فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 59، بهار 1402)

The aim of this study is to investigate the experience of founders of knowledge-based companies and identify the intervening and contextual conditions that shape entrepreneurial awareness in them. 

The research method used in this study is theoretical and the data analysis was conducted in a qualitative way with open, central, and selective coding. The statistical population included all 53 knowledge-based companies located in Mashhad, and 20 entrepreneurs who were managers or officials of the knowledge-based companies were interviewed in-depth. The sample size was determined by theoretical saturation, and the data was coded based on research objectives using MAXQDA software. Axis categories were identified based on definitions of intervention and contextual conditions in fostering entrepreneurial awareness. 

The study found that various intervening and contextual conditions play a role in nurturing entrepreneurial awareness. The intervening conditions include emotional and constructive action in the family, relational social capital, positive self-concept, ability to social influence, and constructive character. The contextual conditions include the field of education, strong and weak ties, fluid modernity, and democratic family. 

Entrepreneurial awareness has a direct impact on identifying entrepreneurial opportunities, and identifying and nurturing the intervening and contextual conditions in fostering entrepreneurial awareness can facilitate the development of entrepreneurship. The study provides insights into the factors that shape entrepreneurial awareness in the context of knowledge-based companies, which can inform policies and practices aimed at fostering entrepreneurship in this sector.

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of developing entrepreneurial behavior in Iran's government organizations, with a focus on the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare.

This study used a mixed method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The qualitative part involved semi-structured interviews with experts and managers of the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, who were selected using snowball sampling purposively method. The content analysis method was used for qualitative data analysis, which continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The quantitative part involved the use of structural equation modeling method with SPSS and SMART PLS software. For the research validity, the method of "Peers Debriefing and Members Checking" has been used in the qualitative part. To check the reliability of the research in the qualitative aspect, the "Inter-coder Agreement (ICA)" method has been used. Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability of each item in the quantitative section, and convergent validity and Discriminant validity were used to confirm the validity of the research in this section.

The study found that institutional and legal mechanisms, organizational mechanisms, environmental mechanisms, group and teamwork mechanisms, individual and personality mechanisms, and cultural and belief mechanisms, all played a role in the development of entrepreneurial behavior in government organizations. The findings suggest that the development of entrepreneurial behavior in government organizations requires a combination of these mechanisms.

The study provides insights into the mechanisms that can be used to develop entrepreneurial behavior in Iran's government organizations, with a focus on the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare. The findings may have important implications for policymakers and organizational leaders who seek to foster entrepreneurship in government organizations. The mixed method approach used in this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that are necessary for developing entrepreneurial behavior in government organizations.

The objective of this article is to systematically review the literature in the last 60 years to investigate Penrose's theory.

The research methodology involves a descriptive and practical approach with a scientometric technique using co-word analysis. Review articles related to the topic and research question were extracted from the Google Scholar site between 1994 and 2021, and the list of frequently occurring keywords in these articles was obtained using the visualization software VOSviewer. The key ideas hidden in Penrose's growth theory were obtained by analyzing the textual content.

The key ideas hidden in Penrose's growth theory were identified, including mental imagery of entrepreneurs, dynamic capabilities, unused and surplus resources, management team, productive opportunities, and innovation. The article proposes future research to study the relationship between business models and growth stages of companies and identify the background conditions affecting the selection of suitable models for entrepreneurial company growth.

The article concludes that theories are the best tools of knowledge. Paying attention to the keywords and subjective views raised can be among the appropriate research topics in the subject area of entrepreneurial business growth. The study emphasizes the importance of theories and highlights the potential for future research to address knowledge gaps in the field.

The objective of this applied research is to investigate the reasons behind the differences in the performance of graduates from accelerator programs. The study aims to identify the influence of two fundamental elements of accelerator programs, namely mentorship and access to investors, on the performance of startups. Additionally, the mediating role of startup background is also taken into consideration.

This is a descriptive-correlational study that uses data collected from 157 startups that participated in Canadian accelerators between September 2021 and June 2022. A theoretical model was presented to explain the relationships between variables, and the conceptual model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).

The results of the study indicate that the design of accelerator programs, particularly the frequency, intensity, and quality of opportunities given to access investors, and the strength of the startups' network during the program, have a significant impact on the chances of graduates to receive more rounds of investment earlier. The study also found that more time commitment, a high quality of relationship between mentors and entrepreneurs, and better professional and mental support in mentorship could lead to an increase in the number of investment rounds and speed of fundraising. Furthermore, the study revealed that accelerator mentorship programs bring better results for founders whose education field and work experience are related to their business idea.

The study concludes that the design of accelerator programs, particularly the mentorship and access to investors, has a significant impact on the performance of startups. The findings of the study can provide insights for future research and can be useful for accelerators in designing their programs.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of mindfulness training on reducing psychological distress and improving well-being among healthcare professionals.

This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with a pretest-posttest design. The participants were 100 healthcare professionals who were randomly assigned to either the mindfulness training group or the control group. The mindfulness training group received an eight-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program, while the control group received no intervention. The participants completed measures of psychological distress and well-being at baseline and post-intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and independent samples t-tests.

