مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 90 (آبان 1402)

Jacobsen believes that by examining the six communication elements of "message", "addressee", "subject", "speaker", "communication channel" and "codes", the stylistic features of texts can be analyzed. From his point of view, in the process of creating communication, the message can be more oriented towards one of these six elements and cause the creation of roles such as "emotional role", "motivational role", "referential role", "metaphorical role", "empathic role" and "Literary role" and the different function of language sentences and finally stylistic difference. In this research, the stylistic features and the type of literary creation of the two texts of Fih-Ma-fih and Maqalat Shams are examined in the use of linguistic roles and rhetorical devices; Also, the analysis of the dominant and non-dominant linguistic role in the sentences and the stylistic reasons for the use of each role have also been discussed.

This article is done with qualitative and quantitative analysis method.

Among the common stylistic features of these two texts is the use of the referential role of sentences in high frequency. The performance of the referential role in the form of news sentences in Maqalat Shams with 51%, as a tool to express topics such as Shams" life, the mystical environment of that time, etc., along with the performance of sensory-sensual similes, has caused the text to tend to the linguistic form of absolute prose. In Fih-Ma-fih, Molavi has used this role with 49% to express his opinions under the influence of Maqalat Shams. In addition to the referential role, the persuasive role in the form of imperative sentences in Maqalat Shams with 21% and in Fih-Ma-fih with 17% is also taken into consideration due to the didactic nature of the text.

The results of the research show the similar style of these two texts. The high performance of literary similes with intellectual-sensual aspects of compound and allegorical similes, along with irony and metaphors, has led to the movement of the text of Fih-Ma-Fih towards poetic and literary prose. On the other hand, the lower frequency of the stylistic feature of the emotional role in Maqalat Shams with 9% and in Fih-Ma-fih with 5% has caused a clear understanding of the expressions and strengthened the referential and audience-oriented nature of these two texts. It should be noted that the different functions of rhetorical industries have caused the stylistic distinction of these two texts.

A major part of Hossein Sanapour"s novel "Dud" is narrated through monologue. Novels with this style of narration are often descriptions of the worries and anxieties of the characters or a reflection of their failure The fluid flow of the mind also accounts for a major part of these monologues. According to Perls - a contemporary theorist - all people suffer from the defect of that subject in their minds due to their totalism and their interest in finishing any subject, and until they have not solved that problem, they may be mentally disturbed. The result of this incomplete situation can cause inappropriate behavior. This research examines the novel "Dud" by Hossein Sanapour according Perl"s "unfinished Gestalt" theory.

This research did with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library sources.

The findings indicate that "Hessam", the narrator and the first character of this novel, is constantly speaking due to unfinished gestalts. He navigates through the fluid flow of his mind through the unfinished situations of his past. Mental confusion is the result of his mental state.

Silence; Vaguyeh; passive actions; lack of power in making timely decisions; Not showing appropriate emotions in stimulating situations and. It is one of the cases that induce dark concepts in the human relations of today"s society. The author narrates the unfinished gestalts of the narrator using language and the fluid flow of the mind.

 Undoubtedly, the concern of every person in life is to reach the ideal world that he cultivates in his mind and to achieve it, he tries to remove its obstacles. Needs are among the obstacles that can be removed to achieve a desirable life. Therefore, this motivation will lead a person to know and satisfy his needs. William Glaser is one of the psychologists who presented a theory based on internal control, called the theory of choice, in which he proposed five basic human needs, which include: survival, love, power, freedom, and fun, and he believes that every behavior of humans Head is in the direction of satisfying these five needs. Considering the deep relationship between the rich Persian literature and psychology, it is possible to analyze and examine the authentic works of Persian literature based on the world"s popular theories. The purpose of this research is to examine the basic human needs in the poems of Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi and Fereydoun Moshiri, relying on Golsar"s selection theory.

