نشریه زمین شناسی کاربردی پیشرفته
سال سیزدهم شماره 47 (بهار 1402)

The mineralization of Cu (Au-Ag) NE Narbaghi is located in the middle part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, adjacent to the Kuh-Pang and Narbaghi Cu deposits. The main rock units include Eocene volcano-sedimentary rocks and subvolcanic Oligo-miocene that their location is related to strike-slip faults in shallow sedimentary basins. Hydrothermal alteration includes silicification, argillic (intermediate-rarely advanced), propylitic, sericitic, carbonatization and sulfidization. Mineralization is directly related to fractures and relatively long veins (<400 with average width of 1m) with breccia, disseminate and vein-veinlet textures. These veins often include quartz, sericite, siderite and chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, pyrite, covelite and rarely sulfosalts such as tennantite and tetrahedrite. This system starts with different types of alteration in the form of white–quartz veins and continues with hydrothermal breccia and infiltration of siliceous-sulfide fluids. Copper has the highest correlations with zinc, silver, arsenic and gold. Mineralization forms at 240-145° C and salinity of 20 to 30 wt.% NaCl. The coexistence of liquid-rich two-phase fluids and single-phase vapor refers to the boiling process and the reduction of temperature and pressure drop. Accordingly, this system provides evidence of intermediate sulfidation epithelial systems in the magmatic arc. The magmatic fluid in the presence of permeable structures and mixing with peripheral fluids is probable cause copper-gold precipitation together with siderite.

Determination of crustal direction and velocity movement is important for understanding the recent strain fields and tectonic events. Different global tectonic models have been suggested for direction and velocity study of crustal movement. In this research using Nuvel1, GSRM and ITRF models the crust movement velocity and movement direction have been mapped for Borazjan fault system. In order to comparison the result of global models with recent strain fields the results of twelve earthquake focal mechanisms evaluated for Borazjan fault system. Comparison of fault slip direction data in the Borazjan fault system with the ITRF, GSRM and Nuvel1 models reveals 58.3, 25 and 16.7 percent similarity respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ITRF model has more adaptation to the slip direction in the Borazjan fault system than other models. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ITRF model has more adaptation to the slip direction in the Borazjan fault system than other models.

Antimony mineralization at Moghanlou occurs as 2-3 meters siliceous-sulfide zone consisting of up to 10 centimeters wide quartz-stibnite breccia veins. The ore zone is hosted by amphibolite enclaves within feldspathic gr2 granite, and has N50E-trending that generally dips to the southeast at 75o. The hydrothermal alteration includes feldspathic, silicification, carbonatization and propylitic. The feldspar, quartz and carbonate alteration types are spatially associated with ore zone, whereas propylitic alteration affected amphibolite host rocks. Three stages of mineralization are distinguished at Moghanlou. Stage 1 is represented by silicification and carbonatization of host rocks along with minor disseminated pyrite. This stage is a pre-ore stage and it is usually crosscut by later stages. Breccia clasts of this stage have been recognized in the hydrothermal cements of stage 2 breccias. Stage 2 is the main ore-stage at the Moghanlou deposit. It is characterized by 2 to 10 cm wide quartz (calcite)-stibnite veins and breccias that usually cut stage 1 and, in turn, crosscut by stage 3 calcite veins. Stage 3 is a barren post-ore stage marked by calcite as vug infill and 1 cm wide veins. The ore minerals at Moghanlou are stibnite and minor pyrite. Stibiconite and goethite are the supergene assemblages, and the gangue minerals include quartz, calcite, actinolite, chlorite and talc. Ore minerals display disseminated, vein-veinlet, brecciated, comb, crustiform, cockade, plumose, vug infill and replacement textures.

In this study, with the aim of detecting and monitoring geological lines (ridges and thalweg) as well as correcting and reducing atmospheric effects (shadow and cloud cover) from HR-PRS panchromatic images of GeoEye-1 sensor from the northern highlands in the Middle Zagros have been used. In this regard, after radiometric and geometric processing, based on fuzzy properties, the input images are integrated in MATLAB software and then using MSA, FWS, IDF and CFM algorithms, fuzzy segmentation of HR-PRS panchromatic images was performed. In general, the results of applying the studied fuzzy segmentation algorithms on the study area show that the Interval-valued Data Fuzzy c-means (IDF) method has the best performance in detecting lineaments. But the difference in the performance of this algorithm is in the fuzzy segmentation of the lineaments in the cloud shadow, which is of a radiometric nature, and this has been done correctly. This is due to the use of fuzzy numbers, noise resistance and remote data, as well as textural, structural and spectral properties for efficient clustering and target identification in this method. The results of this study prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the fuzzy segmentation algorithms studied in detecting lines and eliminating cloud cover and shadows in HR-PRS satellite images. At the same time, these findings offer new ideas for remote sensing studies, especially in the field of precise information extraction from images and image processing.

