructivist instructor, constructivist designer and constructivist collaborator. The dimension of constructivist guide consisted of three components: modeling, improving critical thinking skills and upgrading problem solving skills. The dimension of constructivismm instructor consisted of three dimensions of cognitive instructor, feedback, and motivational. The dimension of constructivism designer included three dimensions of content design skills, organizing and the use of interactive and participatory tools in designing. The dimension of constructivist colleague included four dimensions of class dynamics, knowledge sharing skill and social negotiation skill and group formation skill. Fit indices of first-order confirmatory factor analysis of the inclusive themes showed the alignment of items with the theoretical structure and confirmation of factor analysis. Also, the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of organizing themes showed that the mentioned components played a role in explaining the variance of the main structure. The research findings can be used in the design of e-learning environments based on the constructivist approach and also to improve the instructors' career development programs.

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected everyone, including college students. Due to the consequences related to health, economy and individual life, Covid-19 is associated with many psychological stressors and may cause psychological distress and social isolation. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of knowledge level and attitudes toward Covid-19 on psychological distress and social isolation among college students. This research was a cross-sectional study and based on the purpose of an applied type, and in terms of method, it was a descriptive research that was conducted as a survey. The statistical population was all physical education students (N=383) of Tabriz University in the academic year 2020-21. Cochran's sample size formula was used to determine the sample size (n=192). The data collection tool was a questionnaire. A total of 200 physical education of Tabriz University took part in an online survey from 1 December to 6 December. The questionnaire included demographic information, a Standard Questionnaire for Knowledge and Awareness Level of Covid-19 by Mahshvari et al. (2020), Standard Questionnaire Attitude towards Covid-19 Al-Hanawi et al. (2020), Kessler Standard Distress Questionnaire (2003) and Standard Questionnaire for Social Isolation of Yazidi School (2014). The findings showed that in the knowledge and awareness level variable, older people, women compared to men, married people compared to single, and doctoral students compared to other levels, had a higher level of knowledge and awareness of Covid-19. In the attitude level variable, older people, women compared to men, single people compared to married people, and undergraduate students compared to other levels, had a higher level of attitude towards Covid-19.  In the variable of psychological distress, young people, women compared to men, single people compared to married people, and doctoral students had higher psychological distress compared to other levels. In the social isolation variable, young people, women compared to men, single people compared to married people, and undergraduate students had higher social isolation compared to other levels. Testing research hypotheses showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between the level of knowledge and the level of attitude towards Covid-19 with psychological distress and social isolation. It was also found that the level of knowledge about Covid-19 and the level of attitude towards Covid-19 have a significant effect on psychological distress and social isolation. Therefore, it is better to consider preventive behaviors at the community level in order to control the Covid-19 epidemic, and this issue should be considered by policy makers and health officials.

The growing demand for E-learning in higher education has made concerns about the quality of distance learning as one of the most important global issues. This is especially true during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, where E-learning was an important resource for continuing educational activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the quality of E-learning of physical education students. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, was descriptive in terms of type and was a survey in terms of data collection method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The face and content validity of the questionnaire assessed and confirm by instructors aware of the field of research and reliability through Cronbach's alpha test. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the construct validity of the questionnaire. The statistical population of the study included undergraduate students of the University of Tehran majoring in Physical Education who passed their theoretical and practical courses virtually in the first semester of the 2020- 01 academic years. The sample size was estimated to be 248 based on Krejcie and Morgan Table. In order to analyze the data, one sample t test and Friedman test were used. Prioritization of indicators showed that among the five indicators of instructor’s characteristics, technical characteristics of the educational system, content, evaluation and feedback, student characteristics and support, instructor’s characteristics index is the most important indicator affecting quality of  theoretical and practical E-learning courses. This matter indicates that the need for special attention by educational administrators in selecting qualified instructors with skills and experience in the field of E-learning.