پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل
سال بیستم شماره 4 (پیاپی 77، زمستان 1402)

In this paper, to prepare modified bitumen, bitumen was mixed with 0%, 4%, 6% and 8% amorphous poly alpha olefin (APAO). Based on the tests of penetration degree, flexibility, softening point and dynamic shear rheometer test (DSR), the amount of 6% APAO was determined as the optimal percentage in terms of bitumen performance. Continuously graded stone materials were mixed with APAO in order to prepare mixtures modified with APAO. The volumetric parameters of asphalt mixture with bitumen modified with APAO were tested. Standard Marshall Strength test, saturated Marshall Test, post-frost cracking test and Marshall Strength test of asphalt mixtures after aging were performed on asphalt mixtures with bitumen modified with APAO. Based on the Marshall Strength test, saturated Marshall Test and post-frost cracking test, the asphalt mixture with 6% APAO had better performance at high temperatures, more resistance to moisture damage and reduced minimum tensile strength after frost conditions. Tensile strength decreased after adding APAO. The difference in tensile strength between asphalt mixture with 4% APAO and 6% APAO was only negligible. Based on the Marshall Strength and Marshall Strength ratio (RMSR) 3 of the asphalt mixtures after aging, the optimal amount of APAO was 6%. Therefore, 6% APAO was determined as the optimum amount for both modified bitumen and asphalt mixture with APAO.

This paper outlines the behavior of pedestrians in crossing signalized intersections and finds the main and effective variables that influence violation behavior in Tehran. For that purpose, required data was collected by recording pedestrian behavior then asking them to complete questionnaires. A binary logit (BL) model was developed to determine the influence and significance of each collected variable in the decision-making process. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to determine the interaction between observed and hidden variables and describe how they influence behavioral intention. After collecting the questionnaires and removing the false ones, 304 valid questionnaires remained. The structural model results showed that attitude, perceived behavior control, and the presence of other pedestrians directly influence behavior intention. As a result, when a pedestrian believes that breaking the law will save time or be a convenient way out, the chance of breaking the law increases. It also increases when they perceive more control over the behavior. Subjective norms and sex, on the other hand, have an indirect influence on intention. Since men feel more control over their behavior, they are more likely to violate it. The binary logit model results showed that the violation probability is higher among men than women. It is also more probable that pedestrians aged 25 to 29 violate the law more often at intersections. The existence of other pedestrians waiting for the green light can reduce the violation probability, and the presence of other violators can increase it. Increasing the speed of the approaching vehicle will decrease the violation probability. A comparison between the two models showed that SEM could describe the impact of psychological variables better, and BL could better define traffic and condition-related variables. On the other hand, the effect of other pedestrians on behavior is significant in both models.
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Due to the significant increase in traffic volume, asphalt pavements gradually deteriorate and their two main failure modes are delamination at high temperature and thermal cracking at low temperature. This paper focuses on the modification of bitumen and asphalt mixtures with the aim of improving the performance of asphalt pavement simultaneously at high and low service temperatures. To modify the properties of bitumen, shredded recycled rubber (CR1) and polyethylene (PE) 2 were selected as polymer agents. The performance analysis of the rheological properties of the modified bitumen showed that the addition of CR reduced the creep stiffness of the bitumen at low temperature, thereby reducing the risk of failure and cracking. Meanwhile, the addition of PE increased the high temperature stiffness of bitumen, which resulted in improved roughness resistance. In the case of modified integrated bitumen, the addition of CR and PE simultaneously improves bitumen properties at both high and low temperatures. In terms of asphalt mixture, PE increases the resistance to permanent deformation at high service temperature while CR increases ductility at low service temperature. The integrated mixture modified with CR and PE had significantly improved performance at both high and low service temperatures. Therefore, the use of these two recycled materials is able to improve the pavement properties to the extent or even better than those obtained by using bitumen modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene.