 The current research is a theoretical study that was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method, using the tool of sampling and referring to library sources. The studied community was the book of Ashke Maashuq, the collection of Hamidi Shirazi"s poems from the contemporary voice publishing house, and the reflection of Sobhdaman"s soul, the summaries of Fereydon Moshiri"s poems published by the Cheshme publication.

 The study of the poems of Hamidi Shirazi and Moshiri shows that the need for love is expressed more than other needs in their poems. Evidence of the need for survival, power, freedom, and fun can also be seen in the poems of the two poets mentioned above, which shows their attention to satisfying these needs in humans. In Hamidi"s poem, according to the frankness of his speech, and what he himself has expressed about his love, it is concluded that addressing each of the needs and satisfying them often depended on his success in his romantic relationships; On the other hand, Moshiri goes beyond the poet"s personal ego in expressing his feelings and inner needs, and considers the satisfaction of every need necessary and appropriate for everyone.

 Hamidi Shirazi and Moshiri were under the influence of factors that had a direct relationship with their inner selves in the creation of their poems, and this caused the basic human needs to appear in their poems.

 After the Renaissance period and the emergence of industrial developments, man saw himself at the center of the universe and admired his power. In other words, with the industrial progress, man feels powerful and the issue of the death of Nietzsche"s God has occurred and belief in God is lost in his mind. The consequence of such thinking was the weakening of religious beliefs and the destruction of traditional values, which led to nihilism. In the 1930s and 1940s, Iranian intellectuals became involved in nihilistic thoughts while being familiar with such thoughts and due to the existence of severe political-social disturbances. The purpose of this research is to investigate the various dimensions of nihilism from political, social, philosophical, existential, epistemological, and ethical aspects in the poems of contemporary poets (Mahdi Akhvan sales, Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, Manouchehr Atashi, Nader Naderpour, and Mohammad Zohari) has been.

 This research is descriptive-analytical and library study and data collection based on content analysis.

 Based on the findings of the research, the various dimensions of nihilism are reflected in the poems of the poets in question, according to the frequency of social, philosophical, ethical, existential, political, and epistemological nihilism. Meanwhile, Shamlou"s poems in political nihilism, Forough Farrokhzad in philosophical nihilism, and Mohammad Zohari in moral nihilism have more frequency. Also, the frequencies of existential and social nihilism are almost the same in the poems of the poets in question. It should be mentioned that according to the search of the authors, no evidence of epistemological nihilism was found in the poems of Ahmad Shamlou, Mohammad Zohari, and Nader Naderpour, and no evidence of political nihilism was found in the poems of Manouchehr Atashi.

 It seems that the tense political situation of the 30s and 40s, the imprisonment of poets, the transition of Iranian society from tradition to modernity, World War II, illiteracy and ignorance of the common people and things like that, are a kind of hopelessness, disillusionment, absurdity and He injected meaning into the poems of this period. Meanwhile, personal issues such as unfulfilled romantic relationships, loneliness, migration and sojourn have also pushed poets towards a kind of meaninglessness, emptiness and worthlessness of the world and life.

In Persian literature, the life and poetry of female poets has been affected by the history"s memory insurance and has gradually faded away due to cultural conditions and customary merits and demerits. Jaleh (Alamtaj) is one of the poets of the 13th century of the Hijri, who intellectually has considerable references in the field of women. The purpose of this research is to analyze his poems stylistically in three linguistic, intellectual and literary levels.

This research was done with descriptive-analytical method and library study tool.

What emerges from his poems (poems and fragments) is that his language is simple and far from complicated, although in terms of vocabulary and syntax, it is close to the Khorasani style, and there are not a few heavy Arabic and old Persian words in it. On the other hand, modern interpretations and allusions and words such as samovar, Zinger wheel, cigar, telegraph, tube, and flash are also seen in his poems. Baligh simile among expressive arts and pun among innovative arts are at the top of the rhetorical techniques of his poetry. He has used his poetry to express his opinions and his main concern is the problems of women. Also, Jaleh does not have a positive view on issues such as child marriage, polygamy, having children and even marriage, and expresses his progressive opinions in this field with carelessness.

