فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 74، تابستان 1402)

Societal security is one of the most important elements of society, and the Islamic Republic of Iran’s police forces is responsible for its provision and implementation. The present research is mainly aimed at explaining the strategic model of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s police forces in promoting societal security in the light of the declaration of the second step of the Islamic Revolution, which looks into the issue of using a combined method.

The present research method is combined or mixed, which is conducted using a sequential relative approach with unequal weight in three qualitative-qualitative-quantitative phases. The research has respectively used three

"scope review, theme analysis, and survey". Interview and questionnaire are the main tools respectively used in the qualitative and quantitative phase. The information and data has been obtained from 11 experts in the qualitative phase and 14 experts in the quantitative phase.

According to the findings of the research, in the first phase, i.e. the method of scope review; eight themes were determined for conducting interviews, and in the second phase, while using theme analysis method, 192 indicators were identified, out of which 87 basic themes, 41 organizing themes and 4 overarching themes were extracted.According to the results and analyses made, police forces’ strategic model in promoting societal security is considered in four key components: "community-orientation, justice-orientation, protection-orientation, knowledge-orientation” which will bring about authority and more success to the Islamic community in line with the promotion of societal security in it.

Quarrel is defined as physical fight between more than two people, which takes place in urban-rural communities in various forms and types: individual and collective (tribal-kinship). According to Smelser's theory of institutional development, the main root of quarrel is in developmental disorder, mainly due to scarcity of resources, relative deprivation, traditional structure and conflict with emerging values and norms, rapid value displacement, social disorganization and finally anomie). The main goal of this research is to analyze the quantitative content of quarrel files (case study: Ardabil province). The statistical population was 80 dismissed judicial files of quarrel (assault and battery) during 2011-2015 (due to non-confidentiality of the results of the file).

The cluster method was used for choosing the location of the study and the method of choosing the location of the file was being of deliberate type, and the principles of randomly choosing the files’ registered number.

The results indicate that 85% of the quarrel parties are men and 15% are women; 42% of the parties to the quarrel are individuals belonging to the lower (socio-economic) class, 32% from the middle class and 26% from the higher class; and 62% of the quarrels occur in the traditional environment (rural, nomadic or marginal areas). Individuals who are between 21 and 30 have played the most role in the quarrels. The more educated the people, the lower will be the quarrel rate. Among those involved in quarrels 42% were farmers, 26% ranchers, 20% self-employed, and 12% worked with state organizations. Ninety percent of people involved in quarrels were those with previous records of quarrel and fight. Twenty-nine percent of quarrels occurred in spring, 45% in summer, 16% in autumn and just 10% in winter. The rate of individual quarrel is 41% and that of collective quarrel is 59%. Twenty-two percent of the parties to the quarrel did not know each other, 15% were acquaintances, 10% were close friends, and 46% were family members and relatives. Family issues with 30 %, supporting clan and relatives with 20 %, personal disagreements and revenge with 14% were the main motivations for quarrel.

Enjoying one third of the average global rainfall, Iran is one of the world’s dry regions. Isfahan province, as an important province in Iran, is not an exemption to this. Hence, the balance between water resources supply and demand in this province should be considered an important approach. Unless the issue of water shortage is understood and acknowledged by community, violence will dominate tolerance and dialogue and the social security of the civil community will be jeopardized. Therefore, water crisis in Isfahan should be acknowledged by community or should considered a social issue to become food for thought.

Based on the conventional procedure in the grounded theory method, the present research has presented the results related to the open coding of the data, as well as the selective and central coding. In order to carry out theoretical and background studies, the library method and data collection tools have been used through data collection, statistical, documentary and descriptive sources. Based on the principle of theoretical saturation, the research experts are 13 people who were familiar with the under-study issue.

The attractiveness of the urban center of Isfahan for living and due to factors such as its demographic developments, the weakness in the decision-making and planning system, the imbalance of resources and consumption, water resources abuse, the dangers of drying up “Gav Khooni”, land subsidence, the threat of rural livelihoods, as well as the damage caused by migration in the cities of the province; and the potential of the problem to become a social problem, have all brought about dissatisfaction and the policing and security crisis. Finally, the governance policies along with social movements, have made the life of the river Zayandehroud faced a challenging issue and has led to regional quarrels and its continuation.

Nowadays, the type of places has been noticed by analyzers, city managers and police commanders in reducing crime and security feeling, and has been highly successful in establishing security and implementing police instructions. Given this issue, the present research aims to investigate the impact of various roles of places in boosting social security in district 20 in Tehran.