 The Miocene Guri member is characterized as one of the most significant successions in the Zagros basin. The Guri member is composed of carbonate (Limestone and marly limestone) and Marl (calcareous Marl) layers with abundant imperforate and perforate benthic foraminifera. The paleoenvironmental analysis, facies, depositional environment and diagenetic proceses of the Guri Member of Mishan Formation are described from three stratigraphic sections (Milaton, Omidieh and Shahid rajaei) in the Chahar bisheh, Aghajari and Parsi oil fields, south west iran. The petrographic analysis of the Guri member led us to identify 11 microfacies that are belonged to shoal, lagoon, and tidal flat environments. These microfacies deposited on a shallow carbonate ramp (homoclinal ramp) with the gentle slope. Bioturbation, micritization, cementation, neomorphism, physical and chemical compaction, dissolution, replacement and fracturing are the main diagenetic features that are created in the marine, meteoric, burial and uplift diagenetic environments. The sediments of the Guri Member are dominated by Thalassinoides suevicus in the Y, T, question mark and cylindrical shaped burrows. These trace fossils created by the Miocen crabs. The bioturbations in the layers are categorized into five ichnofabric classes which are equal to standard ichnofabric indexes of 1 to 5. The more ichonfabrics in the Omidieh section than in Parsi has been due to the large changes in environmental conditions such as depth, salinity and oxidation rate. Paleoenvironmental investigations of Thalassinoides suevicus indicates a very shallow, warm marine conditions with very high oxygen rate.

In the present study, for the first time, a three-dimensional geological model of Asmari/Shahbazan reservoir (structural, petrophysical, porosity and water saturation model) of Balarud oil field using geophysical, petrographic and structural information by 6 wells of this field RMS software was created. Petrographic study on sample (well number 1) shows that the main lithology of Asmari / Shahbazan reservoir in this field is limestone, dolomite and dolomitic limestone. Combining the available data, it was found that the Asmari / Shahbazan reservoir in Balarud oily field can be divided into 5 zones, with Zone 2 being divided into 3 sub-zones. Assessment of the maps extracted from the models shows that the best reservoir zone in terms of petrophysical characteristics is in Asmari / Shahbazan reservoir zone 1. Using the study of lateral and longitudinal sections prepared by the RMS software, changes in the thickness of the zones and how to expand the reservoir zones of the study area were determined. Examination of the petrophysical model of Asmari reservoir shows that the East and Northeast areas of the reservoir have better hydrocarbon potential compared to other areas of the reservoir and the more the layers extend to the Northeast of the field, the better the reservoir quality. In volumetric calculations, the volume in place of hydrocarbons in normal conditions has been calculated 658226013 barrels. Of this amount, the highest volume of oil is allocated to zone number 1 of the reservoir.

Ophiolite is a remnant part of oceanic crust and consist of the upper mantle and lower crust rock units. The transition from mantel to crust coincides with Moho discontinuity. Ophiolite rocks host valuable minerals for this discrimination of different parts of this unit is important. In the Khoy region for discrimination of different parts of ophiolite, rock units used various band ratio and principal component analyses. Structural analysis in both of micro-and-macro scales was applied to document change in deformation style in the Moho transition zone.The results of this research indicated that remote sensing techniques such as band ratio and principal component analysis are effective tools for discriminating mantle harzburgite and dunite rock units from crust gabbro and basalt. The transition from mantel to crust is accompanied by structural style change. The mantle-related rock unit ductile shear zone with NW-SE trending were dominated structure and caused the propagation of amphibolite and mylonite rock unit. In this unit pyroxene minerals elongated and folded. With the transition to the crust brittle structure such as fault zone with NE-SE trending were dominated. The evidence in the study region Moho discontinuity is exposed in the two different distinct areas and may be related to different ophiolite generations.

