فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال بیستم شماره 80 (تابستان 1402)

In this study, performing for the first time, the tracheas of 5 Caspian seals were examined. For macroscopic study, the appearance features of the tracheas and the position of their cartilaginous rings were carefully examined. For microscopic examination, after the usual histological procedures, 6-micron sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid Schiff, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff and Alcian blue and studied with a light microscope. The macroscopic results showed that the tracheal lumen was elongated in an oval shape, but in the anterior surface of the trachea the cross section was completely round. The cartilaginous rings are C-shaped, but the cartilages located caudal to the cricoid cartilage appear as complete rings. The number of cartilaginous rings in 5 samples was between 85 and 95 cartilages, and their complete rings are about 28. The histological results showed that the epithelium is pseudo stratified columnar with many goblet cells. The lamina propria consists of loose connective tissue containing dense lymphatic tissues and the submucosa is composed of dense connective tissue. The presence and density of the collagen and elastic fibers in the submucosa seem to be higher than in the lamina propria, and a wide vascular network with lacunal spaces and valve-like structures can be seen in the connective tissues of the trachea. The muscles of the trachea are mainly oriented in the longitudinal direction and the cartilaginous rings in the dorsal region of the trachea overlap in several layers.

120 one-day-old broiler chickens of the Ras 308 commercial strain were randomly placed in 4 treatments including control, 1, 2 and 4 liters of barberry juice in 1000 liters of water. The length of the test period was 42 days, which included the initial period (from the 7th day to the end of the 21st day) and the growth period (from the 22nd day to the end of the 42nd day). According to the results, treatment 1 was associated with a decrease in fertilizer consumption, and treatments 2 and 3 were associated with an increase in fertilizer consumption compared to the control group, and this difference was significant only between treatments 1 and 3 (P<0.05). The best breeding performance with the lowest conversion rate was also obtained in treatment 1. Improvements in various parameters were observed in blood parameters, but the only significant factor was albumin values in treatment 3, which showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.05). In examining the length of the villi, all the treatments had a significant increase in the first 10%, and the highest increase was related to treatment 1 (P<0.05). Also, treatment 1 showed the highest significant value (P<0.05) in the depth of the leaves. It can be concluded that the use of 1 liter of barberry juice per 1000 liters of water in the poultry diet can have positive effects on weight gain and improve the performance of broiler chickens.

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the role of opioidergic, nitric oxide and histaminergic pathways in pain inhibition by quercetin in mice. 85 male mice were randomly evaluated in 5 experimental phases with four groups and 5 repetitions in each group. In experiment 1, in order to investigate the analgesic effects of quercetin, the first group as a control, the second to fourth groups received levels of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of quercetin, respectively, and the fifth group received morphine (5 mg/kg). After determining the effective level of quercetin, the experiments of the second to fourth stages were designed and implemented. In the second experiment, experimental groups included control, injection of quercetin (150 mg/kg), naloxone (non-selective antagonist of opioid receptors, 2 mg/kg) and combined administration of quercetin (150 mg/kg) with naloxone (2 mg/kg). In third and fourth experiments, L-NAME (nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, 10 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (non-selective antagonist of histamine receptors, 4 mg/kg) were used instead of naloxone. Then the formalin test was performed by injecting it into the sole of the right foot and the duration of pain (time of licking and biting the injected foot) was measured in time periods of 0-5 minutes (first phase) and 15-30 minutes (second phase). According to the results, injection of different levels of quercetin significantly reduced pain time (P<0.05). Co-injection of naloxone or L-NAME plus quercetin significantly reduced the analgesic effects of quercetin (P<0.05). The results showed that quercetin has analgesic properties and this effect is mediated through the nitrergic and opioidergic pathways in mice.

