مجله روانشناسی ورزش
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

The determining role of psychological factors in the success of athletes has been confirmed in many studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a mindfulness-based yoga practice course on resilience and anger control in athletes with different skill levels. For this purpose, 72 student-athletes who are members of sports teams (mean age  20.67± 1.44 years, mean sporting experience 5.88 ± 3.26 years) were selected based on inclusion criteria and divided into three intervention groups. (Skilled, semi-skilled and inexperienced) and three control groups (skilled, semi-skilled and inexperienced) were divided. In the present study, Connor and Davidson (2003) and Betty Young and Rodney Hammond (1995) questionnaires were used for two variables of resilience and anger control. First, all participants (control and intervention) in the pre-test stage completed resilience and anger control questionnaires; The intervention group then participated in 12 mindfulness-based yoga exercises for 90 minutes. At the end of the course, the two groups (intervention and control) were retested. The findings of covariance analysis showed that the main effect of mindfulness-based yoga practice intervention was significant in both resilience and anger control variables. The main effect of skill level in both variables did not show a significant difference. But the interactive effect of the intervention and the skill level were significant in both variables. On the other hand, paired t-test for comparison within the group showed that in the resilience variable, all three intervention groups had significant progress in the post-test and in the anger control variable, only the semi-skilled group showed significant progress in the post-test. According to the results of the study, it is suggested that coaches use psychological exercises such as mindfulness-based yoga to promote psychological variables such as resilience and anger control in athletes.

The aim of present study was to predict limb social anxiety based on some body composition indices (BMI, WHR) and body image in female high school students in the fourth district of Qom. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all girls aged 15 to 19 years of secondary school in the fourth district of Qom, of which 150 people were selected via purposive sampling method and completed the questionnaires of determining the social anxiety of the limbs and questionnaire the body image and their body mass index and waist to hip ratio were evaluated. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous multiple regression analysis. According to the regression equation and standardized coefficients, the results showed that the variables of BMI index and body image index have a significant effect on social anxiety, so that per unit of change in each of them, respectively, 0.213, 0.557 change It is created in the criterion variable (social anxiety of the body). According to result, it seems that body image index (satisfaction of different body parts and then the individual's attitude about weight) has the most important and effective role on social anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status quo of talent development environment among adolescent football players and its relationship with mental toughness.

The statistical population of this study consisted of all the adolescent football players of Ahvaz city who were active in the football clubs of this city. Eventually, 181 adolescents with the age range of 12-15 years were selected. The tools used in this research were Talent Development Environment (Martindale et al., 2010) and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaires (Sheard et al., 2009). The data analysis in this study was done by SPSS at significant level P≤0.05. One sample T-Test, Pearson correlation, and regression with Enter method ware used for data analysis.

The results of the research showed the status of the components of the talent development environment of football players is higher than average (except for quality Preparation). In addition, the research showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the talent development environment and mental toughness.

The status of the components of talent development environment showed that there is an eligible condition for the talent development of young football players in Ahvaz city. The position of the qualitative Preparation component at the cutting point also refers to the insignificant attention of coaches and practitioners to provide the necessary guidelines and introduce effective methods to improve and increase the quality of adolescents' performance. In addition, the effect of the talent development environment on mental toughness also confirms the previous findings.

Arousal is one of the psychological factors affecting athletes' performance. Without reaching the optimal level of arousal, people's performance will not be optimal. The aim of the current semi experimental study was to investigate the effect of arousal caused by spectators on process and outcome of volleyball service decision making. The population of the present study included volleyball players of Iranian youth volleyball national team. A number of 15 players (Mean age=18.00 ± 1.00 years) participated in this research. The task of current study was performance of volleyball service decision making under arousal conditions caused by spectators. Participants performed 25 decision making situations in baseline and spectators arousal conditions. The visual saccade and fixation data recorded by eye tracker system simultaneously with decision making test performance. Data analyzed with paired-samples t-test. The result indicated that arousal caused by spectators affected the process and outcome of decision making. Although the decision-making speed of the players increased under the circumstances of the arousal, their decision-making accuracy decreased. Given this results, coaches need to provide good training tips in training to improve the decisions made by players. In addition to physical exercise, mental training and decision-making should also be done.