Jaleh, who is considered one of the poets of the constitutional era, is the first woman who boldly spoke about women"s rights. Unfortunately, only 917 verses of his poems are available and he burned them. Therefore, judgment about his words cannot be complete and true. despite this strong and old language that sometimes comes close to colloquialism; medium rhetorical level; And his concern about women"s issues, and the femininity of his poetry, are the four main characteristics of his poetry.

Happiness is one of the emotions that have received a lot of attention in positive psychology today, and sages and mystics have made great efforts in understanding and how to present and apply it in their words and works. For this reason, analyzing and properly presenting these views through examining the texts and introducing their precise characteristics to the audience can clarify the paths for positive thinking and happy living and through reflection, concentration, indoctrination and thinking in the teachings obtained from the texts. Literary and mystic, first clear the way of knowledge in the mind and finally by repeating the beliefs of these teachings, it can lead to a suitable solution to achieve happiness. With the same aim, this research examines the view of happiness and its connection with self-awareness in Rumi"s thoughts in his sonnets.

The method of research is to analyze the qualitative content of the theme and the statistical community of all the sonnets of Rumi known as sonnets of Shams

Molavi"s sonnets show the connection between happiness and self-awareness in various axes. Among them: knowing one"s original scheme, which leads to understanding human defections and abilities. Realizing one"s relationship with God and this world, the experience of love, according to Molavi, love for God and other people is the cause of happiness. Staying away from hostility and enmity and understanding the tenderness of love at a high level makes a person happy. Understanding and communication with nature, which sometimes leads to growth and freshness with self-awareness. Molavi sees the root of many joys within the human being. The self that must go through the superficial stages of cognition and reach self-awareness and belief.

Jalaluddin Mohammad Molavi is one of the mystics who have been able to invite his audience to live happily and get rid of the sad dependencies of existence by representing the visible and hidden cognitive images of happiness through his sonnets. This has emerged by drawing paths of self-awareness and knowledge of man in the world in a skillful texture and full of aesthetic symbols and sublime musical dimensions of speech in Rumi"s lyrics.

Criticism of personality psychology is one of the new fields in the field of literary research. One of the new and influential theories in literary criticism in order to explain character is Karen Horne"s theory. Karen Horne is a prominent German psychologist who, unlike her teacher Freud, sees the root of human behavior not in physiological drives and congenital problems, but as a result of environmental and social factors. By proposing the theory of "triple personality types", Hornay emphasized the effective role of society and the surrounding environment on human behavior. The purpose of the present research is to analyze the poems of Simin Behbahani, a prominent contemporary poet, based on the social psychology theory of Karen Horne.

The study method in the present research is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and document analysis. The statistical community in this article is Simin Behbahani"s collection of poems. The examples have been selected in a selective and systematic way, and in order to achieve the goals of the article and obtain the necessary information, we have presented the poems that are thematically consistent with the content of the research, to the extent of the article.

According to the findings of the research, due to the bitter experiences of the surrounding world, social situations and conditions, discrimination and inequality, neurotic mental orientations can be observed in Simin"s poems, which, from Horne"s point of view, is the result of anxiety in the world around the poet.

The basic anxiety in Simin Behbahani"s poems has caused the formation of all three personality types: loving, solitary, and superior. Social problems, political and cultural situation, poverty, individual failures, emotional failure are all among the causes and reasons of the poet"s spiritual and behavioral orientations in the form of the three personality types mentioned by Karen Horne.