The present research, in terms of purpose, is of applied type and in terms of method is of descriptive-survey type. The target statistical population is the citizens and police forces staff in district 20 in Tehran, and based on statistics N= 368,285. Simple random sampling method was used, and based on Cochran's formula 383 people were selected. The data was collected using a questionnaire among the statistical population, and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha test. Also, the impact of location as an independent variable on the dependent variable (enhancing social security) has been proven with a confidence level of 0.93.

The results of the research indicate that given the data and examining the role of place, highest rate of crimes occurs in places having economic and cultural role (such as parks) as well as abandoned and worn-out urban areas; and it poses some challenges to societal security. Therefore, the type of place has a positive and direct impact on the crime fluctuations, and as a result on the ups and downs of urban societal security. Hence, examining the role of place and its interrelationship with security will strengthen police reports and crime registration, and could improve the police power by investigating and discovering  crimes and establishing training backgrounds for expert police through the use of more accurate methods and techniques to identify safe and unsafe places.

  The police forces’ visible and invisible surveillance plays an important role in controlling football fans’ violent behavior. The present research aims to investigate the role of police surveillance in controlling the occurrence of violent behavior in football matches from the perspective of the Foulad Mobarake Sepahan fans.

  The research is of survey type and data collection tool was a self-made questionnaire to measure the level of fans’ violent behavior and to measure the level of police surveillance. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to evaluate its validity and reliability. The research population was all the fans of Foulad Mobarake Sepahan Club, 331 of whom were selected via simple random sampling. The theoretical framework of the research was based on the theories of Bandura, Foucault and Latour.

  The research findings indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between violent behavior and general surveillance and the police forces’ visible surveillance, and there is a negative and significant relationship between violent behavior and invisible surveillance. The examination of linear and curvilinear relationships in the regression analysis also indicated that there is a significant linear relationship between police visible surveillance and spectators’ violent behavior; and there is significant non-linear relationship between police forces’ invisible surveillance and spectators’ violent behavior. Based on this, it could be argued that the more is visible surveillance of the police force, the more will be the spectators’ violent behavior. However, due to the rise in the invisible surveillance, initially the violent behavior enhances, but with the more is this type of surveillance, the less would be violence among spectators.It could be concluded that the invisible surveillance of the police forces based on the community-oriented policing approach is significant and is recommended for controlling the football spectators’ violent behavior.

Nowadays, public spaces, especially in underprivileged neighborhoods, do not adequately meet children’s needs. One of the most important problems of these neighborhoods is the insecurity in public spaces, which intensifies social and economic issues, and in fact, it could be called an obstacle to the growth and development of children living in underprivileged neighborhoods. The present study, while aiming at enhancing the security of public spaces from the children’s perspective, has investigated the challenges of their security in public spaces in underprivileged neighborhoods.

The research method of the article is of qualitative type and based on participation with children. Ten to twelve year-old girls are considered as the target group, and interview and drawing methods were considered as research tools proportionate to the target group. Elteimur neighborhood in Mashhad was chosen as a case study due to the residence of low-income class people and the existence of security issues. Finally, the findings have been achieved through the analysis of maps of the neighborhood and the analysis of the content of the text of the interviews and the coding of the resulting data.

Data analysis has led to the identification of routes in the neighborhood where children frequently pass by, the location of unsafe places from their point of view, and the getting to know factors that cause the insecurity feeling among children in every single unsafe place. The results of the research indicate that the coexistence of worrying people and worrying judicial factors in the environment along with the mental backgrounds transferred from the family, media and personal experiences which all have caused various types of fear of insecurity among children in Elteimur neighborhood, Mashhad.

The present study is aimed at investigating the important variables, the reasons for conflict and variation in the results of the conducted researches, the causes of existence of intervening variables, and the identifying and investigating hidden variables from the researchers’ perspective.

Quantitative and qualitative method was chosen using meta-analysis technique, and then research findings were determined, collected, combined and summarized. On this basis, 52 articles and dissertations were deemed qualified and had the initial criteria for entering the meta-analysis. Following checking and removing duplicated and irrelevant cases, 40 were selected.

The findings of the meta-analysis showed that there are several factors in the social prevention of crime and the percentage of contribution of every factor was as follows: individual (8%), social (29%), cultural (19%), policing (31%), economic (4%) and political (9%) were effective in the social prevention of crime. Some of these factors were considered independent variables in the studies; while they were considered dependent variables in others. Among these factors, policing factors have had the most impact, and economic factors have had the least impact on the social prevention of crime. The results of the research indicate that various studies have used various indicators in crime prevention as criteria such as public training, family, media, social participation, interaction with people, social environment and virtual space. For this reason, the obtained results sometimes varied and were in contradiction with each other. Also, the contribution of economic factors and NGOs in the social prevention of crime have been given less attention and/or have been ignored in these studies.