In this research, the sequence stratigraphy of the Kazhdumi Formation was investigated at two stratigraphy sections on the northern limb of Lar Anticline and south limb of Khumi Anticline in the NE of Gachsaran township. Given the discerned facies and their vertical transformations, two 3rd degree sedimentary sequences were identified in the Kazhdumi Formation. At the northern limb section of Khami Formation, the TST of the 1st and 2nd sequences are designated by basin and outer ramp sub-environment facies. The HST of the 1st and 2nd sequences consists respectively of basin, outer, middle and inner ramps and of outer ramp. The TST of the 1st and 2nd sequences is formed of basin and outer ramp sub-environment facies and the HST of the 1st and 2nd sequences is formed of the outer ramp facies, all at the southern limb of Lar Formation. Notwithstanding the presence of a subtle lamination, planktonic organisms special to deep environment as with radiolarian, planktonic foraminifers and oligosteginids and also profusion of fine-grained clasts and alternation with marly and shaly limestones in the Kazhdumi Formation, the MFS is discernible on both sequences. The underlying boundary of the 1st sequence on both sections rests over the Dariyan Formation and Kazhdumi Formation boundary. Iron nodules at this boundary signifies a discontinuity (a sequential boundary of SB1 type). The overlying boundary of the 1st and sequence and the underlying and overlying boundaries of the 2nd sequence, given the dearth of evidence on retrogradation, is of SB2 type.

Salardol manganese deposit is located 20km west of Aleshtar in the radiolarite subzone of Kermanshah ophiolite zone. The rock units include radiolarite, breciaition limestone and Cretaceous units. Manganese deposits are seen in the form of irregular lenses as interlayers with radiolarites. Manganese mineralization is visible in three generations. The first generation is syngenetic and is formed interlayer with radiolarity naps. The second and third generations are epigenetic, which can be seen in the form of streaks and mainly within the faults and seams and cracks of radiolarity. Mineralogically, XRD and SEM are important manganese paragenes including Ramsdellite, Romanechite, Rhodochrosite, Jacobsite, Bixbyite and the most important gangue minerals are quartz and calcite. Good agreement between Salardol manganese deposit and hydrothermal deposits has been confirmed by trace elements geochemical data, distinguishing diagrams and elemental ratios. The use of major and minor element ratios indicates the thermal conductivity of Salardol manganese reserves. Na/Mg ratio indicates the effect of fresh water on the formation of manganese reserves. The distribution pattern of normalized REE relative to chondrite indicates a positive Ce anomaly with an average of 20.1 and a negative Eu anomaly with an average of 0.47, which is clearly consistent with manganese hydrothermal deposits. According to the available evidence, the formation of Salardol manganese deposit due to the synthetic placement of primary manganese in the radiolaritic host rock and the epigenetic processes resulting from tectonic activities and under the influence of hydrothermal fluids has led to the formation of fossil-type reservoirs.

The aim of present work is the assessment of source of heavy metals,and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the dust streets of Mahshahr city. Samples were collected from areas with different utility (e.g., industrial, commercial, educational, high traffic, hospitals, residential, and park). Heavy metals concentration like, Sb, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Mo, V, Fe and PAHs were measured using ICP-OES and GC-MS analyses; respectively. The average values of enrichment factor for Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb is intermediate. Calculation of geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicate that heavy metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb in the dust samples belong to contaminated to medium contaminated categories, while other heavy metals (i.e., Co, Sb Cr, Mn, Ni, Mo, and V) belong to uncontaminated class. Statistical analyses such as principal component analyses (PCA) and clustering analyses (CA) was used to assess the natural and/or anthropogenic origin of pollutions. The results of these analyses indicate that heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mostly originated from anthropogenic sources, owing to the presence of petrochemical industries, and vehicles traffic. PAHs with high molecular weight (HMW) are dominant in all selected dust street samples. Also, it is confirmed that PAHs in dust have a pyrogenic origin. Importantly, the sum of carcinogenic PAHs in all sampling sites is higher than sum of non-carcinogenic PAHs. The ratios of IND/(IND+BghiP) vs. (BaA/(BaA + Chr) proved that biomasses, together with oil and coal combustion could be considered as the source of PAHs in the dust street samples of Mahshahr.

