مجله به زراعی کشاورزی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

An experiment is conducted to evaluate effect of Bacillus and Pseudomonas on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield and malting efficiency of different Barley cultivars in rainfed conditions in a farm of Ilam Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in 2017 and 2018. The experiment is factorial according to randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Three cultivars (namely, Behrokh, Grace, and Sararoud1 as first and seed inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria) and Fertilizer at eight levels (including the control, complete fertilizer (Field recommendation), Pseudomonas bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria + half fertilizer, Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer and combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer) are considered second factor. The results show that all the studied traits (with the exception of malting efficiency) addition main effect, are significantly affected by year interaction in cultivar in fertilizer treatment, but malting efficiency is influenced by interaction cultivar in fertilizer treatments. Heights number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per m-2, and grain yield are recorded by a combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer under garis cultivar with means 31, 390 and 5294 kg/h in 2018 and 35, 400 and 6222 kg/h respectively. Maximum malting efficiency (95.5 %) has also been observed in the combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer under Behrokh.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors in reducing yield and seed quality of rapeseed. The present study chiefly tries to evaluate the effect of application of brassinosteroid on seed yield, oil content, oil yield, and fatty acids profile of rapeseed genotypes under late-season water deficit stresseen considered. A factorial split-plot test has been conducted in a randomized complete blocks design for two cultivation years (2017-2019) in Karaj, Iran. Experimental treatments include two levels of brassinosteroid (i.e., 0 (control) and 0.1μmol) and two levels of irrigation (full irrigation (control) and withholding irrigation from flowering stage) as factorial in the main plots, and rapeseed genotypes (Nafis, Ahmadi, Okapi, Nima, and Niloufar) as subplots. The levels of oleic acid and linoleic acid in the conditions of application of brassinosteroids have been 0.7% and 11% in full irrigation conditions and 1.1% and 6.4% in withholding irrigation conditions, respectively, compared to the control on the other hand, the use of brassinosteroids in withholding irrigation conditions reduce palmitic acid by 14% compared to the control. Okapi genotype has had the highest and lowest erucic acid and grain yield in irrigation conditions, respectively. Under drought stress conditions, the highest seed yield (3112.3 kg/ha) and the lowest amount of erucic acid (0.26%) belonged to Niloufar genotype. The use of brassinosteroids in both irrigation treatments improve the quality of fatty acids and Niloufar cultivar is recommended in both irrigation conditions

Heavy metals such as chromium are considered important pollutants for the environment and agricultural products. Many of these metals are toxic even in very low concentrations and may disrupt the growth process of crops. This study aims at comparing the response of different sesame cultivars to irrigation with different levels of chromium contaminated water. The experiment is carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mayamey, Semnan Province, Iran. Experimental factors include irrigation with different levels of chromium-contaminated water in 5 levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) and three sesame cultivars (Dashtestan, Oltan and local). The results indicate that irrigation with chromium-contaminated water significantly reduce the plant height and root length (p < 0.01), but have no significant effect on leaflet number and shoot fresh weight. The highest decrease in plant height and root length are observed under irrigation with 100% chromium-contaminated water. There has been a significant difference between sesame cultivars in relation to the growth characteristics. So, the Oltan cultivar has had the highest plant height, leaflet number, root length, and water productivity index compared to other cultivars. According to the results, high levels of chromium in irrigation water significantly reduce the growth of different cultivars.

To investigate the effect of different levels of vermicompost and boron on safflower grain and oil yield, a factorial experiment is conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the 2016-17 crop year at the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Experimental factors include four levels of vermicompost (0, 4, 8, and 12 tons per hectare) and four boron levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 kg per hectare) from the source of boric acid (H3BO3) as soil application. The results show that the effect of vermicompost on most of the measured traits has been significant. Accordingly, biological yield and yield components including number of capitols per square meter, grain per capitol, and 1000-grain weight have increased significantly to the highest level of vermicompost consumption. The effect of boron on grain number per capitol, grain yield, biological yield, stigma yield, harvest index, oil yield, and grain protein percentage is significant. The interaction effect of vermicompost and boron on grain yield, harvest index, oil yield, grain protein percentage, and nitrogen uptake per unit aera is significant. Comparison of means show that the highest grain yield (3184 kg/ha) and the highest oil yield (939 kh/ha) are obtained in the treatment of 12 tons of vermiompost and 3 kg of boron per hectare. In both cases, grain and oil yield per unit area show a 100% increase, compared to the control treatment.