The development of transportation has a significant impact on economic systems, both production and service, which makes the vehicle routing problem a special issue, one of the most important decisions in executive departments is to pay special attention to finding optimal routes, eliminating unnecessary routes, improving the distance traveled and reducing the number of fleets. In this regard, it is one of the complex and very important problem in the transportation network, this problem has a high potential in determining the optimal set of vehicle fleets with the aim of serving a set of customers, which many efforts have been made to solve it. Various meta-heuristic algorithms have been developed in recent years, one of them is the tabu search algorithm because it has good performance and ability to solve NP-Hard problems, and now in this article, the tabu search algorithm is used to solve the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pick-up and delivery of goods which by applying some changes in its coding in MATLAB software. Determining the parameters of the repetition value of the algorithm, specifying the number of neighborhoods and the amount of the tabu list improved the results obtained in the distances traveled by vehicles and optimized the number of fleets. Finally, the new proposed algorithm was implemented on 14 standard sample problems from the Salhi and Nagi series of problems, and the obtained values were compared with the best available results from other algorithms, which had satisfactory results in small-scale problems..

This study has evaluated the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the cement-treated base (CTB) containing 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates using different-age samples. The samples were prepared with standard and modified compaction energy based on ASTM D558 and ASTM D1557. Three cement contents of 4, 5, and 6 percent were added and the samples were cured for 3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days after compaction. The unconfined compressive test has been carried out using the strain control method. In order to investigate the effect of moisture, in addition to the optimum moisture, moisture levels below and above the optimum have also been evaluated. Based on the results of this laboratory study, with the increase of cement percentage and curing period, unconfined compressive strength increase visibly. Next, indirect tensile strength (ITS) test was performed on the selected samples (mentioned ages) and the results showed that the curing period and cement directly affected and increased the tensile strength. Results indicated that the curing period and the compaction method had the greatest and least effect on the UCS, respectively. Finally, the UCS and ITS results showed that it is possible to use 100% RAP aggregates in the CTB layer.

In road pavement design, soil resilient modulus is one of the factors that play a very important role in determining pavement thickness. In the past, determining the Resilient Modulus of soil directly from laboratory results has not always been practical due to its high costs, both in terms of equipment and labor. Therefore, it is possible to predict and determine this parameter based on past field data using artificial intelligence. Our goal in this paper is to develop a model for predicting the resilient modulus of stabilized clay soils using artificial neural networks. In this study, four different soil samples stabilized with additives, such as lime, fly ash, and cement kiln dust, were examined using the pavement design appendix of the AASHTO 2002 specification. By comparing the results to the laboratory data based on the statistical indicators such as regression coefficient (0.99), root mean square error (less than 6 percent), we found that the artificial neural network was highly accurate in predicting the resilient modulus..

Water-based acrylic resin is used as one of the raw materials with cement, water, and other materials in the preparation of concrete mix. Acrylic resin has the ability to be mixed in any type of mortar and is compatible with all types of acrylic colors. It is also highly resistant to detergents, UV rays, and CO2 gas. It is anti-moss, algae, and bacteria and does not allow the growth and accumulation of these substances on the surface. This material allows structural breathing and easily tolerates negative and positive water pressures and is known as a versatile material in the insulation industry. According to the mentioned chemical properties, the innovation of the present research will be to obtain the most optimal percentage of acrylic resin in the concrete mixture. In this research, first, concrete samples were made with weight percentages (5, 10, and 15%) of acrylic resin and the number of samples was proportional to the number of tests that could be performed; therefore 3 samples were made for each test. After making the samples, the tests: compressive strength, Flexural strength, water absorption test, abrasion test, and surface friction test were done separately on the samples. The results of this research indicate that the use of acrylic resin significantly increases the Flexural strength and abrasion resistance of roller concrete pavement samples.

One of the important needs for developed and developing countries is to create a complete, regular, extensive and efficient transportation system. But as we know, every development, especially development in the transportation industry, has a series of important features and characteristics, in addition to which the negative characteristics of such development must be considered in order for our development to be sustainable. Observance of the principles of environmental evaluation of construction projects before the implementation of the project and in the initial studies and phase one of the project is the aim of the research is to provide a model for assessing the environmental sustainability of airports. To achieve this goal, the indicators were weighted within the framework of the AHP weight model and Excel software was used to analyze the data. The indicators of this research to evaluate the environmental sustainability of airports based on the questionnaire of experts in scoring the criteria are: air pollution weighing 0.43, noise pollution weighing 0.28, land use 0.12, biological factors weighing 0.11, hirological factors weighing 0.07. Also in this analysis, experts in the field visit concluded that Rasht Airport with a weight of 0.206 has the first rank, Mehrabad Airport with a weight of 0.195 has the second rank and Abadan Airport with a weight of 0.484 has gained the third rank.