The Salmonella serotypes are detected mainly through traditional microbiologic methods, which are associated with problems. The invention of rapid molecular detection methods has somewhat resolved these problems. This study aimed to assess the possibility of rapid detection of typhoid and non-typhoid Salmonellas in poultry using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 40 isolates of Salmonella from industrial poultry were collected veterinary laboratories in Tabriz, Iran. After microbiological and serological tests, we confirmed that 27 out of 40 isolates belonged to the Salmonella entrica species. Differential tests revealed that 15, 7, 2, and 3 isolates were Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Pullorum, respectively. We then used specific primers to multiply the genes invA, rfbJ, lygD, I137_08605, and speC. The 27 isolates were then genotypically analyzed through multiplex-PCR. The results showed that all 27 isolates and the standard strains of all 4 bacteria carry the invA gene, while this gene was absent in 13 non-Salmonella isolates. The I137_08605 genes was present in all isolates and the standard strains of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum; the rfbJ and lygD genes were present in all isolates of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium and their standard strains; and the speC gene was present in all isolates of S. Gallinarum and some isolates of S. Typhimurium and S. Entritidis and their standard strains. It seems that typhoid Salmonellas of poultry, i.e., S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, can be discriminated from non-typhoid Salmonellas through the multiplex-PCR molecular method. This can prevent further damage to the country's poultry industry by preventing their further spread.

Cancer is one of the most important causes of death in today's societies. Intolerable side effects and resistance to chemotherapy drugs have encouraged scientists to invent new drug compounds with less side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of quercetin encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles on cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell growth of K562 cell line. The flavonoid quercetin was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles and their physical characteristics were determined using standard methods, FTIR and SEM microscope images. K562 cells were cultured in cell culture medium, the cytotoxicity of drugs was evaluated by MTT method and the effects of nanodrugs on apoptosis in them were evaluated by flow cytometry. IC50 during 24- and 48-hours exposure of cells with nanoquercetin drug was determined as 16.71 and 10.36 μg/ml. Quercetin nanomedicine had a positive zeta potential. The data showed that the form of quercetin nanomedicine encapsulated with chitosan compared to the pure form of quercetin had a statistically significant effect on cancer cells (p<0.05). The results of the present study show that the encapsulated form of quercetin nanomedicine with chitosan has more cytotoxicity than the pure form of drugs. On the other hand, the results showed that quercetin in the form of a nano-drug complex had a significant effect in inducing apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Therefore, this nanomedicine can be further investigated in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.

PKD is the most common genetic kidney disease in Persian and mixed Persian cats. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is reported to be 33.8%. The most common cause of death in this breed is the complications caused by chronic kidney failure and electrolyte disorders caused by it. In this research, the changes of total and ionized calcium in cats with PKD were investigated and compared with the control group. Also, in the next step of this research, the changes of these electrolytes were investigated with the factor (cyst volume)/(kidney volume). In order to carry out this study, 50 healthy and PKD cats of Persian and mixed Persian breeds were evaluated. For this purpose, animal information including age, sex, food ration, and disease history were obtained, and after ultrasonography, the abdominal area of cats with one or more echo cysts with a clear and smooth wall in one or both kidneys and obstructive disease and or did not have kidney stones except patients were targeted. Also, positive patients were classified according to the ratio (cyst volume)/(kidney volume). Then blood sampling was done to perform biochemical tests. In this study, 25 cats with polycystic and non-azotemic kidneys and 25 healthy cats were evaluated as a control group. The results of the present study showed that total calcium was higher than normal in 22% of cats with PKD. But they did not show a significant difference between the control group and total hypocalcemia was not seen in either of the two groups, and in terms of the amount of ionized calcium, hypercalcemia was present in 52% of the cats and ionized hypocalcemia was present in 12%, but there was a significant difference between Two groups were not seen. The most interesting point in this research was the significant relationship between the amount of total calcium and the ratio of the volume of the cyst to the volume of the kidney in both kidneys. It has a direct relationship, and since hypercalcemia is one of the common causes of chronic kidney failure, it is recommended that in cats with PKD and hypercalcemia at the same time, despite the lack of asthma, diet changes and more specialized tests to evaluate the kidneys.