مجله مطالعات علوم پزشکی
سال سی و چهارم شماره 6 (شهریور 1402)

HIIT exercises play a role in increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator alpha (PGC-1α) and nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training with sodium citrate on the expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2 in the soleus muscle of rats.

In this interventional study, 24 three-month-old white male rats were divided into three groups of control, HIIT exercises, and HIIT exercises + citrate supplement, and were matched according to their weight. Rats in two groups of HIIT exercises and HIIT exercises + citrate supplement performed interval training for 8 weeks and 5 days each week with 50% amplitude and 90% maximum intensity, respectively, in the form of running on a treadmill. In addition to exercising, the rats in the HIIT + citrate supplement group received 15 mmol/L of sodium citrate supplement as a solution in water. The expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2 was measured in soleus muscle by western blotting method. Data analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test in SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05. Also, Cohen's D effect size was used to compare groups.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2 protein in two groups of HIIT exercises and HIIT exercises + citrate supplement compared to the control group (p=0.001). Also, the addition of sodium citrate might have a significant effect on HIIT exercises + citrate supplement group compared to the HIIT exercises (p=0.001).

HIIT training increases the expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2. Also, sodium citrate supplementation before HIIT exercises can have a double effect in increasing the expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2.

The killed preparation of microorganisms in combination with alum does not generally produce strong cellular immune responses. Glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpenoid saponin with immunomodulating properties. The present study was conducted to investigate the synergism of glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and alum liposome on immune responses against the killed form of Salmonella Typhimurium (HKST).

In this experimental study, male Balb/c mice in 5 groups of 15 were immunized with HKST vaccine alone or in combination with alum, GL or alum-GL combination twice with two weeks’ interval. Fourteen days after the last vaccination, the immune responses against Salmonella Typhimurium and the protective potential of the vaccines were evaluated. Survival rate was monitored by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Other findings were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. A level of P<0.05 was considered significant.

Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, lymphocyte proliferation, IgG2a antibody titer and the rate of improvement of survival against challenge with live were significantly increased in the group receiving combined adjuvant and HKST compared to other groups. In the group receiving combined adjuvant, the level of IFN-γ significantly increased and IL-4 significantly decreased more profound than other groups.

Alum-GL combination as an adjuvant synergistically increased cellular and humoral immunity after immunization with the HKST vaccine.

Acute pulmonary thromboembolism with a mortality of about 15-20% is the third leading cause of death from vascular disease after myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular disease. Considering the ominous nature of the disease and our experience of observing significant degrees of pulmonary hypertension among these patients, we decided to evaluate the prevalence of echocardiographic findings and its relationship with in-hospital mortality of affected patients.

In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 183 patients with a definitive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism having admission echocardiography. Clinical and echocardiographic findings were extracted from patients' medical records. Patients were grouped as survivors to hospital discharge and non-survivors, and the relationship between echocardiographic findings and in-hospital mortality was evaluated. All data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 and the significance level was considered less than 0.05.

In-hospital mortality rate of our patients was 20.2%. Dyspnea and chest pain were the most prevalent symptoms, while tachycardia, tachypnea and hypotension were the most frequent signs. Average systolic pulmonary artery pressure was about 50.82±22.88 mmHg with significant difference between deceased and discharged subjects. We also reported a significant relationship between in-hospital mortality and TR severity and right ventricular dysfunction. Severe pulmonary hypertension was present in 42% of the patients, and about one third of them didn't survive to the hospital discharge. However, only 14 patients with less than severe PH on presentation expired during hospital stay (p=0.002).

High frequency of severe pulmonary hypertension observed in our acute presenting patients could be a sign of combined PH etiologies and warrant further evaluation of secondary causes.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder involving the small intestine caused by gluten consumption. In addition to the complications caused by the involvement of the digestive system, many autoimmune complications, especially autoimmune thyroid diseases, are also common in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases in celiac children of Urmia for the optimal management of their treatment.