This research investigates the effects of covid-19 on passenger transport in Persian Gulf region; to do this it analyzes the differences in commercial activities and pollution before and after the epidemic wave of covid-19. The raw data was obtained from the international automatic identification system for passenger ships. A comprehensive evaluation of transportation activities was carried out using variance analysis and pollutant emission models. Comparison of these results based on two data sets shows that the Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on passenger cruise ships by significantly reducing the number of ships, average speed and average depth of navigation. In contrast, it has lower effect on Ro-Pax ferry vessels. After the outbreak of Covid-19, greenhouse gas emissions from cruise ships and Fery Ropax ships have decreased by 54% and 1%, respectively. The effects of the covid-19 pandemic on cruise ships have been long-lasting and extensive, but due to government intervention, the effects of covid-19 on Ro-Pax ferry ships were minimal.

One of the influencing factors in failure asphalt layer tensile strength. For that reason validate benchmark for assessing and evaluating the quality of asphalt in road projects. Coring is the usual method for measuring quality of asphalt layer in the implemented road projects. But  the mentioned  method is costly  and    time-consuming  and also show the quality of  asphalt  layer in  a  specific  point . In the   present  article determine  tensile  strength  and  also detection  potential  failure of  the  implemented  asphalt  layer with using the  device    GPR Ground   Penetrating   Radar )   reviewed. In the  research  firstly a  part of  kerman  network  roads selected as  a sample for study  then evaluated  mechanized with  the help device  GPR  done . In  the  following  taken core  samples from locations rand only  and  then experiments determine  percentage  empty space  and  density done  on   them. In comparison results destructive experiments with mechanized scrolling transpire by increase tensile strength in the asphalt layer increase dielectric.so that by reducing the tensile strength less and equal to 870 (kpa) decreases in dielectric constant value from 5 was observed due to nondestructive evaluation . So the using output results radar can be obtained continuous profile from state tensile strength of the project study can be obtained.

The experience of recent earthquakes and the damage caused by it in various types of structures including vital arteries and transportation infrastructure suggests that researchers are more concerned with investigating and revising the effective seismic parameters in different regions compared with the proposed acceleration of codes. In this research, the study of seismic risk analysis and design hazard spectrum in Mashhad city located in Khorasan Razavi province have been conducted using probabilistic and deterministic methods. Thus, the seismic hazard curve and the spectrum design have been calculated and compared in an area of 100 km2 in 1 × 1 km2 networks and considering the effective parameters on it, including determining the active faults as a linear seismic sources and their effective length and distance, the maximum earthquake occurrence with applying of different attenuation relations. The obtained results indicate that the maximum ground acceleration in Mashhad city was determined 1.49g by the deterministic method and also its values for the return period of 50 years, including the probability of 2, 5, and 10 percent were respectively calculated and estimated 0.34g, 0.43g, and 0.61g by probabilistic method and the uniform risk spectrum was prepared using various methods by considering Ghodrati Amiri et al. attenuation relation.

To reduce the environmental Pollution emissions caused by market activities, cold chain logistics companies also considered the emission of harmful gases for better service in satisfying customers’ demands. In the cold supply chain, goods are supplied and distributed that become corrupt and degraded over time. Therefore, to keep such goods fresh, the temperature must be constantly and continuously controlled, which in turn requires more fuel consumption. Also, in vehicle routing problem, the travel time of a route and fuel consumption does not only depend on the distance traveled, but also on the speed and time of day when that route is traveled. In this study, a new mixed-integer optimization model of the vehicle routing problem in a cold supply chain concerning congestion is presented with the aim is to minimize costs of Pollution emissions. In this model, in addition to the cost of the environmental Pollution emissions, other costs are considered, including the vehicle operating cost, transportation, loss of quality, product freshness, and penalty cost for arriving outside the customer's time window. In continuing, a solution method based on Benders decomposition is applied to solve the proposed model for large size networks. The computational results showed that the presented model provides the optimal route and travel time of the vehicle by considering the reduction of pollution and the appropriate speed. Also, the implementation of the solution algorithm on several test instances with different sizes showed the efficiency of the algorithm in reducing the solution time and obtaining a good solution.

