فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 59، تابستان 1402)

Cichorium endivia is a plant belonging to the family Asteracea. This family with global high distribution, is one of the largest plant family. Since there is no study endive plant in Iran, the present study was to investigate the anatomy and evolution of this plant.

Cichorium endivia is located on the outskirts of Karaj were identified fields and in November 2013 were collected. The vegetative organs were fixed in alcohol-glycerin. This plant flowers in different developmental stages of tiny bud to full flower in the solution 70FAA fixed and were stained for microscopic study.

Cichorium endivia vegetative organs is a kind of dicotyledon. Cichorium endivia anther 4-locular, the tetragonal tetrad arrangement and tapetum at the beginning of anther development of secretory and in the end, is amoebic. Mature pollen grains are spherical and two nuclear. Egg development begins with the formation of egg Prymordium. Globular embryo, clubbing, torpedoes, heart and cotyledon were observed.

Evaluation of anatomical structures of vegetative and reproductive organs showed that the Endive have dicotyledons general features. Pollen grains is from type three-pore. Exine arrangements is acanthaceous type. Observed stages of embryogenesis, the factors is a similarity with the other dicotyledonous.

Cichorium intybus L. is a biennial plant that all parts of this plant (roots, leaves, seeds) are used medicinally. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the induction of calluses from chicory leaves and petioles and to investigate the effect of carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose) on the biochemical composition (flavonoid, Antioxidant activity, phenol, sugar, anthocyanin) of the produced Calli. For this purpose, BAP and KIN cytokinins at three levels (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and NAA auxin at three levels (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) in MS medium were used to induction callus. Also, the effect of different levels of sucrose and glucose was investigated on five levels (1, 2, 3, 4, 5%) with control treatment ½ MS medium. The highest percentage of callus formation and callus weight was observed in culture medium containing 1 mg / l of BAP and NAA. The results showed that the studied carbohydrates had a significant effect on the biochemical composition of chicory (P<0.01). The highest amount of phenol was observed in the treatment of 3% glucose (0.28 mg gallic acid / g fresh weight) and the highest amount of flavonoids was observed in the concentration of 4% glucose (0.29 mg quercetin / g fresh weight). Also, the highest amount of antioxidant and sugar activities were observed in glucose concentration of 1% (89.51%) and glucose 4% (86.97 µg), respectively. The highest amount of anthocyanin (7.1 µM per gram of fresh weight) was observed in 5% glucose treatment.

In this study the effects of paclitaxel and oxaliplatin on colon cancer cell line (HT29) and expression of apoptotic genes caspase 3, 9, and p53 were examined. Using the MTT method, the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel and oxaliplatin and synergic effect at different concentrations on the HT29 cell line was assessed. The IC50 of paclitaxel and oxaliplatin was determined.The expression level of caspase 3 and 9 was assessed using the Real-Time PCR method after the cells had been exposed to the IC50 concentration. Apoptosis of the cells was done using Annexin V/PI and DAPI staining. The treatment of cells revealed that paclitaxel and oxaliplatin at concentrations of 3.25 and 0.00062 µg/ml , respectively, have the most cytotoxic effects and its IC50 value was determined to be 12.5 µg/ml and 0.00016 and treatment groups at concentrations of 3.25 and 0.00062 µg/ml , respectively, decreased the cell viability and its IC50 value was determined to be 12.5 µg/ml and0.00016µg/m. The expression level of caspase 3 and 9 P53 was also increased in the treated colon cancer cell line. DAPI staining showed apoptosis in the simultaneous treatment groups with. Using Annexin V/PI reveals that 98 percent of the cells in the control group are healthy and a considerable number of the cells in the treated groups have undergone apoptosis. Is. It is clear that paclitaxel and oxaliplatin are effective options for treating colon cancer given their cytotoxicity and stimulation of the apoptotic process in colon cancer cell lines.

The avian stem cells are an excellent in vitro model for development and pharmacology educations. These cells have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation and can be considered as a valuable technology in the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was the derivation, culture, and comparison of chicken fibroblast cells to quail cells, regarding cell doubling time and the rate of cell viability during various cell passages. In this experimental study, fertilized eggs were obtained and fibroblasts were isolated with an enzymatic digestion method and of cultured in DMEM medium including 10% FBS for various passages. Population doubling time (PDT) and cell viability were evaluated by trypan blue staining and MTT assay. Data indicated that both cells had a maximum proliferation when cultured in a DMEM containing 10% FBS at 38 C˚. Based on our results, PDT was measured 16±2 h for both two cells during the first o third passages. But, the population of the chicken fibroblasts was doubled in number each 28±2 h, while this value was 36±2.1 h for quail cell population (p<0.05) during the third to sixth passages. Also, cell viability results were according to PDT results. This study demonstrated a potential of self-renewal and cell viability of quail fibroblast cells as a new avian cell source and suggested to use of these cells in future manufacturing applications.