Combining organic and chemical fertilizers is one of the most important ways to achieve sustainable agriculture. In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components, and quality traits of sunflower, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in spring 2018 at Gonbad Kavous University farm research. Cultivar factor included Haysan 25 and Oscar and combination of fertilizer factor included no fertilizer application, 100 kg N/ha, 50 kg N/ha, 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid/ha, 50 kg N/ha + 0.5 kg Vita free/ha, and 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid+ 0.5 kg Vita free/ha. The results showed that the effect of cultivar and fertilizer on most of the measured traits was significant. Oscar cultivar produced higher grain yield, biological yield and oil percent and oil yield than Haysan 25 cultivar. Grain yield, oil yield, biological yield and plant height in 100 kg N/ha treatment was higher than other fertilizer treatments though not significantly different from 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid/ha + 0.5 kg Vita free/ha treatment. Based on the results, in order to achieve the maximum seed and oil yield of sunflower and to prevent excessive use of chemical fertilizers, the combined use of Nitrogen fertilizer, humic acid and vita free is necessary.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between planting date and the nitrogen application rate on the growth and yield of winter wheat in Torbat-e-Jam, Khorasan Razavi province. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with split plot arrangements and three replications in Torbat-e-Jam, in the 2019-2020. Experimental treatments included three planting dates: 1 October, 17 October and 2 November as the main plot, and nitrogen fertilizer at levels 0 (as a control), 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg nitrogen ha-1 as a subplot. Pishtaz cultivar was planted in experimental plots which included 7 planting lines with a row spacing of 15 cm and a length of 8 m. The results of the analysis of variance showed that planting date and nitrogen fertilizer application and their interaction had a significant effect on all measured traits. The results showed that the yield and yield components were the highest on 1 October, and the values of most of these traits showed a significant decrease in planting on 12 November compared to 10 October. The highest grain yield was obtained from a nitrogen application rate of 200 kg ha-1 on 1 October and 16 October, while the maximum yield was obtained with an application rate of 175 kg ha-1 on 2 November. The growth and yield response of wheat to the rate of nitrogen application decreased with a delay in planting date, and the option of planting date must be considered in order to recommend efficient fertilizer usage.

The present two-year research (1397-1398) investigates the effect of Mycorrhizal inoculation. For this purpose, it takes the combined ratio of Auxin/Gibirlin and Ascorbic acid on the yield and yield components of corn, in the form of split factorial design in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replicates in  Shahid Salemi farm. It has been done north of Ahvaz city. The main factor of the treatments include Mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices species) at two levels (inoculation and non-inoculation) before planting and the secondary factor includes the ratio of Auxin hormone to gibberellin at three levels (0, 300/600, and 600/300) mg/liter and ascorbic acid at three levels (0, 100, and 200) mg/liter are applied as foliar spraying. The results show that Mycorrhiza has a significant effect on the dry weight of leaves, stems, and cobs, seed weight and yield, as well as biological traits, respectively, the highest seed yield amounting to (7410.72) kg is related to the treatment levels of Mycorrhizal inoculation, the ratio of Auxin to gibberellin is 600 mg to 300 mg and in 200 mg of ascorbic acid and the highest yield of stem dry weight (100 grams) . In the triple interaction of the experimental factors in the treatment levels, there has not been any Mycorrhiza inoculation. For not using the hormonal compound and using 100 mg of ascorbic acid, the highest seed yield in the row (45.46%) has been obtained in the ratio of Auxin to gibberellin of 600 mg to 300 mg and using 200 mg of ascorbic acid. According to the positive effect of the use of experimental factors, the use of Mycorrhiza and the mentioned hormones, and ascorbic acid are recommended.

Germination is one of the most critical, sensitive, and main phenological stages in the life cycle of a plant and a key process in plant growth. To investigate the effects of seed priming on different germination characteristics of different wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment is conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan Province in 2022. The treatments include priming of seeds with fertilizers 1. Biozar, 2. Seafull amino zinc, 3. Sabzine, 4. Royesh, 5. Ecobooster, and 6. Control (no fertilizer application) and different wheat cultivars include Pishgam, Zarineh, Heydari, Sadra, Hashtrood, and Baran. The results show that seed priming have increased the coleoptile length, root and stem length, root and stem weight, percentage, speed of germination, vigor index, and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in wheat seedlings in comparison with the control. The highest enzyme activities of catalase (0.129 Unit/ml) and peroxidase (88.58 Unit/ml) are obtained in seedlings obtained from seeds priming with Seafull amino zinc, being 65.8% and 32% more than the control, respectively. Considering that seed priming is a simple and cost-effective method and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination and seedling growth and increase the quality and strength of wheat seeds.