The use of electronic marketplaces in the road transportation of goods causes the removal of intermediaries for the distribution of cargo among drivers, the reduction of the duration of the cargo distribution process among drivers and the reduction of the amount of commission received from drivers. However, drivers tend to use it less. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the factors that despite the benefits of using electronic marketplaces, less drivers will want to use this method to transport goods.The current research is an applied exploratory research that uses mixed data collection method (qualitative-quantitative). In order to identify the factors of non-acceptance of electronic marketplaces in the road transport of goods, a semi-structured interview was conducted with the operators of the road transport of goods, i.e. the drivers And the factors were identified and classified with thematic analysis technique, then the identified factors were prioritized using TOPSIS technique.The results showed that the difficulty of changing the transportation method from the traditional method to the electronic method in the cultural dimension has the greatest effect on the non-use of marketplaces among drivers, as well as the factors of lack of information, failure to provide added value of services (uniformity of total services Marketplace companies and the lack of different advantages) which are both in the dimension of management index are the second and third priorities respectively, are the most important factors that have caused electronic marketplaces to not have an acceptable place among truck drivers.
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Currently, the Pardis high-speed train with a speed of 150 (km/h) is known as the only high-speed train in service in Iran. Impact factor or dynamic load allowance are the most important parameters that can express the dynamic behavior of the bridge under a train. These parameters are used in bridge design codes instead of exhaustive dynamic analyses. Although the use of impact coefficients in some cases provides conservative answers, the use of these coefficients and the possible relationships derived from them can be a good alternative to dynamic analyses due to time and computational cost savings. Masonry arch bridges are geometrically and behaviorally complex structures and it is impossible to prepare an accurate numerical model and to conduct dynamic analyses due to their multiplicity; Therefore, calculating the impact factor due to the passage of high-speed trains can determine the initial behavior of masonry arch bridges. For this purpose, in the present study, first the finite element model of two masonry arch bridges was prepared which are completely different in terms of geometric and mechanical characteristics, and then by performing 52 dynamic analyzes, the time history of impact factor and dynamic load allowance has been calculated. The results show that the behavior of masonry arch bridges is appropriate in different conditions under the Pardis high-speed train and all the calculated impact coefficients are in the rational range.

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is one of the most well-known optimization problems. It has been the focus of extensive research on transportation systems planning in recent decades. The present aims to investigate the problem of routing vehicles from the pharmacy for the delivery of drugs at patients' homes. The problem of delivery of drugs required by patients is accompanied by a series of operational limitations. It is assumed that each patient receives drugs through a vehicle, and also drugs must reach the patients’ homes before a certain time. To balance the workload of drivers, the maximum number of homes that each vehicle can go to deliver medicines is predetermined. The presented model determines the number of vehicles, the routes of the vehicles and also the time at which drugs are delivered at each patient’ home. To solve the proposed model, in addition to GAMS optimization software, a genetic algorithm is proposed for large-scale instances. The computational results demonstrate that the proposed model can be used to make optimal decisions on the distribution of drugs from pharmacies to patients' homes.

Proper pricing of products and services is one of the most important initiatives of any business, which is more complicated in multimodal transport companies due to their special nature. Faced with the complexities of pricing issues, most of the time managers' decisions are influenced by emotions because there is no accurate information to make a decision or this information is not available to senior managers. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify the effective components of pricing of freight transportation services, as the most important part of the multidimensional transportation marketing mix. As a result, qualitative and applied research was defined to identify these components and indexes. By studying previous research, a qualitative Delphi questionnaire consisting of 8 factors and 64 indexes was prepared and sent to 15 senior managers of multimodal transport companies in the Middle East and North Africa region. After 3 rounds of the Delphi questionnaire consensus between expert panel members has been achieved. Adopting a theoretical framework according to result analysis showed that, at the both firm levels and at the macro level, all identified components were effective, but 10 of the identified indexes were removed and 5 new indexes were added by the panel members. As a result of the expert panel consensus, a conceptual model for the pricing of multimodal freight services in the Middle East and North Africa region was proposed.