In this cross-sectional study, venous blood samples were taken from children living in Urmia whose celiac disease was previously confirmed. Anti-transglutaminase test (anti-tTG-) to confirm the diagnosis, Antithyroid Peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) and Antithyroglobulin Antibody (anti-TG) tests to screen for autoimmune thyroid disease, and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test was performed to check thyroid function, all by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test.

Seventy-seven patients with an average age of 11.84 participated in the study; 30 of them were male and 47 were female. Anti-TPO test was positive in 3.9% and Anti-TG test was positive in 11.7% of the patients, all of whom were female. The difference in both genders regarding Anti-TG was statistically significant (p=0.023). In most of the patients who had positive Anti-TPO, the Anti-TG test was also positive, and a significant positive correlation was seen between these two tests (R=0.82). In 26% of the patients, hypothyroidism and in 1.3% of them, hyperthyroidism was seen. Hypothyroidism was seen in celiac patients in whom Anti-TPO was positive, 66.7% and in those who Anti-TG was positive, hypothyroidism was seen in 45.5%, which were not statistically significant (p=0.12).

The results of this study showed that thyroid autoimmune diseases are high in celiac children, especially in females. Therefore, regular examination of thyroid function and monitoring autoantibodies in celiac patients seems necessary for optimal management of both conditions.

Type 2 diabetic mellitus is a popular metabolic disorder affecting enormous population around the world. The present study aimed to find out the effectiveness of sodium butyrate (NaB) and treadmill exercise on body weight and glycemic parameters in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes.

Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of control, diabetes, diabetes+sodium butyrate, diabetes+exercise, and diabetes+sodium butyrate+exercise. Type 2 diabetes was induced through 4 weeks of high-fat diet and then streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats were treated with NaB (400 mg/kg daily) and treadmill exercise (5 days per week) for 6 weeks. Body weight and glycemic parameters such as fasting blood sugar, glucose tolerance, insulin level, insulin resistance index, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated in them.

The results of this study showed that sodium butyrate combined with treadmill exercise causes a significant increase in body weight compared to the diabetic group (p < 0.05). Also, the blood glucose level significantly decreased in sodium butyrate (p < 0.05), exercise (p < 0.01) and sodium butyrate+exercise (p < 0.001) groups compared to the diabetes group. The level of blood sugar in the glucose tolerance test significantly decreased in sodium butyrate (p < 0.05), exercise (p < 0.01), and sodium butyrate+exercise (p < 0.001) groups compared to the diabetes group. In the sodium butyrate+exercise group, a significant increase in insulin (p < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05) was observed. Also, although insulin resistance was reduced in the sodium butyrate+exercise group compared to the diabetes group, this reduction was not significant (p > 0.05).

Sodium butyrate combined with exercise can improve body weight and glycemic parameters in type 2 diabetes patients.

Trauma injuries are one of the major health problems in the world. Although several programs have been implemented to reduce the rate of traumatic injuries, the rate of injuries is still increasing. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of trauma in trauma patients referred to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in order to reduce mortality and increase the final improvement by adopting appropriate methods to prevent and reduce trauma statistics and trauma control. Patients suffered severe injuries.

This retrospective study was performed over a period of 6 months 2016 on trauma patients referred to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia. Type of trauma, mechanism of its action, and other necessary information were extracted from the patients' files and recorded in the relevant checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.

In this study, 17,790 trauma patients were examined. In terms of gender, 4736 (26.6%) were female and 13542 (73.4%) were male. The mean age of trauma patients referred to the emergency department was 30.70 ± 18.26 years. Of 68 patients died in the emergency department, 24 (35.3%) died within the first hour of admission, 38 (55.8%) within 23 hours, and 6 (8.9%) after 24 hours.

The most common causes of trauma were vehicle accidents, fights, and falls from a height. There was a significant difference between the sex of patients and the type of trauma (P=0.001), however, there was no significant relationship between the type of accident and the age group of trauma patients (P=0.34).