To determine the relative age of the Sarcheshmeh Formation in the northeast of the Kopet Dagh Basin, a stratigraphic section (Hosein Abad) with a thickness of 90 meters is selected. Lithologically, Sarcheshmeh Formation is mainly composed of gray to green marls with muddy limestone beds. In this research, based on ammonites, 10 species attributed to 4 genera of ammonites were identified. Accordingly, three biological zones, Deshayesites consobrinus, Deshayesites deshayesi, and Dufrenoyia mackesoni, are proposed confirming the Early’s relative age Aptian (Early Cretaceous) for Sarcheshmeh Formation in Hosein Abad section. The identified biological zones were also compared with some previous studies in the Kopet Dagh, Caucasus, and Mediterranean basins and it was found that the Sarcheshmeh Formation in the study area (northeast of the Kopet Dagh) shows well correlation to biological zones in the late Early Aptian. While, some studies on this Formation have reported biological zones related to the early Early Aptian.

Marand plain is one of the fertile plains in the province of East Azarbaijan which its aquifer provides drinking, agricultural, industrial water demands of the area. Therefore, the evaluation and protection of the quantity and quality of these water resources is extremely The purpose of this research is the qualitative zoning of Marand plain groundwater in terms of drinking، agriculture and industry. For this purpose, 91 samples were taken from operational wells in June 2019. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and concentration of major and minor ions and some heavy metals were measured by means of standard methods. The usefulness of the Plain groundwater for various consumptions was investigated using graphical methods and quality criteria of Schuler, Wilcox, and Langelier classification. In this regard, the final maps of quality zoning were prepared after creating the raster layers of the effective parameters, classification, and integration using GIS and the geostatistical interpolation method. The industrial, agricultural and drinking water quality were evaluated by using langelier scaling, Wilcox and Schuler methosd, respectively. Analyzing and Interpreting of zoning maps with geological information, land use, distribution of industrial units was carried out in the plain and the results show that the quality of groundwater is inappropriate mainly in the northern, central, western parts of the plain due to the precens of salty and gypsum formations in northen and western part of the plain.

In the present study, biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils from the marl part of Farrokhi formation in the Central Iran basin, stratigraphic section of Farrokhi village, are investigated. In the studied section, Farrokhi formation mainly consists of limestone, marls, and marly limestone. 64 samples were investigated from the marl successions of Farrokhi formation with 118 m thickness. Calcareous nannofossil studies lead to identification of 35 species belong to 22 genus. Based on the recognized genus and species, CC22-CC25 of Sissingh zonation were determined. According to this, the age of the late Campanian- early late Maastrichtian proposed to marly part of the Farrokhi formation in the studied section. In this research paleoecological investigations of calcareous nanofossils shows that the studied area was deposited in relatively low latitude with warm surface water, low productivity and low fertility conditions. According to this, the age of the late Campanian- early late Maastrichtian proposed to marly part of the Farrokhi formation in the studied section. In this research paleoecological investigations of calcareous nanofossils shows that the studied area was deposited in relatively low latitude with warm surface water, low productivity and low fertility conditions.

With the booming exploration and development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, the accurate estimation of source rock factors such as residual hydrocarbon potential (S2) from well logs has become increasingly important. Along with organic material properties, changes in lithology within an interval of possible source also induce well log responses. Artificial intelligence techniques may interpret these lithology-induced log responses as a signal for changes in the organic matter content and/or properties, resulting in decreasing their efficiency. In the present research, a new methodology called the litho-based method was proposed based on modeling the relationship between log data and S2 parameter for each type of lithology using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The performance of the newly developed methodology was compared with those of the traditional ANFIS and hybrid methods for which the training process was carried out using a dataset including different lithologies. Results showed that the litho-based method successfully removed the adverse effects of lithological variations on the course of ANFIS training, resulting in estimating much more reliable S2 values. Among the traditional methods, utilizing particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in conjunction with ANFIS showed higher performance. Nevertheless, the aforementioned hybrid approach is not as efficient as the litho-based method. The applicability of the proposed methodology was approved by applying it over Pabdeh source rocks for a well in SW Iran. Finally, it is recommended to use the litho-based method for estimating other geochemical factors as well as petrophysical parameters through log data.