Road construction projects are often projects with a duration of several years, and the implementation of asphalt is one of the last stages of these projects. Until now, most road construction companies supply the needed bitumen at the end of the project mainly by the direct purchase method without using planning tools. Considering the fluctuations in the price of bitumen in Iran and the lack of proportional growth of adjustment indices, this method of supplying bitumen is not considered an optimal method and causes losses to the contractor. In this article, to reduce losses caused by bitumen price fluctuations, the issue of bitumen supply by storage method is raised, which is currently not common in road construction contracting companies. Supplying bitumen by storing it in the warehouse is considered a preventive measure against the loss caused by the price increase, but it will impose storage and re-transportation costs on the contracting companies. Therefore, the challenge arises as to what percentage of the required bitumen is provided by the direct purchase method and how much is provided through storage. The answer to this question involves using a decision-making model based on optimization. In this article, a decision-making model is presented to determine the optimal bitumen supply schedule in road construction contracting companies. To express the importance of using this model, a practical example was examined. In this example, 9 different conditions for bitumen supply required in a contracting company were defined and then the optimal program obtained for these 9 conditions was compared with each other. The results showed that it is possible to reduce losses by using the decision-making model, at least 18% and at most 93%. This shows the importance of using this model in reducing the company's losses.

Public transport is considered as one of the criteria of development assessments of a country. Intracity rail transport (subway), one of public transport subcategories, plays a significant role in this assessment. According to the country’s needs and moving toward development, developing local capability for designing and creating products related to subway industry as a complex product is an issue that we must focus on. Complex products are of advanced technology and manufactured in advanced companies. Investment in production of such capital goods is considered as one of the significant indications of the strength of national economy. As these products considerably require capital and time, well-managed localization through technology learning must occur. In this paper, technology learning path and carried out attempts in national subway train were investigated based on phenomenological strategy. After reviewing evidence, field and literature studies and information of project management necessities and technology learning, the data was gathered through open interviews with high level managers of stockholder companies in subway projects and was analyzed with a critical view in form of a grounded theory roadmap through coding – open coding including basic, primary and categorization, and finally blocking and axial coding) by MAXQDA 2020 software. As each main supplier has a different way of learning and using the acquired technology, integration management is required to be taught and developed like engineering sciences. Technology ownership is one of the contractual voids in project implementation and implementing national subway train project led to localization and realization of goals such as national development, an increase in employment, a decrease in building costs, and an increase in localization share using abilities of local manufacturers’ knowledge and abilities.

The development of motor vehicle use has reduced irreversible fossil fuels, environmental pollution, and reduced physical mobility, despite significant reductions in travel times, especially over long distances. On the other hand, this saving is not achieved during peak hours, especially at short travel distances. One way to solve this problem, especially in metropolises that face more environmental challenges, is to develop intercity transportation for short distances by bicycle. The purpose of this research is to select the optimal safe bicycle route in District 10 of Mashhad Metropolitan Municipality due to the modernity of the area, high traffic load, and at the same time having the capacity to develop bicycle-based transportation. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The method is to collect documentary and field information. Multi-criteria analysis of indicators in this research has been done by expert choice software in digital mapping layers and simulated in GIS environment. The input of this model will be the information and documents examined by the target environment and its output will be maps that show the potential of the area's roads to be used as a safe bicycle route. The findings of this study showed that the safety index of intersections and the type of passages with 27% had the highest impact factor and the index of distance to bus stations with an impact factor of 2% had the lowest coefficient of importance. Therefore, it can be concluded that Shahid Rasti Street and Andisheh Boulevard, after Shahed and Shahed Boulevards intersections, have the greatest potential for safe cycling, respectively.

The use of conventional concrete has always faced challenges due to environmental pollution and low durability against corrosive chemical environments. In this regard, alkaline concrete with high properties and minimal environmental damage has attracted the attention of researchers. In the present laboratory research, a mixing design of control concrete and three mixing designs of reinforced slag concrete containing 0, 4 and 8% nanosilica were constructed. Three designs were selected from reinforced concrete and by adding 1 and 2% of polyolefin fibers to it, two more designs were made (designs 5 and 6). Concrete specimens were tested at 90 days of curing at room temperature and high temperature. The application of heat caused a decrease in the results so that, in high-strength concrete designs, the highest drop under the test of compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity was 16, 21 and 42%, respectively, in Figure 2. Scanning electron images (SEM) of concrete microstructure were interpreted in overlap and coordination in interpreting the results of all tests.

