نشریه پژوهشهای زراعی ایران
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 70، تابستان 1402)

The effect of salinity stress on the quantity and quality of crop production highlights the importance of managing and reducing the damage caused by this stress factor in agriculture. Increasing soil salinity and decreasing fertility of arable lands is one of the major problems in saline areas. Cultivation of salt-tolerant crops which can increase soil fertility could be effective in the sustainable production of these lands. Studying photosynthesis and its related factors could provide appropriate physiological views in understanding plant behavior against salinity stress. The present study was conducted to assess the salinity tolerance of chickpea genotypes for cultivation in saline areas.

To evaluate the effects of salinity stress on photosynthetic criteria and yield of chickpeas, an experiment was conducted in 2018 at the research farm of the faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. The experiment was arranged as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors consisted of salinity levels (0.5 and 8 dS.m-1) as the main plot and chickpea genotype (17 kabuli-type genotypes) as the subplot. Seeds were provided from the Mashhad chickpea collection of the Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Seeds were planted on March 11th and complementary irrigation was done in three growth stages of pre-flowering, flowering, and pod-filling. Sodium chloride was used to prepare saline solutions and the irrigation water rate was measured by water meter. Photosynthetic criteria including photosynthesis rate, evapotranspiration, stomatal conductance, and resistance and concentration of photosynthetic pigments were measured in the 50% flowering stage.

Results indicated that the lowest and highest reduction in the concentration of chlorophyll a was found in MCC65 (6%) and MCC83 (3.3 times increase), respectively. Increasing salinity level increased the concentration of chlorophyll b in MCC65 and MCC139, the ratio of chlorophyll a/b in MCC92, MCC139, and MCC776, carotenoids concentration in MCC77, MCC92, MCC313, and MCC679 and total pigments in MCCMCC77, MCC92, MCC298, and MCC679. Increasing salinity levels led to higher evapotranspiration in 14 genotypes except for MCC65, MCC95, and MCC298 in which 37, 54, and 63% decrease of this parameter was observed. Increasing salinity level increased photosynthesis rate in 7 genotypes of MCC12, MCC65, MCC72, MCC92, MCC95, MCC679 and MCC776 among which MCC95 and MCC679 showed the highest percentage increase (61 and 53%, respectively). The highest increase in sub-stomatal CO2 (51, 49, and 40 ppm) with increasing salinity levels, was found in MCC485, MCC776, and MCC313, respectively. An increase of 28 and 8% in stomatal conductance was found in MCC65 and MCC95. Stomatal resistance was only reduced in MCC77, MCC420, and MCC29. Higher salinity levels also led to 3.4 times, 67, 14, and 13% increase in instantaneous water use efficiency in MCC95, MCC65, MCC92, and MCC298, respectively. Biomass and seed yield declined in all genotypes by salinity. The highest seed yield was observed in MCC65, MCC77, MCC92, and MCC95 with 142, 148, 167, and 166 g.m-2 respectively in saline conditions. There was a negative significant correlation between seed yield and evapotranspiration (r=-0.43**), and stomatal resistance (r=-0.38**), and a significant positive correlation between seed yield and biomass (r=0.61**) and photosynthesis (r=0.24**) and stomatal conductance (0.36**).

In general, the results of this experiment indicated the diversity among chickpea genotypes for salinity tolerance caused by saline irrigation water. Studying some photosynthetic criteria in 17 kabuli-type chickpea genotypes under salinity stress showed high diversity in physiological responses of chickpeas to salinity stress which could be used in the selection and breeding of salt-tolerant cultivars. MCC65, MCC77, MCC92, and MCC95 were superior in most studied criteria in saline conditions and even performed, unlike the declining trend of the other genotypes. It seems that these genotypes could produce reasonable seed yield in salinity levels up to 8dS.m-1.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the main limiting factors in agroecosystems all around the world. However, high application rates of N fertilizers would lead to negative environmental consequences. Reduction of N fertilizers consumption decreases production costs and environmental pollution. Therefore, N efficiency to be enhanced due to the high N fertilizer cost and required measures to prevent the waste of N. Cultivation of diverse crop cultivars with higher resources absorption and utilization efficiency is one of the major approaches in sustainable agriculture that would result in the effective use of natural and chemical inputs and reduce significantly the environmental risks. Quchan City is one of the potato production poles in Khorasan Razavi province. In this region, large amounts of N fertilizers annually are consumed in the potato agroecosystem. Therefore, the potato of the present study was evaluating N uptake and utilization efficiency, and finally, N uses efficiency in the potato agroecosystem of Quchan.