Sinclair model to strengthen the presented psychological skills. This model encourages athletes to ‎improve their psychological skills in physical and technical dimensions‏.‏The effect of virtual education of ‎psychological skills (‎Sinclair& Sinclair method‎) on ‎the ‎passing accuracy of semi-professional basketball ‎players‏.‏ The present study was semi-experimental using a pre-test post-test design. Participants ‎included 24 semi-professional basketball players from Zanjan who were selected by convenience and ‎randomly divided into two groups of 12 experimental (mean‏ ‏age: 21.53±1.77) and control (mean age: 22.78 ‎‎± 1/94) were included. Participants performed the passing accuracy test in the pre-test and post-test stages. ‎The experimental group performed psychological skills exercises by Sinclair and Sinclair method for 4 weeks, ‎‎3 sessions per week and 60 minutes per session and the control group did not intervene. Data were analyzed ‎by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. ‎ The results showed that by controlling the pre-test score, there was a significant difference between ‎the pass accuracy test scores of the two experimental and control groups (p = 0.001).‎ Based on the research findings, it can be suggested that due to the ease of performing cognitive ‎skills exercises by Sinclair and Sinclair methods, sports coaches can use it to improve the accuracy of the pass ‎in basketball players. ‎

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of distribution practice and judgment of learning on the acquisition and retention of basketball pass skills.
In this semi-experimental study, 60 novice female students with a mean age of 14.48 ± 0.37 years old were objectively selected. They were then randomly and equally assigned to four groups: massed, distributed, massed - judgment of learning, and distributed - judgment of learning. In the pretest phase, participants performed 10 trials of the basketball chest pass. In the acquisition phase, the massed group and massed - judgment of learning group performed 240 basketball chest passes. The distributed group and distributed - judgment of learning group performed 60 trials during four consecutive sessions. In addition to performing the passes, the metacognition groups predicted their scores for the next block. In the post-test and retention tests performed after one day, seven days, and 28 days, participants performed 10 trials.
The results indicated that the distribution practice groups with judgment of learning had better performance in the acquisition and retention phases compared to the other groups (P<0.05).
The results of this study emphasize the importance of metacognition in practice conditions.

The present study was conducted to investigate the moderating effect of personality type on badminton skill learning in the random and blocked methods.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a four-group post-test-pre-test design. The statistical population was the students of Tabriz University who used Friedman and Rosenman questionnaires to select individuals with personality types A and B, and each personality type was divided into two groups with blocked and random training. The acquisition test was conducted in ten sessions, and in each session three packages of twenty trials were administered, as well as a retention and transfer test 48 hours after acquisition. Data were analysed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The blocked method had a significant advantage over the random method in the acquisition of the learning material and the personality type of the learners did not play a role. There was no significant difference in retention performance between the 4 groups (P=0/021). In the transfer phase, random training was statistically superior to the other groups in both the personality type A group and the personality type B group (P=0/0001).

It appears that personality type does not play a significant moderating role in random training and blocked training, and that blocked training in the acquisition phase and random training in the transfer phase also take precedence.

The aim of this study was to investigate the validation of the Persian version of the Sports Mental Exercise Questionnaire.
The method of this study is a non-experimental research and is one of the instruments of validation research in which the required information was collected cross-sectionally. The statistical population consisted of athletes from East Tehran. The sample also included 400 people who were randomly selected and completed a sports mental exercise questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions, two main dimensions (mental skills and mental techniques) and 5 subscales including basic skills, functional skills, interpersonal skills, self-talk and mental training. To assess the validity of the factor constructs, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the basis of structural equation modeling. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency and the intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine temporal reliability (at two-week intervals).
  The results show a good fit of the Persian version of the Mental Exercise Questionnaire. Internal consistency and temporal stability were also acceptable.
Thus, the Persian version of Sports Mental Exercise Questionnaire has acceptable validity among athletes and psychologists and researchers can use this questionnaire.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-modelling, skilled model, and learning model on the acquisition and retention of golf putting skill.
Forty-five students who volunteered to participate were selected and divided into three groups: self-modelling, skilled model, and learning model. After completing the pretest, participants engaged in six practice sessions, each consisting of six blocks of 10 trials. Prior to each training block, participants watched a video of their respective group's golf putting 10 times. The retention test was conducted 48 hours later.
A mixed ANOVA with repeated measures demonstrated that all three groups made significant progress in learning the desired skill from the pre-test to the acquisition test. This progress remained somewhat stable until the retention test. Additionally, both the acquisition and retention phases showed that the self-modeling group performed better than the other two groups. However, there was no significant difference between these groups.
Based on these results, the type of model used in learning skills such as golf putting has a highly significant effect. Therefore, learning golf putting can benefit from the similarities mentioned in Bandura's theory.

Political behavior is a significant issue worldwide that has captured the attention of researchers in this field. Political behavior encompasses activities within an organization aimed at gaining power and achieving the goals of a power seeker in situations of uncertainty or instability. This study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports.
The study utilized a qualitative approach. The statistical population consisted of knowledgeable experts, identified through purposive sampling. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in 14 individuals being selected as participants for the qualitative section. Semi-structured interviews were used as the data collection tool.
The study identified existing tensions, supportive forces, competitive environments, and mental pressures as causal conditions for the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports. Additionally, adaptation strategies and empowerment strategies were identified as means to promote the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports.
The study revealed that the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports has consequences for both sports and politics.