پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1402)

Structural linguistic analysis, one of the first approaches of new criticism, studies the text by using data from the science of linguistics, regardless of any hypertext elements. Such an approach was first used in the analyses of Russian formalists, in particular Jacobsen, and then in the studies of various structuralists. According to structuralists, a literary text is composed of, first and foremost, a set of special linguistic phenomena that distinguish it from other texts; this distinction can be seen at all structural levels of the text. This article aims to examine the poem "Smoke is Rising" by Sohrab Sepehri, a Persian poet whose poems are a reflection of the elements of the school of Romanticism, by making use of Jacobsen's theories. According to Jacobsen's method, structural elements of the poem are described on three levels: phonetic, lexical, and syntactic. A careful reading on this basis leads us to understand the hidden network of meaning in the poem. In fact, the purpose of this article is to answer questions such as how linguistic functions in the geometric form of poetry are effective in conveying meanings and how the system of words governing the external structures of the poem contain concepts related to the mood and the main theme of the poem. A study of phonetic, grammatical, and lexical-semantic elements shows that the hidden layers of meaning are closely related to the form of poetry, and play a role in the creation of beauty.

Mehdi Akhavan Sales is one of the contemporary Persian poets whose unique mastery over Persian classical literature is remarkable. He is a poet, critic, and theoretician of Neo-Nimai poetry as well as a story writer. Therefore, there are various types of intertextual relationships such as inter-author (link with works of past and contemporary peers), intra-author (links between all verse and prose works), intertextual (links between all verse works), and intra-text (link and relationships of an independent work). Also, the types of transtextuality considered by Genette, such as intertextuality, hypertextuality, architextuality, and paratextuality can be identified in his works. In line with the intertextual approach proposed by Genette, the goal of this descriptive-analytical research is to read and examine the poems of Mehdi Akhavan Sales while focusing on the relationships between them. Findings suggest that reading all the poems together frequently helps to clear up the ambiguities and to facilitate understanding.

The school of Romanticism is a European literary school which was born as a result of turning away from the logic and wisdom of the school of Classicism and was inspired by passion and excitement. This school has also had considerable influence on the development of various nations, including Iran. One of the important effects of the school of Romanticism on Iranian poets has been the development of their worldview, which has, in turn, broadened the scope of their protests and complaints regarding various social issues. This issue shows its effects in a more tangible way, especially when injustices, challenges, and social and individual disorders in a society are intensified. Simin Behbahani is one of the contemporary poets who has complained in her poems about injustices, deaths, and abandonment, and has protested against the existing situation of the society and her fellow human beings. In this article, authors have tried to use the descriptive-analytical research method to analyze the Romantic discourse of complaints in the works of Simin Behbahani. Findings of the research indicate that personal complaints are more prominent in the above-mentioned poetry collection, the reason for which should be found in her sensitive spirit and femininity; since she has experienced bitter and unfortunate events at some point in her life, her frank talk about pains and failures in her poetry attracts the sympathy of her audience.

Formalism is one of the influential literary schools that rose to prominence in the beginning of the 20th century with Shklovsky's writings. It emphasized the necessity of scientific analysis of artistic and literary works through highlighting the disadvantages of traditional and symbolic criticisms that were prevalent. In this article, authors intend to examine the formalistic manifestations of Ahmad Shamlou's and Yadollah Royaee's poems and provide examples of symbols and signs of the poets' counter-readings in the poem. The findings of this descriptive-analytical research reveal that the artistic beauty of Ahmad Shamlou's and Yadollah Royaee's poetry owes a lot to deviations in their poems. By looking carefully at the poems of these two poets, we can conclude that he strongly believes in the element of beauty and uses all his artistic efforts to draw attention to the concept and meaning and deliver the message to his audience without ignoring the realm of aesthetics.

The most important surreal principles are imagination, automatic writing, objective accident, wonder and magic, and dreams and visions. Although this school was introduced and recognized in Europe, it had already been featured in various artistic arenas of world literature. One of these arenas is Sufi texts of Persian language which have long served as hallmarks of surrealism. Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya is also one of these texts. Although al-Qushayriyya treatise is one of the first written teachings of mysticism whose author is so cautious to rid his work of all that is suspicious such as fantasy, rhythm and automatic writing - supposed to exist in surrealism - its surrealistic features (including dream, wonder, madness and dementia, inability to reason, unity, condemnation and denial of the world, freedom, etc.) are prominent. Meanwhile, concepts such as sleep and disclosure of truth, wonder and dignity, insanity and rejection of the world are more frequent. It should also be said that almost all of the surrealistic components of this book have fundamental differences with similar concepts in the surrealistic realm. In case of automatic writing and release, the difference is remarkable. Such distinctions convey excellence and superiority of Al-Qushayri’s thought against surrealism. In addition, Al-Qushayri’s accuracy and obsession in raising these issues resulted in considering terms, conditions and steps for any concept which cannot be seen in Surrealism.

"Spacemental poetry" is one of the contemporary styles of poetry in Iran which rose to prominence after the publication of its manifesto in the winter of 1348. Yadollah Royaee, the famous poet of this movement has tried to explain the ideological basis and the characteristics of this type of poetry and to keep it up-to-date. His works, which are a perfect reflection of Spacementalism, contain various linguistic, philosophical and aesthetic aspects. By explaining the ideological basis of his works and the Spacemental poetry, we discover many instances of Husserl’s phenomenology as well as some other philosophical and ontological issues. It also seems possible to find some reflections of Schopenhauer's aesthetics and his encounter with art and art works in "Haftad Sange Ghabr" – Royaee's famous work which presents his philosophical and ontological concerns. We argue that the collection offers an intuitive visualization of what Yadollah Royaee has created by thinking about death.