This experiment was performed in the cropping year of 2020-21 in Quchan located in Khorasan Razavi province. A split plots arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Different nitrogen application rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare) were assigned to the main plot and the sub-plot factor consisted of two potato cultivars, Agria and Arinda. To calculate the efficiency of nitrogen application, the amount of nitrogen in the soil was also considered. Equations (1 to 3) were used to calculate nitrogen efficiencies:                                                                                                       Eq. 1
                                                                                                        Eq. 2
                                                                                                    Eq. 3

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on yield was significant. At the same levels of nitrogen, the Arinda cultivar had a higher yield and with increasing nitrogen application, an increase in yield was observed in both Agria and Arinda cultivars. The effect of nitrogen application and cultivar on nitrogen uptake, utilization, and use efficiency was significant (p≤0.01). Comparing the interaction of nitrogen and cultivar on nitrogen utilization efficiency, showed that the Arinda cultivar had higher efficiency than the Agria cultivar.

By increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application, improvement was achieved in most of the evaluated characteristics of potato cultivars, including yield. Arinda cultivar had better conditions in terms of tuber yield and nitrogen uptake, utilization, and use efficiency compared to Agria.

In recent decades, the need for increased food production has resulted in the expansion of intensified agriculture practices characterized by high consumption of inputs, thereby reducing agricultural sustainability. The agricultural sector's contribution to the world's energy consumption, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions has grown substantially. Emissions of greenhouse gases have negative ecological effects, including climate change, global warming, and diminished sustainable development. In this sector, energy analysis and greenhouse gas emissions in ecosystems are the most common methods for assessing sustainability. This study was conducted to evaluate the sustainability of canola agroecosystems by analyzing energy consumption, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Methods and Materials:

The study was conducted using a questionnaire in Kalaleh County, in Golestan province, and gathering information from Golestan Agricultural Jihad Organization, during 2018-2019. The number of samples was determined by the Cochran formula. Accordingly, 50 farms were selected for canola cultivation. The questionnaire's reliability was determined to be 0.81. To calculate the energy indices, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions, after determining the most important inputs and output, first, their amounts were determined in each of the 50 farms and then their average was calculated. The energy equivalent of each input and output was calculated by multiplying its raw value by the corresponding energy conversion factor. The carbon footprint of the canola system was calculated as the amount of land required to absorb the environmental pollution caused by input and resource consumption. Carbon uptake in canola agroecosystems served as the basis for evaluating the carbon footprint and consequently the sustainability of this study. Also, the amount of greenhouse gases produced was determined by multiplying the raw values of the consumed inputs by their emission coefficient.
 

In canola agroecosystems, the total energy input was calculated to be 13,200 MJ ha-1, the total energy output was 63,400 MJ ha-1, the energy use efficiency was 4.8, and the energy productivity was 0.17 kg MJ-1. In addition, the ecological footprint and global warming potential were 0.99 gha and 779.03 CO2e ha−1, respectively. In canola production, fossil fuel and nitrogen fertilizer inputs contributed the most to ecological footprint and global warming potential respectively. Reducing the number of machines entering the farm through the application of conservation tillage methods and the modernization of machines can be effective in reducing the consumption of this input. Due to the non-renewability of this input, reducing its consumption is effective in reducing both economic costs and environmental pollution. Consuming as much livestock manure (cattle) as possible and implementing crop rotations with legumes such as soybeans that can grow well in this area is effective in supplying soil nitrogen and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.

