نشریه ادب عربی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 36، تابستان 1402)

Chaos is one of the dual confrontations of meaning production, which today defines the correct understanding of the causes of narration. Lotman believes that chaos is in opposition to order and induces a destructive and negative approach to the text, in fact, this type of destruction is a kind of deconstruction in the content of the text that creates new content. Baha Taher is an exiled writer who tries to portray his inner chaos by reflecting in the mental states of the characters in the story and shows that inner and eternal chaos prevails in the eyes of the narrator. The current research was conducted with the aim of comparative reading of the novel "Love in Exile" and the collection of stories "Winter of Fear" written by Baha Taher based on Yuri Lutman's model of Cosmos and Chaos with a descriptive-analytical approach in the scope of Arab migration literature and culture. The result of the research indicates that the author has explained his inner feelings in dealing with the new atmosphere and culture based on chaos and chaos in the fictional characters of the studied works, as the eternal chaos and the movement of the butterfly wing caused the events to be non-linear and the events based on uncertainty. . Any complex phenomenon such as fear and disorder is affected by other events such as: eternal chaos, self-similarity, dynamic adaptation field, chaos before order and chaos after order, which created disturbances and transformations in fictional characters and caused reactions in these characters. Is. The final achievement of such riots is to arouse the audience's sense of content and effect. What is clear is that eternal chaos and self-identity are very similar in these two novels, which are fear and wandering.

The semantic networks of each discourse are formed based on the identity meanings of actors who, relying on their power, can have the greatest impact on other actors in the society. Based on this principle, Castells has divided the types of identity into three categories: identity of program maker, identity of legitimacy and identity of resistance. In order to explain the functional characteristics of the dominant actor in Shazaya Firouz's novel, this research has investigated the process of identity formation in this story. Shifting the meaning of the two concepts of "sin" and "homeland", turning the meaning of the concept of "blasphemy" and expanding the range of its semantic inclusion to all different ideas, forging the identity of the central government by relying on the concept of Caliph and calling him Amir al-Mu'minin, creating an apocalyptic environment using technologies The novel, which Castells sees as a way to create a network society based on communication nodes and not hierarchical systems, is one of the strategies that the main actor of the novel (ISIS) has used for the process of identity formation, and many of them distance Isis from the concept of resistance identity. . Also, women, as the main theme of the novel, for whom the important events of the story are completely based on the redefinition of the identity of ISIS, have been the main targets of the actions of the dominant activist to redefine the identity. In the process of identity formation, women are included in a marginal construction in terms of the meaning of identity, and in some cases they are even placed in the "meaninglessness" of identity and equality with animals and objects

Picaresqe is an important style in contemporary fiction that writers use to express their views on society and its problems and to critique the social, political, economic and moral situation in their works. Picaresqe stories; it is the story of their adventures and their sufferinds and dangers, which is why they are often written in the form of real autobiographical stories from the point of view of a first-person or third-person conscience. This fictional genre first appeared in 16th century Spain and later spread to other world literatures. Mohammad Shokri has also used this style of story to reflect the society of Moroccan and the Arab world and the deteriorating situation in her works. The main purpose of this paper, which is written in a descriptive – analytical method, is to analyze the content characteristics of Picaresqe in the novels "AL-Khobz AL-Hafi, AL-Shottar and vujooh" known as the Shokri trilogy. This trilogy tells the story of Mohammad Picaro from the beginning to the end and through the author it depicts the problems of the deprived and lower classes of Moroccan society at the time. Findings suggest that content characteristics that place the Shokri trilogy in Picaresqe's novel are critical realism, travel and confront the protagonist with various events, poverty, and the need for a protagonist, unemployment, displacement, and absurd adventures. Madness and companionship whit cunning and slaves, rebellion against social lows and customs, satire and criticism of of society and people, expression of social disorders and moral corruption and bitter satire. Because literary works generally arise from the cultural, social and economic conditions of society and profound impact on people's lives and shokri's trilogy is written in the same way, so addressing this issue can reveal many aspects of the Moroccan society of the time to the reader.

