فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1402)

PhD students in the best higher education systems in the world are known as researchers. Also PhD students receive salaries for this scientific effort. The funding system for PhD students in the best universities is an important subject. In Iran, PhD students like undergraduate students, are not full-time researchers. For this reason, it is difficult to put the research activities of PhD students in the universities in the direction of solving problems, focusing on needs and responding to demands, and the applicability of research results in this academic period is limited in Iran. In this research, based on the case study method and with data collection tools such as interviews with experts and previous studies, the policy requirements presented for implementing the grant-based financing system from the financial sources of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. In the policy model presented in this article, 14 policy requirements are presented in the three dimensions of research allocation mechanisms, stable financing, and identification and evaluation of grant-based research projects. There are 4 requirements related to how to stabilize financial resources for research allocation, 6 requirements related to how to allocate available financial resources to the research activities of PhD students, and 4 policy requirements related to identifying and evaluating projects which attracted grant.

One of the key issues and challenges discussed in the oil industry is the problem of innovation and technology transfer in buy-back contracts. Some experts believe that the weakness in technology development in the country's oil industry is due to this contractual model and have proposed a new oil contracts model to address this problem. This research aims to identify the key obligations related to learning and technology transfer in the oil industry contracts by using text analysis approach and analyzing the country's upstream contracts. To achieve this goal, we first investigate the nature of technology in international contracts, considering both tangible property with transferability and intangible knowledge. Then, using the opinions of experts and previous research to develop a conceptual model for the research and by using it, then analyzed 29 upstream oil contracts in Iran using this model. The research results indicate that there is no significant difference between the types of upstream contracts in the oil industry in terms of their capacity for learning and technology transfer. However, the vagueness and generality of these obligations, as well as the lack of appropriate performance guarantees, are among the defects that exist in all contract models (concession, service, product sharing, and buy-back) and need to be addressed.

Nowadays, one of the most key innovation policies is the use of public procurement as a tool for technology development. These policies have been noticed especially in recent years in Iran. So that various programs have been designed and implemented to realize it. the program for the first-time production of strategic items, which is implemented in the vice president's science, technology and knowledge-based economy, is one of them. this research aims to provide a model for using government procurement tools for the first-time production of strategic technological items through the study of this program. For this purpose, 23 experts were interviewed and relevant themes were extracted based on thematic analysis method. Then, a model has been designed to explain and describe the use of government procurement tools that can lead to the production of technological and strategic items that have no domestic counterparts. The three main pillars of this model are empowering the supply side, empowering the demand side, and supporting the contract between them. At the end, Policy proposals have been made in order to improve the implemented programs for the implementation of the aforementioned policies, which include: improving the coordination of ranks and headquarters in organizations, paying attention to international relations, creating a production insurance mechanism for the first time, taking advantage of a long list of suppliers, and budget planning.

In line with the development of innovation, one of the most important things that should be taken into consider by policymakers at different levels is to address the characteristics that distinguish firms active in a certain field.By taking into account the environmental and local differences, as well as the internal differences of the firms, how innovative activities are carried out, the type of research and development costs of the firms, the type of market they are considering and many other indicators that have been addressed by various researchers, they can Identify different firms and study their activities and set appropriate policies.In this research, by identifying the innovative activities, a new typology of firms in the oil and gas sector has been presented, and finally, according to the findings of the investigation of innovative activities and the data related to the national innovation survey plan of Iran, the appropriate framework for the development of innovation in this sector are suggested.By hierarchical clustering, 73 selected oil and gas Firms were classified into 4 clusters, which are: (1) firms focused on cooperation and networking and internal routines, (2) firms focused on research and development and internal routines, (3) firms focused on research and development and (4) firms focused on research and development and networking and cooperation. Then the policy framework in order to encourage innovation were presented and examined for each cluster.

This article investigates the consequences of R&D relocation for companies and countries of origin and destination. RDR is one of the types of outsourcing based on which companies try to use it in the direction of Completing knowledge and technological capabilities and reducing R&D costs will benefit from the studies that have shown the development of this type of outsourcing in the last two decades. A systematic review of empirical studies can lead to a deeper understanding of this field regarding the consequences for companies and countries on both sides of R&D relocation. The present study has benefited from the systematic review of empirical studies from 2000 to 2021 to understand the consequences of RDR. The research results show that R&D relocation can lead to improved performance, innovation, productivity, increased intensity of R&D, knowledge, and economic effects for the parties. Also, the characteristics of companies and countries on both sides and the type of knowledge in RDR can influence the relationship between R&D relocation and its consequences. Identifying these factors will motivate managers and policymakers to improve the achievement of results and provide the basis for the foundation of the R&D relocation regions in the country by developing appropriate policies.

The development of technological capabilities is a tools of industrial progress of countries, and each country adopts strategies for the development of technological capabilities according to its requirements. Considering the existence of a window of opportunity for demand in the aviation sector of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in this article we are trying to identify the strategies that led to the progress of that company by studying a successful global experience (Boeing Company) and using the research method "Importance–Performance Analysis", we want to make operational proposals for Iran's aviation industry. For this purpose, we first analyzed Boeing company and extracted its strategies through documentary studies and in the next step, through a survey of experts, we improved the accuracy and quality of the identified strategies and in Finally, we analyzed the identified strategies using the survey and the "Importance-Performance Analysis" (IPA) method. The findings show that all the identified strategies are of high importance, but two strategies "designing a suitable playground by the government and creating alignment between commercial and military activities" and "learning strategy and accumulation of capabilities for complex product design and development" have more priority than other strategies.

This policy report has been written with the aim of providing policy programs to support scientific and technological supremacy. In this report, an attempt has been made to present a clearer picture of the concept of scientific and technological supremacy based on the studies conducted in this field, and to review domestic experiences and selected international experiences in the field of supporting scientific and technological supremacy. Finally, an attempt has been made to provide some policy programs to support scientific and technological supremacy in the country by taking advantage of selected domestic and international experiences. These policy programs include: 1) Program to cultivate and strengthen young talents and support the pioneers in the field of science and technology; 2) Program for the development and strengthening of pioneering science and technology organizations; 3) Program in sync with scientific and technological trends in the world; 4) Program for responsive, inclusive and mission-oriented sciences; 5) Program for science for all (popularization and socialization of science and technology); 6) Program of intelligent and targeted scientific and technological interactions and collaboration with the world; and 7) Program for useful, wealth-creating and value-creating sciences and technologies.

This article examines the manipulation of reality on social media and its detrimental effects on politics and the digital economy. While social media initially offered hope for democracy and freedom of expression by providing access to diverse media resources and breaking the monopoly of mainstream media, some recent trends have overshadowed its potential. The widespread dissemination of fake and deceptive news on these platforms has become a tool for manipulating public opinion, even leading to social control in certain countries. Additionally, social media is employed for political propaganda in democratic systems. This article explores the necessity of policies to address the escalating trend of digital manipulation and evaluates the effectiveness of applied policies in Ukraine, Taiwan, and Brazil. The findings reveal that government policies in Ukraine have been less effective, but civil society efforts are actively countering computer propaganda. Taiwan has adopted a combination of technical and social approaches, while policymaking in Brazil has been challenging due to the activism of multiple stakeholders and the complexity of the digital ecosystem.