Shadan gold deposit is located 60 km southwest of Birjand and north of Lut block. the Eocene post-collision magmatism resulting from the subduction of the Sistan Ocean has played a role in the formation of the Shadan gold deposit. Gold mineralization in Shadan deposit is directly related to the emplacement of plutonic and sub volcanic plutons with a composition diorite to monzodiorite that intruded into andesite-pyroclastic units. The main alterations in the area are primary potassic and propylitic alterations, the first of which is located in the center of the hydrothermal-magmatic system and the second of which surrounds the potassic alteration. These two alterations are overprinted by the late Phyllic and Argillic alterations. Mineralization in Shadan deposit occurred in the form of stockwork, vein-veinlets, disseminated and hydrothermal breccias and the most important trigger of gold mineralization in this deposit was Shadan pluton. According to SEM studies, the most important host of gold in the hypogene part is pyrite and gold occurs as native, electrum and calavarite. The most characteristic veins of Shadan gold deposit are M and A type and banded veins. Shadan pluton contains abundant hornblende phenocrysts and biotite as well as high amounts of magnetite in various alterations which can indicate the presence of a highly oxidized magma with high amounts of water. Based on all the mentioned evidences as well as the Cu / Au ratio (3000), Shadan deposit can be introduced as the first gold-rich porphyry deposit in Iran.

 One of the dangers that has occurred in many areas in recent years is the dangers of subsidence. Identifying areas prone to subsidence and estimating its rate plays an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. High-precision radar interferometry technique is one of the most suitable methods for detecting and measuring subsidence. This technique compares the phase taken from two radar datasets at two different times and, by creating an interrogram, is able to measure changes in the earth's surface over time. In this study, in order to identify and measure subsidence in Pakdasht plain, radar images of 2015 and 2020 have been used. SARSCAPE software has been used for information processing. In order to verify, the data of piezometric wells and land use maps in the area were used. According to the results, the maximum subsidence rate in 5 years in the region is estimated at 10 cm. The results also showed that the highest rate of subsidence in the period 2020 is in the next categories of agricultural uses with a value of 10 cm, rangeland area with a value of 9 cm and urban and soil uses with a value of 8 cm, respectively. have. Also, the relationship between subsidence and changes in groundwater level showed that in a period of 5 years, groundwater level has decreased by 12 meters, which has led to subsidence of land in the study area.

Granite rocks are widely used in many construction fields and investigate about preexistent or induced microcracks in them had been the subject of many researches. Since the rock thermal properties is affected by thermal properties of all constituent minerals of the rock, in the microscopic thin sections study, assembled effect of them is showed as microcrack creation. In this study, microcrack induction was performed in three coarse-grained granite samples using heat in the furnace and then shock with cold water. Microcracks in fresh and shocked samples at 250, 450, 650, and 850 Cᵒ was investigated using macroscopic core samples, thin sections, SEM images and crack density measurements in three spatial directions perpendicular on each other. Examination of microscopic sections showed that grain in the same size and variety of boundaries cause the microcrack network not to expand. Myrmikite texture accelerates the development of transgranular microcracks. Some minerals such as mica and amphibole have a specific effect on how cracks develop so they are the beginning or ending of microcracks. Examination of microscopic thin sections showed that different type of microcracks in different samples develop in a different way, which is also affected by the absolute age of the rock. Plagioclase has the least and orthoclase has the most number of microcracks. In 250 and 450 Cᵒ thermal shocks, development of microcracks is also affected by porosity.

The Qom Formation, (Oligocene-early Miocene in age) consists of thick successions of marine marls, limestones, gypsum, and siliciclastics. It is deposited in the Sanandaj–Sirjan fore-arc basin, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (Intra-arc basin), and Central Iran back-arc basin and it was subdivided into 11 members to date. "Unnamed member" which is identified by Nummulites intermedius and Eulepidina cf. dilatata and attributed to Rupelian, was introduced as the oldest member of the Qom Formation. Recent studies by the current author subdivided the Rupelian stage into “early Rupelian” and “late Rupelian”, based on the first appearances of lepidocyclinids in the latter one. Accordingly, the "unnamed member" is late Rupelian in age. Besides, the early Rupelian strata are characterized by the presence of Nummulites without lepidocyclinids, reported merely from southwestern and southern Kashan. The basal deposits of the Qom Formation sections in SW and S Kashan (composed of marl, limestone and marl limestone) are distinctly different from the “unnamed” member (alternation of silty marl, sandstone and limestone), “a” member (basal limestone) and “b” member (sandy marl) of the Qom Formation, in terms of lithology. Therefore, the mentioned deposits are introduced as a new member and named the "Verkan Member". Accordingly, the number of the Qom Formation members has increased to 12 and the “Varkan Member” (with 108-m thickness in the Varkan section and early Rupelian in age) is introduced as the oldest member of Qom Formation. The “Verkan Member” is present in the Varkan (SW Kashan), Vidoja (SW Kashan) and Ghohroud (S Kashan) sections.