After passing through the stage of structuralism, semiotics laid the groundwork for issues such as body, perception, feeling, and presence, and gradually shifted to a phenomenological perspective. In other words, the process of meaning-making is open and fluid, and confronts us with a presence whose biological senses, perceptions, and experiences are the source of linguistic production. Accordingly, the main foundations of meaning are sensory-perceptual perceptions that, through a physical and sensitive presence, convey their lived experience through languag. Therefore, in this study, a short poem by the Syrian poet Adonis (1930) entitled "Al-mezana" was selected and studied by descriptive-analytical method. The approach of this research is phenomenology and its tool is semiotics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the poet's life experience and how emotions are transformed into meaning and the role of subject and object in realizing the meaning of experience. Phenomenological analysis of Adonis's poem "The Al-mezana / minaret" shows thatThe phenomenology of the signs mentioned in Adonis's ode shows that meaning and experience are two separate processes that are  aligned with each other. Another important point in obtaining the meaning and experience of individualization is the direction that Adonis, as the narrator, gives to the main stage in order for the event of discourse to occur. Adonis has provided the source of the production of the signification of the forgetfulness of Eastern culture from the point of view of the weeping minaret and the end with the chimney. Thus, from the point of view of how phenomena begin, end, and are chosen, the narrator's view is taken, and as a result, a possible image of the phenomenological scene is created

Narratology is one of the branches of literary criticism that examines narratives. Vladimir Propp and after him Grimas have made studies in this field. Grimas believed that every story follows one of these narrative structures. 1- Contract (prohibition) - Violation - Punishment 2 - Lack of contract (irregularity) -Existence of contract (order). According to his theory, there are six roles or actors in all narratives, which are the subject, the target, the sender, the receiver, the helper, and the preventer. According to Grimas's theory, narrative propositions (descriptive, modal, transitive) and narrative chains (executive, contractual, disjunctive) can be seen in every story. Based on this, the current research tries to evaluate and criticize the novel Ajam written by the Iraqi writer "Senan Anton" based on the theory of Grimas with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. In this novel, one of the structures of Grimas's narrative, i.e., contract-violation-punishment, is observed, and the overall course of the story is from positive to negative. Also, in Ajam's novel, six roles or actors, narrative propositions and narrative chains of Grimas theory are clearly defined.

Realism means observing the realities of life as they are. The realists believed that "the reality presented in Romanticism is fleeting; Because they portray life as more adventurous and exaggerated than reality. This is while the realists show the ordinary life of people as it is and the reader acknowledges its truth ”(Shamisa, 1391: 78-77). A realist is an external or objective school in which the author does not express his feelings and emotions in the story. He sought to discover the facts so that the reader by reading the work to reach the conclusion that he has read and understood the reality (Hosseini, 1388: 159). Magical realism is a style in which unusual and unnatural phenomena occur and the writers combine ordinary and magical events without any justification and create a story. Hassan Kamal is one of the contemporary Egyptian writers who wrote the story of the "deceased" from the point of view of magical realism, in which he shows the audience strange and surreal events; Where a person named the deceased plots to infiltrate other corpses and complete the flow of unfulfilled deeds and aspirations. The novel "Almarhum" by Hassan Kamal is about two characters, one of whom is related to the world of the dead and in his opinion has a mission from God, and the second character is a writer and a doctor and tries to be the narrator of this person's life.

Today, various theories of linguistics with widely used procedures have a significant impact on the field of literary texts analysis. One of these theories is the social view of language based on the systemic functional linguistics proposed by the famous Michael Halliday (1994). The meta-function - from different types of language systems - is related to the type of attitude and insight of the messengers/literati in inducing the message to the messenger. " Resalat Al-Ghufran " by Abu al-'Ala al-Ma'arri is a mental text from Ibn Qareh's. Since the subject and the framework of this text are based on the design of concepts that express the system of Ma'arri function about supernatural issues, therefore, in the present study, based on the analytical method, the type of insight and experience of Abu al-'Ala and his writing experience in inducing a message to the reader are examined. The results show that the most frequent function process includes mental (30%), verbal (26%), and material (26%)processes, respectively. Accordingly, the type of supernatural travel and dealing with creatures, places and surreal events expresses al-Ma'arri’s extraordinary mentality and power of imagination. Moreover, the theological process indicates the complete attention and knowledge of Abu al-'Ala to the Holy Quran, hadiths, historical events, ancient poems, and literary texts, and the material process also indicates the role of dynamism of the text of " Resalat Al-Ghufran ".