In this research, the mechanical properties of concrete in the conditions of using natural aggregates and comparing the results with the replacement of recycled aggregates with values of 10, 20, 30 and 40% have been investigated. In the first part of the study, the results showed that the specific gravity of concrete in the presence of 40% of recycled sand and gravel was 1.02% and 2.38%, respectively. Also, in terms of compressive strength, the lowest decrease in compressive strength occurred in 10% of recycled sand and the highest decrease in compressive strength occurred in 40% of recycled sand. Then, the mechanical properties of ordinary concrete with concrete containing waste plastic (PET) were compared with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% of concrete volume. In this regard, the results of the study indicate a decrease in compressive strength of concrete compared to control concrete. In this regard, the lowest reduction in compressive strength was 2.01% in the presence of 2% waste plastic (PET) and the highest reduction in compressive strength was 16.39% in the presence of 10% waste plastic (PET). Regarding flexural strength, the results showed an increase in flexural strength; So that the lowest increase in flexural strength of 6.27% occurred in the presence of 2% waste plastic (PET) and the highest increase in flexural strength of 39.49% occurred in the presence of 10% waste plastic (PET). In the end, the results showed that increasing the presence of waste plastic (PET) has led to a decrease in water absorption of samples. In this regard, the lowest decrease in water absorption by 5.26% and the highest decrease in water absorption by 23.08% occurred in the presence of 2 and 10% waste plastic (PET), respectively.

Recently, reusing or recycling crushed concrete pieces and producing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) has emerged as an effective way for controlling and managing construction and demolition waste, reducing the need for natural aggregates, protecting the environment, and saving landfill space. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing RCAs as an unconfined aggregate in road structure courses. Six types of natural aggregates (NAs) and three different types of RCAs were selected. All natural aggregates were located in suburb of Tehran. Four samples comprised of crushed aggregates used locally in building construction and two of them were river run gravel based. Also, three different types of RCAs were considered, denoted as RCA-1, RCA-2 and RCA-3. RCA-1 was chosen from a self-consolidating concrete and RCA-1 was selected from a conventional concrete and finally, RCA-3 was chosen from a landfill that consisted of several unknown concrete resources, crushed concrete and impurities. Various physical and mechanical tests including water absorption, specific weight, impact test, crushing test and Los Angles abrasion test were performed on these aggregates. The results indicated that all RCAs were accepted for general applications in road construction, expect for asphaltic layers such as surface course, binder course and mastic asphalt course. As well results illustrated that the parent concrete quality of RCAs had no considerable impact on the mechanical performance of RCAs.

Large number of road crashes and their consequences has made road safety a worldwide challenge. Behind any traffic conflict indicators are assumptions which takes them away from statistical analysis of real road crashes. We conducted road crash simulation using finite element methods and analysis them to asses safety. To high accurate scrutiny crashes, finite element is used. By running crash finite element models in Ls-Dyna simulation is ran based on angles and relative velocities in different states (area stucked in crash). In other words multy body elasto-plastic dynamic finite element model is simulated. By analyzing vehicle sets before and after crash and by means of kinetic energy law, dissipated energy is calculated. Dissipated energy reveals as transformation in area stucked in crash. Therefore for each crash scenario dissipated crash energy is calculated and graph for each one is derived. Different mode of material is assessed and reflected in crash analysis. So by energy absorbtion crash severity is predicted.

Understanding of the current travel pattern is necessary for identifying and analyzing traffic problems, the movement of people and for developing travel forecasting and prediction models. The prediction of travel demand is the main goal of the long-term transportation planning process for determining strategies about accommodating future travel needs, which may include land use policies or the development of transportation, road construction services and so on. This paper aims to estimate travel demand based on spatial statistics and artificial neural network methods as capable approaches, then compare the results of these methods to determine the accuracy of each to forecaste travel demand. The present research is of applied type and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is all rural households in Tabriz County, which is 40,714 households, and using the Cochran's formula, 380 households were selected as the sample population. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and based on research indicators, and as a result, the actual travel demand of individuals was estimated. After estimating the actual travel demand, travel estimation was performed using conventional least squares method, geographical weight regression and multilayer perceptron neural network. The result was compared with the actual travel estimates. The results indicate that geographic weight regression (GWR), artificial neural network (ANN) and ordinary least squares (OLS) have the highest to the lowest accuracy in estimating travel demand respectively.