The main purpose of this research is to examine the propositions and elements of spiritual intelligence in the stories of children and teenagers during the 70s to 90s, in order to discuss and analyze the components that writers convey to children and teenagers through their works. Therefore, we have tried to find out what are the ideological concepts and attitudes in children"s and adolescent fiction books in the decades under review.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and document analysis. The statistical community of research is a selection of outstanding works of fiction for children and adolescents in the form of 9 selected stories from age groups "B", "G", "D", "H" published by the Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Adolescents in the70s to 90s. In this research, we have used the components of spiritual intelligence based on the theories of two of the most prominent theorists of spiritual intelligence, Emmons and Marshall, and materials related to this theory that have been the focus of researchers in other scientific findings.

Among the findings of this research is that the authors have used the teachings of psychology, that is, the components and propositions of spiritual intelligence, in order to express and teach moral, spiritual and religious ideas and concepts in the reviewed books.

Based on the results of the research, the components of spiritual psychology according to Emmons, Zohar, and Marshall include: finding the sacred with the help of the holy intellect, the capacity for transcendence and going beyond the physical and material world and making it transcendent, having critical thinking, a sense of responsibility; Social duty and mission, identity and giving meaning to oneself and the world, entrusting affairs to the holy force (trust), moral capacities (love, peace and compassion) are present in the investigated stories.

The prominent Austrian psychologist, Alfred Adler, by using a method in individualistic psychology based on paying attention to internal aspects such as anger and feelings of inferiority, contrary to Freud, who considered human actions to be the result of instinct, stated that human actions and behavior are the result of circumstances is social; Among the contemporary poets, Akhavan Sales is one of the artists whose anger can be seen in his thoughts and poems. The main goal of this research is to examine Alfred Adler"s individualistic theory and the component of anger in his opinion in the poems of the Akhavan Sales as one of the prominent poets of contemporary Iranian literature, whose protest and anger feature prominently in his poems.

In this research, we have used the descriptive-analytical method based on library studies. The examined samples were systematically and purposefully selected randomly from the collection of Mahdi Akhavan Sales poems.

The social environment, the surrounding world and human relationships with others can cause negative feedback and anger in a person according to Alfred Adler"s individualistic theory; The perspective of the research shows that anger is one of the important behavioral characteristics of Mahdi Akhavan Sales in his poems, which is the result of his protest against the anomalies and suffocation in the society.

Factors such as the poet"s introverted mood, emotional failure in his youth, going to prison, the coup d"état on August 28, restricting freedom of expression and political suppression, the dispersion of friends, unemployment, and the death of a child are among the factors involved and effective in expressing anger, violence, and aggression of the Akhavan Sales. It is among his compositions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: 

Two Theosophy _ Ashorein Atashkadeh Nayyer Tabrizi and Ganjineh Al-asrar Omman Samani are two costly works in Farsi literature which their singers for the first time with a “ Theosophy” mind(That contains a large number of purports and containing literature and Farsi poem) explained “Ashora” event(which it itself is a sea of Shiite،religious learnings) and It is presented to Iran،s culture and literature .So،scrutiny of these kind of works and making clear of points in weakness and strength in these two costly works in district of “Ashoraien” literature.

METHODOLOGY: 

This research is based on library studies and descriptive analytical method. The study version belongs to Atashkadeh Nayyer Tabrizi and Ganjeneh Al-asrar Omman Samani.

FINDINGS: 

And the explanation and analyzation of their containing for increasing to unique “Theosophy” “Islamic” learning in Farsi poem and literature and “Ashoraien” culture contain very specific importance. The singers of these epopee use highly from the language possibility and art and literary instruments. So that; In addition to description “Ashora” events and showing goodness and badness with using of element of image and fancy try to show the theory of “Shiite” with “lovely” and “theosophy” look.

CONCLUSION: 

In these two epopee some of particular sensible literary and styles are used such as: using of “Theosophy” comments and compounds ،Allegory ،symbolism،naturalism،Allusion to signs (miracles) and holy discourse and using of disputation method. Furthermore, all these literary egregious, sometimes, some discussions are seen which include the impression of the “Sufi sect، thought(mind) and to statement the river of life and neglect of literary master، rank and mixture of history and legend and refer to weak narrative and so on.