Analysis of energy indices, such as energy efficiency and net energy, revealed that energy loss in the canola farming ecosystem is low and that the system's sustainability is adequate. Evaluation of carbon footprint revealed that the value of this index for canola production in the county of Kalaleh was less than the ecological capacity of each hectare of land used for canola production, indicating the environmental sustainability of canola production in the county of Kalaleh. In general, canola agroecosystems in the county of Kalaleh were sustainable based on terms of all three indices: net energy, carbon footprint, and global warming potential. Due to the large proportion of two inputs, fossil fuel, and nitrogen fertilizer, in these indices and their significant impact on production sustainability, consumption management of these inputs and training and justification of farmers are recommended to increase production sustainability.

Fennel is a cross-pollinating plant and one of the most important medicinal plants of the Apiaceae family, whose essential oil is widely used in various pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Fennel originated from the Mediterranean region and is a biennial or perennial species. Fennel essential oil has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic effects. Improving yield is one of the important goals of breeding, and the use of heterosis as one of the powerful tools to improve yield has always been of interest to breeders. This study was conducted to evaluate seed yield and yield components of three synthetic cultivars of fennel and compere with eight parental populations.

To investigate the yield, yield components, and the degree of heterosis of important traits of breeding fennel cultivars, three synthetic cultivars along with eight superior parents were investigated in the form of a randomized complete block design. The experiment was conducted in the spring of 2019 in the research field of the College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, located in Pakdasht. During the growing period and after harvest the traits such as no. umbel, number of nodes, no. umbellets per umbel, no. seed per umbel, harvest index,  seed yield per plant, plant biomass, 1000 seed weight, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and seed yield were measured in the 50% flowering stage. Analysis of variances was done and a comparison of means was performed by Duncan٬s multiple range at a five percent probability level. Heterosis, Heritability of traits, and some genetic parameters of the traits in fennel genotypes were calculated. To determine the genetic distance and grouping of genotypes, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed. All analyses were carried out using the SAS and Statgraphics software.

Based on the results of the analysis of variance, the differences between the studied genotypes were significant for all traits. Medium and late synthetic cultivars had significantly higher seed yield and essential oil yield than other genotypes and their yield heterosis rate was positive compared to the average of parents and was 39% and 38%, respectively. Evaluation of heterosis rate showed that cultivars Synthetics were superior to parents in most traits. General heritability for different traits was estimated to be between 34% and 93%. In this study, the phenotypic variation coefficients of all traits were higher than the genetic variation coefficients, which indicated the existence of environmental factors for these traits The results showed that principal components that the first four components account for more than 90% of the total variance changes. Based on the cluster, genotypes were divided into four groups. It could be expected that these synthetic cultivars can be introduced and expanded in the market of medicinal plants after being registered as commercial cultivars.

In general, the results of this study indicated that the mean squares of the parents against synthetic cultivars were significant for most of the traits, indicating the occurrence of heterosis in these traits. The results showed that the heterosis of most traits of synthetic cultivars was additive and positive. The highest percentage of heterosis compared to parents was for seed yield, essential oil yield, and the number of umbrellas per plant. It also seems that the traits related to yield components have higher heritability than other traits. The results showed that the synthetic cultivars were superior to their parent genotypes in terms of seed yield and essential oil yield. As a result, it should be said that the breeding method of creating synthetic cultivars in the fennel plant is successful. It can be expected that these synthetic cultivars could be introduced and expanded in the market of medicinal plants after being registered as commercial cultivars.

For optimal production and maintaining its stability, environmental and weather conditions must be determined from the perspective of capabilities and limitations. For this purpose, it requires reliable regional data such as planting date, ripening time, plant density, soil, and meteorological information, which are generally not available for most regions. Obtaining this information is very time-consuming and expensive in many areas and is often simply not possible. Therefore, zoning can facilitate access to this information on a large scale. In other words, if the regions that are similar in terms of climate, soil, and management conditions are identified, the time and cost needed to collect information on a wide scale will be minimal.  

The present study was conducted for the agro-ecological zoning of the country. In this research, the existing climatic zones of the country were analyzed based on GYGA, and the existing soil zones of the country were analyzed based on the HC27 method.