The results showed that the mindfulness training group had significantly lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of well-being compared to the control group at post-intervention. Specifically, the mindfulness training group had significant improvements in measures of anxiety, depression, stress, and emotional exhaustion, as well as significant increases in measures of happiness, life satisfaction, and resilience.

The findings of this study suggest that mindfulness training can be an effective intervention for reducing psychological distress and improving well-being among healthcare professionals. Given the high levels of stress and burnout experienced by healthcare professionals, this intervention may be an important tool for promoting their mental health and resilience. Thus, mindfulness training should be considered as a part of healthcare professionals' continuing education programs and workplace wellness initiatives.

 Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the economic growth of countries and job opportunities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the barriers to entrepreneurship development in deprived areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province using Delphi and ANP methods.

 The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and survey-descriptive in terms of nature. The statistical population are the experts of Imam-Khomeini Relief Foundation and entrepreneurs of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Data collection was done in the summer of 2021. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. First, the criteria and sub-criteria related to barriers to entrepreneurship development in deprived areas were identified, and then, using the Delphi method, screening and approval of the identified criteria and sub-criteria were performed. Then, using the ANP method in Super Decision software, the approved criteria and sub-criteria were prioritized.

 The existence of challenges in rural settlements and disadvantaged areas (poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, low welfare, etc.), people's risk aversion and conservatism, difficult access to suitable facilities and financial credits, low teamwork spirit, lack of necessary capital for entrepreneurship, lack of acceptance of promoters' ideas and opinions, low participation of women, were determined as the most important obstacles to entrepreneurship in deprived areas.

 The findings indicate the important role of policy makers in removing the entrepreneurial obstacles through policy making to promote entrepreneurial culture, develop entrepreneurial actions, also review banking, insurance, tax, customs, labor and trade laws, etc. according to requirements of time.

Service design, which is a human-centered, creative and, repetitive process, leads to service innovation. It creates practical service solutions and high quality ideas through understanding the customer experience that enable organizations to avoid failure and helps to create and improve more useful, practical and pleasant services for the customers. As the main purpose of this research, the conceptual framework of service design has been presented by analyzing the studies of service design.

  The research method is considered applied in terms of the purpose in which a meta-synthetic approach based on documents has been used. According to seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso, we reviewed a wide range of qualitative papers then we scrutinize 80 papers from valid scientific articles from 1982-2022.

By identifying 59 open codes from these articles, 21 central and distinct codes were obtained, afterwards 6 macro themes presented as a coherent framework. The extracted themes are elements of service design, process of service design, its challenges and, its results for company, its results for customer and, finally its conclusions for society. The consequence of this research can be a basis for the application of service design in companies and at the community level.

In conclusion, the research provides a comprehensive framework for service design that can help organizations create human-centered, innovative, and repeatable services. The framework includes the process and dimensions of service design, its challenges, and the results of service design application in the enterprise and for customers and society. By applying this framework, organizations can overcome setbacks and failures and create more useful, practical, and enjoyable services for customers. The findings of this research can be used as a basis for the benefits of service design implementation in enterprises and at the societal level.

 This study was conducted with the aim of compiling the local model of social media marketing of online stores.

 The research method was carried out according to the development goal and according to the mixed-exploratory data collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 10 experts and in the quantitative section it includes managers and marketing experts of online stores in 2022, from which a sample of 384 people was selected. The data collection tool in the field section includes interviews (in the qualitative section) and a researcher-made questionnaire containing 52 items (in the quantitative section) that was distributed among the members of the statistical sample in 2022. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part, the foundation data method was used, and in the quantitative part, the partial least squares technique was used to explain the relationship between the variables.

 The result of data analysis, presenting a paradigm model including six components of causal conditions (information and communication technology, time management and cost management), background conditions (infrastructure of online stores), intervening conditions (sanctions and economic problems, and risk management), strategies ( The use of expert human resources and the use of influencers) has been the central phenomenon (social media marketing) and consequences (sustainability in the use of social networks, special value of the brand).

 A number of indicators were also identified for each of the identified main categories. The results of the quantitative part showed that the proposed research model is valid.

This study aims to design a native model of digital marketing in small online retail businesses in Iran. The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose and a mixed research method in terms of data collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 11 experts and in the quantitative section includes managers, owners, entrepreneurs and experts of small online retail companies, from which a sample of 168 people has been selected. The main data collection tools in the field section included a semi-structured interview (in the qualitative section) and a researcher-made questionnaire of 37 items based on a five-point Likert scale (in the quantitative section). The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by content validity method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. Qualitative data analysis was performed using the grounded theory method and MAXQDA software, and the partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used to test the hypotheses. Based on the results of qualitative analysis, six categories of factors including causal conditions, underlying factors, strategies, pivotal phenomena, intervening factors and consequences were identified. Targeted marketing was identified as the main category in relation to the context. In relation to causal conditions, two main categories including time management and cost were identified. In relation to digital marketing as a central phenomenon of research, the indicators of giving customers the right to choose, retaining customers, providing services in accordance with customer demands, establishing appropriate relationships and relationships with customers, and creating value for customers were identified. Commercialization strategies were identified as the main category of strategies and actions. Competitiveness of companies has been identified as the most important intervention factors; and economic development and service quality improvement were identified as the main categories of outcomes.