Considering the importance of conceptualizing the parts of words in the form of corporeality theory in linguistics, the present article discusses the multiple meanings of parts of words (head, hair, ears, lips, throat, neck, stomach, chest, nail, leg, tongue, knee, shoulder, mouth, rib, tooth, nose, eye, blood, liver, chin, forehead, skin, beard, breast, armpit, finger, heart, arm, hand) in idioms and proverbs Persian has been paid.

To carry out this research in 2010, idioms and proverbs were collected from the books of Kuche Shamalu, Farhan Farhang Amianeh Abul Hasan Najafi, Farhang Sokhan, Farhang Moein, Proverbs and Rule of Dehkhoda, and Farhang Kenayat Mansour Servat, and based on this corpus, Different meanings of words were extracted and analyzed.

It was found that the part of the word "heart" with the number of 269 out of 2010 uses in proverbs with the highest frequency and the parts of the word "arm" and "thumb" with the number of 1 and 2 with the lowest frequency of the whole use of the part of the word They have s in proverbs.

The organ of the word "heart" as the seat of various feelings, emotions and desires such as love and affection, dependence and attachment, affection and kindness, compassion, honesty, regret, discomfort, resentment, anxiety and worry, cruelty and callousness, fear of The work is done. In addition, cognitive processes such as metaphor and permission and cultural knowledge are important factors in the generation of meaning.

 According to the holistic approach, in examining the content of a text, one should pay attention to the principle that the understanding of the text in the real sense is achieved when the unit of analysis of the text is considered as a whole. Otherwise, the text cannot be cited for research. The researcher"s lack of attention to the text as a whole causes problem in understanding the text; sometimes, these problems are acute and increase the complexity of the text. This problem has also arisen in reading and understanding Maulavi"s Mathnawi. Reading part by part and focusing on the verse has caused the spiritual Mathnawi to be presented as a confused and disorderly work among the massive scholars. This research aims to change the approach, i.e., focus on semantic units larger than verse, to reach the existing order in the expression of Mathnawis.

 The research method is based on the goal; Descriptive-analytical, and in terms of collecting information, it is a library documentary.

 According to the findings of this research, the connection of Mathnawi content is intermittent. Alternation in the Mathnawi is alternating the non-narrative (educational) part and the narrative (parable) part.

 The topics presented in the non-narrative and narrative parts are connected like chain links in such a way that after each non-narrative link, there is a narrative link that has the role of an allegory or supplement. The educational materials are related and complementary if we do not consider the narrative circles. Therefore, the connection of academic content in the Mathnawi is a circular sequence.

Masnavi Manavi is a great work in the field of Iranian Islamic mysticism. In this work, Molavi talks about mystical experiences and concepts with simple language and the use of various rhetorical techniques, such as the use of similes and metaphors, and makes them felt for the readers. There is a lot of talk about the concept of "soul" in Masnavi. Molavi believes in the unity of souls, the opposition of body and soul, its immortality and guidance, and tries to convey his meaning to the reader. The images used for John in the Masnavi are such that it seems that beyond the apparent similes and metaphors, broader images have been in the poet"s mind, from which other images (macro metaphors), metaphors and similes (micro metaphors) have arisen.

In order to investigate the rhetorical analysis of various conceptual metaphors and macro metaphors of John, in a descriptive-analytical way, six Masnavi books were examined and the necessary evidence was extracted from them.

The use of macro-metaphors for life and the formation of small conceptual metaphors from those macro-metaphors is one of Molvi"s tricks in explaining and describing life, which can be considered under the stylistics of Masnavi"s rhetorical layer. In fact, by considering macro metaphors in his mind and point of view, Rumi presents metaphors whose source is in these macro metaphors. It seems that these broad metaphors in the depth of Molavi"s worldview and attitude overshadow the rest of similes and metaphors and are considered their hidden foundations.