The combination of climatic zones and soil, 198 polygons or agro-ecological zones were obtained for all agricultural lands of the country. The zones in which more than 1% of the country's agricultural lands are located include 28 zones, and in total, about 80% of the agricultural lands are located in these zones. The highest frequency percentage is related to agro-ecological zone 4103-5 with a frequency of 85.11%. Also, the frequency of agro-ecological codes (climate code 5003 with soil code 5) 5003-5 (28.7%) and (climate code 4003 with soil code 5) 5-4003 (93.4%) were placed next. Zoning can facilitate the selection of points for plant studies and other planning.

Each of these areas has a different climate and soil code, which indicates the specific production conditions of that area. From these agro-ecological zones, to improve studies and make agricultural management decisions, it is possible to prepare and complete the climate and soil information bank in each zone for use in simulation models of plant production, to facilitate the collection of information (such as management information, cultivar information plant) and the implementation of plant production simulation model to be used in studies related to the food security of the country. The current research was conducted to determine the main agro-ecological areas of agricultural production in the country so that simulation studies and other studies can be carried out in the main production location in each province. Therefore, it is necessary to know where the main production centers of each province were, what kind of climate and soil it has, and which meteorological station is the indicator of that region. In this research, the climate zones of irrigated, rainfed, garden, and pasture lands of the country were determined by using the Giga climate map. Based on this, more than 50% of water lands are located in climates 5003, 4003, 5002, 8003, and 6003, respectively. Also, the rainy lands are located in 4103, 4003, and 3103 climates respectively. Also, by using the HC27 soil map, the soil areas in the irrigated, rainfed, garden, and pasture lands of the country were determined. Therefore, more than 50% of water lands in soil codes 5 and 17; Rainy lands in Kodkhak 5 and 12; Garden lands were located in soil codes 5 and 12 and pastures were located in soil codes 5 and 17. By combining climatic zones and soil zones, agricultural-ecological zoning of the country was done, and finally, 198 zones were obtained. The zones in which more than 1% of the country's agricultural lands are located include 28 zones, in total, about 80% of the agricultural lands are located in these zones (Figure 7). The highest frequency percentage (11.85%) was related to the area with agroe-cological code 4103-5, which covered 1789965.8 hectares of agricultural land. Also, after that, the agro-ecological code 5003-5 has the highest frequency (7.28 percent), which covers 1100599.25 hectares of agricultural land in the country. In this research, after the agro-ecological zoning of the country's agricultural lands, several 198 zones were obtained, and after calculating the area covered by each zone, finally, 28 agro-ecological zones have an abundance percentage of more than 1%, and together they are about 80% (11813518.66 hectares). They cover the country's agricultural lands. These climate zones obtained can be used for food security studies and calculating and determining the production capacity of each region. On the other hand, considering that in agricultural studies, extensive and comprehensive information about climate and soil is needed for each region and access to this information is usually expensive and time-consuming, the use of agro-ecological zones resulting from this research can be necessary.

In arid and semi-arid regions, drought stress as the main factor and salinity stress as a secondary factor decreases plant growth and yield. Water limitation can damage pigments and plastids, and reduce chlorophyll index, rate, and grain filling period. Several strategies have been developed to decrease the toxic effects caused by environmental stresses on plant growth. Among them, the use of bio-fertilizers such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and also nanoparticles such as nano iron-silicon oxide plays a very important role in yield improvement. Inoculation of plants with native suitable microorganisms may decrease the deleterious effects of environmental stresses and increase stress tolerance of plants by a variety of mechanisms, including synthesis of phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinin, and gibberellins, solubilization of minerals like phosphorus, production of siderophores and increase in nutrient uptake, N2 fixation. It seems that application of nanoparticles and biofertilizers can improve triticale yield under water limitation conditions.

To study the effects of bio-fertilizers and nano silicon-iron oxide on the quantitative yield and grain-filling components of triticale under water limitation conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2021. The experimental factors included irrigation in three levels (full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of the heading stage based on codes 43 of the BBCH scale; irrigation withholding at 50% of the booting stage based on codes 55 of the BBCH scale), as severe and moderate water limitation respectively, application of biofertilizers in four levels (no application of biofertilizers as control, application of Azospirilum, Pseudomonas, both application Azospirilum and Pseudomonas) and nanoparticles foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, both foliar application nano iron-silicon oxide). The strains and cell densities of microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 108 bacteria per milliliter (108 cfu.ml−1). A two-part linear model was used to quantify the grain-filling parameters. In this study, anthocyanin, flag leaf protein, chlorophyll index, grain filling components, and yield of triticale were investigated. Chlorophyll Index was calculated by a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502; Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan). Grain dry weight and number were used to calculate the average grain weight for each sample. The total duration of grain filling was determined for each treatment combination by fitting a bilinear model: 
Where GW is the grain dry weight; a, the GW-intercept; b, the slope of grain weight indicating grain filling rate; t, the days after earring; and t0, physiological maturity. The effective grain filling period (EGFD) was calculated from the following equation:EGFD = the highest grain weight (g)/rate of grain filling (g day-1).