The present study is conducted to separate the effective and influential management factors in the production of clover forage in Iran and to identify its limiting factors. In this study, the data obtained from 68 research projects conducted by the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) throughout the country during the 2009-2020 years have been analyzed, using the meta-analysis method. The results show that planting date -3.31%, planting method -22.82%, species +40.14%, seeding rate (planting density) +1.53%, drought stress -16.16 %, and phenological stage of forage harvesting -15.42% justify the amount of forage clover variation. Thus, fall planting in the middle of September, basin planting method, choosing the Berseem clover species (Trifolium alexandrinum var. Karaj), the seeding rate of 15-20 kg ha-1 (for forage production), and forage harvesting at the phenological stage of 10-25% flowering, are the most important management and agronomic factors in increasing clover forage production in cold and temperate regions, and not complying with one or a set of these factors will reduce the clover production and will cause yield gap. Overall, the species, planting method, and drought stress are respectively recognized as the most important factors affecting clover forage yield in Iran.

In order to investigate the possibility of reducing the growth period and increasing the grain yield of different quinoa genotypes, in 2018, a factorial split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahed University. The main factor included three different genotypes of quinoa (Titicaca, Giza 1 and Sajama) and the secondary factors included three models of planting methods (Transplanting, seed Priming with 1000 ppm Boric acid solution, and direct sowing) and boron foliar application at two levels (control and foliar application with 1000 ppm Boric acid solution). The results showed that the effect of genotype was significant on all studied traits. The highest plant height (123.38 cm) and grain yield (2860.228 kg/ha) were obtained in Giza 1 genotype. Also, the shortest period of growth and flowering was related to Titicaca genotype and the longest period was related to Sajama genotype. The effect of planting method on quinoa growth and yield traits was significant and transplanting was more effective than other methods. This method increased the plant height by 48.15% and grain yield by 176.69%, reduced the flowering (34.35%) and ripening period (37.97%). The priming was also able to improve the studied traits compared to the control. Of course, its effectiveness was not as high as transplanting. The effect of boron foliar application on grain yield was significant and increased this trait by 16.7%.

In order to select suitable parents for breeding purposes, one must have sufficient knowledge of genetic diversity and germplasm classification. It was for this reason that a study was conducted in 2019 at the Seed and Plant Research Institute in Karaj in order to identify and classify 17 eggplant genotypes based on the randomized complete block design. This stud measured 19 morphological traits such as number of days to flowering, plant height, number of stems per plant, number of nodes, and internodes, weight, and fruit yield as well as total phenol content, total anthocyanin content and glico-aldeid solasonin. The results of the analysis of variance revealed a significant difference for all the traits (p≤0.01). The range of variation showed great genetic diversity among cultivars, which can be useful for different breeding purposes, lower plant height to prevent dormancy. Greater number of stems and flowers are important to achieve higher yield, wherein 13321 genotypes showed lower height among genotypes. Cluster analysis classified the studied genotypes into three groups, and separated white eggplants from colored ones correctly. The PCA also confirmed the results of cluster analysis, showing that the color eggplants had more fruit yield, lower levels of solasonine, and lower days to maturity than white eggplants. However, the color eggplants that were used in this research were breeding cultivars; therefore, the use of breeding methods would be important to improve the quality and quantitative of eggplant genotypes.

Since harvested horticultural products are highly perishable, those techniques should be used to increase their shelf life for their use in all seasons and their export. The effects of the encapsulation of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil with chitosan on the sensory and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate arils are studied in an experiment based on a completely randomized design with eight treatments including different w/w ratios of S. bachtiarica essential oil to chitosan (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) at two spray levels of S. bachtiarica essential oil (0.3 and 0.6), and a pre-treatment and a post-treatment control, with three replications in the research laboratory of Shahrekord University in 2020-2021. Arils treated with the chitosan: essential oil ratio of 1-0.6 exhibit the best appearance and those treated with 2-0.3 and 3-0.3 exhibit the best taste. Based on the results, the diameter of the antimicrobial halo related to the fungus has been 2 mm in the essential oil treatment and 5.5 mm in the essential oil: chitosan ratio of 1:2. The highest encapsulation efficiency and the smallest particle size pertain to the treatment of 1:2. The ratio of 1:3 show higher efficiency than the ratio of 1:1 (55.1% versus 51.2%). The lowest zeta potential is obtained from the 1:3 ratio and the highest from the 1:1 ratio. Coating pomegranate arils and selecting an appropriate concentration of S. bachtiarica with chitosan coating (1-0.3 and 2-0.3) can significantly contribute to preserving the shelf life, marketability, and nutritional quality of pomegranate arils.