In the examination of images related to life in Masnavi, four metaphors about life were found: "Life is a living entity", "Life is a place", "Life is an object", "Life is a source of light". In the statistical analysis of these metaphors, it was found that the metaphors "the soul is a living being" and "the soul is an object" are the most widely used metaphors about life in Masnavi. From the four macro-metaphors mentioned, 449 smaller conceptual metaphors have appeared, which are structured under these broad metaphors.

Qalandriyat refers to poems on the outer and inner lineaments of Qalandars, such as their beliefs, ceremonies, and lifestyle. The essay analyzes the constituent elements of Attar Nishaburi’s Qalandriyat and Khamriyat. The elements include form, language, music, semantic contexts, emotions, and imagery. The central objective of the study is to determine the stylistic features of Attar"s poetry, as exhibited in the mentioned poems.

This is a library study. It employs a descriptive-comparative analysis method. After reviewing the basic concepts, the research path is as follows: the form of the poems, the language element at the phonological, lexical, and syntactic levels, the musical element at the external, side, and middle levels, semantic contexts with an emphasis on the main themes of the poems, The element of affection through scrutinizing poet"s self, and finally, the imagery with the focus of figurative speech, simile, metaphor, and irony.

Along with fixed rhythm, long rhymes, and lexical repetition, the mechanic form has imposed undesirable limitations on the poems. In the syntactic level of language, imperative verbs and sentences have dominance. They present the poetic style of Attar Neishaburi. The external music of his poems is limited to quatrain rhythm. The side music shows his intetion to maximizing the harmony in his poetry. The middle music bases on the element of lexical repetition. Due to the meaning, wine concepts, swinger, Carpe diem, and death significance are more mentioned and most frequent. The element of affection has emerged with the poet"s social self.

Implying the imperative form of sentences, lexical repetition, social self significance, irony, and figurative speech are the most noteworthy stylistic features of Attar Nishabouri in Qalandriyat and Khamriyat. Some approaches of the poet, such as emphasizing the mechanical form, fixed rhythm, and long rhymes, have imposed limitations on his poetry.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The book of Serr al-Asrar is a valuable Ashura book that has been neglected in Persian history and literature. The book of Serr al-Asrar is one of these precious works. Serr al Asrar is the name of a historical-literary book in Persian language, which was completed after the death of the author, with the efforts of his son. Sheikh Abdul Rahim Jalili-Kermanshahi is one of the famous writers of the Nasser period, who has valuable but less known works. His son, Sheikh Mohammad Hadi Jalili, was also one of the great writers of his time who finished his father"s Ashurai book. Each of the narrative types has its own stylistic features, and their stylistic analysis leads to a better understanding of these works. The purpose of conducting this research is to introduce this historical-literary work and examine its three aspects: linguistic, intellectual and literary.

METHODOLOGY: This article is based on library studies in a descriptive-analytical way.

FINDINGS: The findings show that the book of Serr al-Asrar has the same writing style despite having two authors. Despite the Arabic knowledge of the authors, the type of narration requires simple language. Therefore, while showing their knowledge of Arabic, the authors adhere to simple writing, and this issue has given the work different features and indicators. Therefore, the stylistic reading of this work shows a clear understanding of its multiple levels.

CONCLUSION: This work is a historical and realistic narrative, which, in addition to its linguistic and intellectual highlights, has acquired a literary flavor by mixing with rhetorical tricks. The prose of this book is intermediate and there are prominent features of a single language in the language of both authors. In terms of thought, despite the intellectual unity of both authors, themes are raised that show their intellectual independence. From a literary point of view, it is necessarily mixed with rhetorical techniques and more than having an aesthetic purpose, it serves to clarify and depict the atmosphere of events, narrative characters, and the feelings and thoughts of the writers.