The results showed that the both application of biofertilizers and foliar application of nano iron-silicon oxide in full irrigation, increased maximum grain weight (56.07%), grain filling period, and Effective grain filling period (22.29 and 48.43% respectively), chlorophyll index (45.11%) and flag leaf protein (64.75%), plant height (49.31%), number of grains per spike (70.58%), spike length (53.75%), 1000 grains weight (64.9%) and grain yield (43.28%) in compared to no application of biofertilizers and no foliar application under severe water limitation. Severe water limitation increased the content of anthocyanin, but the application of biofertilizers and foliar application of nano silicon-iron oxide decreased its content.

Based on the results of this study, it seems that application of both applications of Azospirilum and Pseudomonas and foliar application of nano iron-silicon oxide can be applied as a proper method for increasing grain yield of triticale under water limitation conditions.

Salinity is one of the major constraints to wheat growth, which hampers production, causing yield loss in arid and semi-arid regions. Reductions in growth resulting from high salinity are because of both osmotic stress, inducing a water deficit, and the effects of excess Na+ and Cl– ions on critical biochemical processes. Salt stress induces a significant reduction in photosynthesis through the reduction of leaf area and photosynthetic pigments. Several strategies have been developed to decrease the toxic effects caused by high salinity on plant growth. Among them, the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Pseudomonas and Mycorrhiza play an important role in yield improvement. Many studies have been published on the beneficial effects of bacterial inoculation on plant physiology and growth under salt stress. One of the common hypotheses employed in most of the studies conducted under salinity stress was the lowering of ethylene level by the ACC-deaminase activities of PGPR and improved plant growth and yield under salinity stress.
It was reported that the application of Pseudomonas spp. improved plant growth by decreasing the uptake of Na+ and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes under salinity stress. The selective uptake of K+ as opposed to Na+ is considered one of the important physiological mechanisms contributing to salt tolerance in many plant species. Inoculation with PGPR significantly decreased Na+ uptake and increased K+ content and enhanced levels of K+ that could be to mitigate oxidative stress imposed by higher salinity. Some researchers have reported that PGPR species like Azotobacter and Pseudomonas increased the growth and biomass of canola (Brassica napus L.) under salinity stress.
A Better understanding of wheat physiological responses under salinity may help in programs in which the objective is to improve the grain yield under salinity stress. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological, stomata conductance, along with root and shoot Na+/ K+ ratios) of wheat to cycocel and PGPR application under salinity stress.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2018. The experimental factors included salinity at four levels (no-salinity as control, salinity 40, 80, and 120 mM NaCl based salinity), application of biofertilizers at four levels (no biofertilizers as control, mycorrhiza application, application of both Pseudomonas and Flavobacterim, application of mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and Flavobacterim) and putrescine foliar application at three levels (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 0.5 and 1 mM putrescine). Mycorrhiza fungi were purchased from the Zist Fanavar Turan Institute and soils were treated based on the manufacturer’s protocol of 20 g of inoculums per m2 of soil. For inoculation, seeds were coated with gum Arabic as an adhesive and rolled into the suspension of bacteria until uniformly coated. The strains and cell densities of microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 107 colony-forming units (CFU). Humidity ranged from 60-65%. The wheat cultivar "Gascogne" was used in the experiment. The optimum density of cultivar "Gaskogen" is 400 seeds m-2, so forty seeds of wheat were sown in each pot at a depth of 4 cm deep. The pots were immediately irrigated after planting. Nano putrescine zinc oxide powder was added to deionized water and was placed on ultrasonic equipment (100 w and 40 kHz) on a shaker for making a better solution. Foliar application with nano putrescine oxide was done in two stages of period growth (pre and post-4 booting stage).