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of hydro-methanolic extract of fenugreek on the serum lipids and PPAR-gamma gene expression in the adipose tissue of hyperlipidemic rats. Thirty-six adult male rats randomly were divided into 6 groups including normal group, control hyperlipidemic group (received 10% lipid in food), positive control hyperlipidemic rats (received atorvastatin at dose of 10 mg/kg, daily) and experimental hyperlipidemic rats (received extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, daily). After 8 weeks and 12 h fastening, the animals were weighted and anesthetized by ether. The liver was removed and weighted. The blood and adipose tissue sampling were done. The weight gain, liver index, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, AST and ALT levels were measured by kit and PPAR-gamma gene expression in the adipose tissue was evaluated by real-time PCR. The results showed that oral treatment of atorvastatin and extract of fenugreek decreased weight gain, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, AST and ALT levels and PPAR-gamma gene expression in adipose tissue, while increased serum HDL level in experimental hyperlipidemic rats compared to control hyperlipidemic rats, significantly. So, the extract of fenugreek improved lipid profile and then down-regulated PPAR-gamma gene expression in adipose tissue.

Electromagnetic fields is one of the effective factors on the living organisms, and therefore in thepresent study the effects of different treatments of electromagnetic fields on the growth indices ,antioxidant activity and vegetative and sexual structures of Pumpkin were assayed. Seed samples ofpumpkin were treated by 2 mT of electromagnetic fields , in 15 and 30 mins, in to different groupsnamed dry and wet. Microtomic and manual sectioning were used to study the vegetative and sexualstructures. The results showed that the treatment affected some indices in the negative or somehowpositive way. The array of xylem in leave section and trichomes structure were also changed. Thesize of trichomes were significantly increased . In 30 min wet treatment the xylem was more hugeand the number of vessels increased. There was no remarkable difference between the treatments andcontrol sample in vegetative meristems of stem and root in microtomy section. But generativemeristems were more massive and more cheeky. There was no difference between the treatments andcontrol sample in anther wall either, except a change in 30 minute wet treatment which was theincrease of the number of transition layer cells. The most changes were in 30 minute wet treatments.In those treatments ovum and stew tissue were injured and the embryo sac was abnormal. Also therewas a gap between cortex and stew tissue.

Juniperus is the second most prevalent group of conifers on Earth. The reduction in viable seeds and natural regeneration is an important problem of Juniperus. Juniperus seravschanica is important in soil protection and is very resistant to frost and drought too. In this study, seed number in cone, seed emptiness and germination were studied on filter paper, peatmoss+ perlite mixture and in field in Galuchar, sarbijan and Dalfard (Kerman province) in populations. In addition, shoot proliferation and rooting in pot and in vitro culture was assayed. The average number of cone seeds in Glochar, Serbijan and Delfard was 4.86, 3.69 and 3.21, respectively. The average number of full seeds per cone was 1.1, 0.22 and 0.1 (22, 5.96 and 3.1%, respectively) in Glochar, Sarbijan and Dalfard, showing 78, 94 and 97% emptiness, respectively. In all media, seed germination percentage was very low (2-5%). No germination was observed in seeds without cold treatment as well as without scarification (making a hole in seed coat). 20 cm young shoots, after cold treatment and rapid immersion in IBA, grew as normal until 4 week and finally dried after 5-6 weeks. The young shoots (1-1.5 cm) cultured in MS and WPM media proliferated and regenerated new branches in WPM (40% regeneration) and MS (57%) media in combination of BAP and NAA (2+3 and 0.2+3 mgl-1, respectively for WPM and MS). No rooting was observed using IBA after 24 weeks.

The genus Cotoneaster L. belongs to the genus Rosaceae. In the study, 17 plant samples were examined based on morphological studies and the nucleus sequence of ITS nrDNA. The results showed that there was a significant difference between all quantitative morphological traits. The studied species were classified into five groups. The pattern of species analysis based on morphological traits and molecular sequencing are very similar. There are similarities and differences between the studied species in terms of the studied traits. Molecular cladogram showed that the genus of Cotoneaster with consistency index (CI) is 0.68. Among some species of this genus such as C. pseudodiscolor and C. discolor, morphological similarity of traits such as leaf shape, density of lower surface hairs, and hairs on the fruit is observed, If it is genomically different and because it is not morphologically consistent with the description of the identified species of milk thistle in Iran and neighboring countries. Therefore, we consider it as a new species for Iran and define it as C. pseudodiscolor. In addition, the species C. morrisonesis and C. franchetti are a new record of this genus and have a separate cluster in their phenogram. , the present study is the first study in the field of genetic diversity in Iran (Hyrcanian province) using nuclear markers (ITS) in accurate species identification Is the first step in breeding this valuable taxon, which will be addressed in the present study.

with increasing in production and trade of chickpeas(Cicer arietinum ), the need to improve its production methods is felt more and more, so that in producing countries, research on its cultivation has been given more attention.Today, One of the problems faced by farmers in developing countries is the poor condition of soil structure, which causes problems such as reduced germination rate, uneven growth of germinated plants and as a result of their unequal competition with each other in the use of resources such as light, Nutrients and water, this causes differences in plant biomass and ultimately yield.One of the methods to overcome this problem is the use of seed pretreatment before germination (priming) and in this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of nanopriming (Nano Titanium dioxide) on seed germination and plant growth parameters on (Cicer arietinum ).The results showed nanopriminng with Nano Titanium dioxide was significant on the parameters of stem dry weight and root dry weight but not significant on root length ,stem length ,root wet weight, stem wet weight ,plant wet weight ,total dry weight and speed germination. The studies were performed with SPSS software and Duncan test.Finally, it is concluded that seed pretreatment before germination with Titanium Nanoxide is effective and increases the production of chickpeas, the positive effect of this compound on other plants had been previously reviewed and confirmed.