In this research, by reviewing the researches and articles, waste glass powder is investigated on the performance of asphalt mixture. In the last decade, these researchers have been using crushed glass in construction programs to prevent waste glass from being used as protective supplements and reducing the environment in construction. Crushed glass has been studied for use as materials in base and sub-base pavement layers, as well as concrete. Glass is the only material that can be completely recycled. This material is prepared by melting quartz sand, soda and lime, and also glass pieces. The glass game is collected as one of the recycled components. It is non-metallic and neither can nor does it burn, so its recovery is possible. Therefore, it is used in road construction as a substitute for stone materials in asphalt pavement with warm asphalt mixture. It showed that the addition of glass powder increases the stability of the mixture, because the glass powder filler improves the Marshall Stability results for all mixtures compared to Portland cement or limestone powder fillers. The results showed that the powder from the mixture decreases against the glass. Also, the obtained results investigated the suitability of glass as filler.

The success of PPP projects depends on various factors. The main concern is to develop an underlying theoretical model of desirable collaboration in freeway projects in Iran. In this research, antecedents and consequences of collaboration have been extracted. In order to conduct the research, the multi-case study method has been used to collect data and the Grounded Theory has been applied to analyze them. Then, the theoretical model of collaboration between the public sector and the private sector has been presented. According to the research findings, the collaboration phenomenon in this type of partnership is defined by collaboration categories, such as providing resources, project definition, facilitating bureaucratic processes, legal, risk sharing, meeting benefits, stakeholder management, upgrading new construction methods, and information sharing. The causal antecedents for collaboration include: characteristics of the public and private sectors, joint decision making, trust, commitment, members’ believe in the benefits of collaboration, and process/structure. The categories of financing system, macro-economy, administrative system, trade union interaction, sanctions, maturity of rules, and government meritocracy were also identified as the contextual factors for collaboration. Finally, the consequences of collaboration were identified as efficiency, innovation, satisfaction, benefits of parties, and willingness to invest in the future.

The main objective of this research is to compare different methods for short-term forecasting of urban traffic parameters, as well as simulation of traffic parameters in the MATLAB environment and optimal selection of their effective parameters with a Geographic Information System (GIS) as a supplement to a transportation information system. To that end, three distinct short-term traffic parameter forecasting algorithms, traditional polynomials (TP), genetic basis traditional polynomials (GBT), and neural networks (NN), were used to predict traffic parameters using two error reduction strategies. In addition, to control future traffic, urban traffic flow and velocity parameters were simulated. Due to a lack of regular traffic data in Iran, the research data for this study was drawn from data from 2012 to 2014 in London, with similar traffic patterns during the week. The routes investigated total 15.84 km and are known as LM561-LM563-LM557-LM555. Training, validation, and reference data were obtained in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Overall, the findings revealed that the TP approach failed to forecast traffic flow and speed characteristics, but the GBT and NN methods were effective. Furthermore, the quantitative findings of the study routes in terms of root mean square error revealed that the three techniques of TP, GBT, and NN for traffic flow parameters were 13.91, 0.78, and 0.22, respectively, and for the speed parameter, 5.20, 0.78, and 0.19. In other words, the accuracy of the traffic flow parameter in GBT and NN is about 18 and 63 times better than the TP technique, while the accuracy of the speed parameter is approximately 7 and 27 times better than the TP method, respectively.

Regional Transit-Oriented Development (RTOD) is one of the modern approaches to developing different regions around the world. This approach has been raised against the increasing dependence on personal cars, increasing environmental pollution, traffic problems, as well as the dependence of areas to metropolitan cities in providing services and the development around transit stations has been a response to improving these conditions. This regional-level development model is first presented in response to the disruption of transport networks and the flow and traffic links. And then with unique planning for stations in a regional network and continuity integrating transport networks, it seeks to increase the trend towards public transport and self-sufficiency of areas to reduce unnecessary trips into the Metropolitan city. In this research, it has been attempted to introduce the general requirements of Transit-Oriented development through a library research and documentary study and with exploratory methods and to this end, successful global examples and expert theories have been exploited. Then, through the qualitative content analysis of the existing information with the help of experts in the field of research, the feasibility of implementing these requirements in the context of Tehran metropolitan area was investigated and a framework of requirements was presented in the categories of infrastructure, laws and regulations, flows and links, and the housing system. Then, to evaluate the effects of the introduced requirements on the factors of resettlement and employment, through the conceptual models presented by different theorists, the effective factors on resettlement and employment have been identified. Then, the effects of public Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) requirements on housing and employment were analyzed and presented with using Maxqda software. At the end of the research, the conceptual model obtained from analyzes, is evaluated in Tehran metropolitan area and this conceptual model is reviewed by the specific circumstances of the sample.