The results showed that with increasing salinity, potassium content, stomata conductance, and leaf area index decreased but the application of putrescine and biofertilizers increased these traits. At the highest salinity level (120 mM), there was a decrease of 24.94 and 21.57% respectively in Na+ root and shoots in the application of mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and Flavobacterim and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine in comparison with no application biofertilizer and putrescine in same salinity level. At the highest salinity level, application of mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and Flavobacterim and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased K+  root (47.76%), shoots (21.66%) and grain yield (28.57%) in comparison with no application biofertilizer and putrescine in same salinity level. It seems that the application of biofertilizers and putrescine can increase the grain yield of wheat under salinity stress due to improve stomata conductance and leaf area index.

Since the development of crop cultivation and their yield depend on irrigation and since drought is one of the features of our country, one of the solutions to deal with these problems is the implementation of applied research in the field of stress-resistant plants cultivation such as quinoa. Also, considering the important role of potassium and zinc elements in the plant, providing a sufficient amount of these elements under drought stress can be effective in increasing the plant's resistance to this type of stress. Considering the genetic differences of plants and their different reactions in the face of environmental stress such as drought stress, and different fertilization of genotypes, it seems necessary to carry out this research to investigate the application of potassium and zinc chelates on the morpho-physiological and yield indicators of three quinoa genotypes under drought stress conditions in Razavi Khorasan climate.

This study was conducted to study the morpho-physiological and yield responses of three quinoa genotypes to foliar application of zinc and potassium chelates under drought stress conditions in a research educational farm - Faculty of Agriculture of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch located in Golbahar during two crop years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experiment was a factorial split plot in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought stress at four levels as the main plots (normal irrigation as a control treatment, 75% of crop capacity, 50% of crop capacity, and 25% of crop capacity) and as the sub-plots, the combination of quinoa cultivars at three levels (Q26, Q29, and Titicaca) and foliar spraying were tested at four levels (no foliar spraying as a control, 100% zinc chelate, 100% potassium chelate and 50% combination of zinc and potassium chelates). Planting was done in the middle of May in both years. To measure the photosynthetic pigments after 10% flowering, sampling was obtained from the young terminal leaves separately from each plot. Analysis of the obtained data was done using SAS 9.2 software. The mean comparison of the evaluated traits was done using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level.

The growth and yield indicators and photosynthetic pigments decreased with the increase in stress intensity. Results also showed that the combined foliar spray treatment resulted in higher height, plant weight, number of seeds per spike, seed, and biological yield than other fertilizer treatments. Although different varieties had different reactions to different traits, the highest plant weight, number of seeds per spike, thousand seed weight, seed yield, and chlorophyll a and b were obtained in the Q26 variety. The highest plant height and biological yield were obtained in the Tricaca variety and combined foliar application under non-stressed conditions, and for plant weight, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, and chlorophyll b traits were observed in the G26 variety and combined foliar application under non-stressed conditions. Also, the highest amount of harvest index and chlorophyll a were obtained in the treatment without stress and Q26 variety and 100% Zn foliar application. On the other hand, the highest 1000 seeds weight and carotenoids were obtained in 100% K foliar application and Q26 and Tricaca cultivars under no stress, respectively. In the second year of the experiment, the growth and yield of the plant increased significantly compared to the first year under different levels of irrigation and also different levels of foliar spraying.

In general, in this experiment, the yield of the quinoa plant is reduced by reducing the amount of water consumed and as a result, the occurrence of drought stress, but with the use of foliar spraying, especially combined foliar spraying, the adverse effects of drought stress on the performance of this plant can be reduced to an optimal extent. It seems that in the region in question, the difference in rainfall and evaporation, and transpiration in the two years of the experiment had a significant effect on the studied traits so that in the first year compared to the second year, the limitation of water resources was more effective in reducing plant growth and yield. However, using appropriate amounts of combined and separate foliar spraying to increase the plant's ability to absorb water more effectively is a suitable method to increase the yield of different quinoa cultivars under drought stress.