مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، پاییز 1402)

monitoring is the most important issue that the city council pays attention to in the field of municipal performance. In this regard, the main goal of this research is to design the optimal supervisory model of the Islamic Council of Tehran. The current research is exploratory research in terms of nature and applied research in terms of method. The statistical population of this research consists of members, consultants, experts, specialists and related people of the Islamic Council of Tehran city, and 31 of them were interviewed and questioned as a statistical sample of the research, in two selective and snowball methods, and for data analysis. The collected data (according to the objectives and nature of the research), the interpretive analysis method was used. The results of the research indicate that the supervision of the Tehran Islamic Council in the affairs of the city and municipality is facing serious challenges and damages, which are divided into three categories: process and approach, structural, and agents or agents of supervision. are grouped in line with the existing situation (pathology, laws and potentials), the proposed supervision model of Tehran Islamic Council has been designed and defined at four levels (council structure, agent-agent, processes-norms and support and implementation). In the designed model, increasing the number of Tehran City Council members and modifying their selection mechanism; Designing and setting up the monitoring system of Tehran City Council and the system for obtaining citizens' opinions; Reconstruction of the NGO headquarters of Tehran Islamic Council and local institutions; supply of specialized and trained manpower; Compilation of regulatory annexes and related indicators; The new composition of commission members; Reviewing the structure and description of the duties of the legal and supervisory commission of the Council.

Rivers are considered as the main source of water supply for humans and other creatures, and sometimes this source of life causes irreparable damage and destruction. Predicting the hydraulic behavior of rivers against possible floods is very important to reduce the damage caused to urban and rural areas, facilities under construction, farms and other existing uses around the river. Flooding is a natural phenomenon and there is a risk of its occurrence around rivers. It is a global issue, especially in urban and rural areas. The purpose of this research is flood zoning of Noran River with a return period of 100 years using HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model. The main data required for this research include: 1:2000 topographic maps of Nuranchai River, hydrometric data and boundary conditions of the river, which were obtained from the regional water organization of Ardabil province. Also, SMADA software was used to calculate the flood return period. The results of the research showed that flood zoning with a return period of 100 years was determined that the effect of the flood with an area of 304 hectares and the width of the flood zone is about 445 meters. It will be dangerous and should be given great importance in future planning to flood risks with a return period of 100 years.

The rapid increase in population followed by the excessive development of urban and rural areas has accelerated the process of land use changes in recent decades. The use of new remote sensing technologies in surveying the process of land use changes is one of the efficient and low-cost methods. Therefore, in the current research, the land use changes of the Shahar Chai basin were investigated through satellite images of Landsat sensors TM and OLI-TIRS for the years 1995, 2005, and 2021. In order to prepare the land use maps of the area, the supervised classification method and the maximum likelihood algorithm were used in ENVI software. The results of land use changes showed that during the statistical period under study, agricultural land uses and gardens, residential areas, and water areas have been increasing and their area has increased in each period. In contrast, the area of barren lands and pastures shows a decreasing trend. So that the area of agricultural lands and gardens and residential areas in 1995 was 18802.73 and 2784.56 hectares, respectively, and in 2021, this amount has reached 19738.81 and 5735.61 hectares.

Startup companies face many risks, crises, challenges and problems, especially in the early years of their work, which in case of lack of adaptability and resilience to the conditions, will sometimes lead to bankruptcy and stop their business activities. Therefore, these small companies need a special attention as well as purposeful and structured support mechanisms, in the early years, in order to continue their working life-cycle. In this regard, incubators are known as one of the most important and fundamental elements that provide the necessary infrastructure for the activation of start-up businesses. The main purpose of this study was to review the history of Science and Technology Parks in the world, incubators, their components and the types of facilities, equipment and services that are provided to the SMEs through these centers. Also, the evolutionary models and generations of incubation were discussed as well. Finally, the role of universities as effective supporters for young creative people was discussed and providing new courses regarding entrepreneurship and business based on the market-need, establishing academic incubators at universities and improving practical skills to empower the students were recommended. Also, reviewing and identification of successful incubators worldwide will be an effective action for simulation, developing indigenous models and improve methods of supporting entrepreneurs in the country.

Today, the implementation of a sustainable transportation system can play an effective role in improving the quality of life and urban livability. In this regard, the main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of sustainable urban transportation indicators on the livability of Ardabil city. The upcoming research is survey in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. The required data has been collected through documents and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of this research is the experts of Ardabil city, and the snowball method and the targeted method were used to determine the sample size and sampling of experts. For data analysis, structural equations based on variance with the partial least squares method have been used to analyze the obtained research data using Excel, SPSS and Smart-pls software capabilities. The results of the research show that there is a meaningful, unidirectional and strong relationship between sustainable transportation and urban livability, and the livability of Ardabil city through sustainable transportation (its 13 indicators) amounts to 0.749 can be explained and predicted (the effectiveness of the research indicators and the confirmation of the relevant hypotheses are proof of this claim). In this regard, the results have shown that the indicators of modern/intelligent electronic services, access, management and planning, service quality, pollution, climate, energy, culture, laws, efficiency, security and cost are the most important indicators. are the sustainable transportation systems of Ardabil city that have a significant and strong effect on the livability of that city.

Today, the sustainable development of tourism is considered as an engine of development and a factor to improve the quality of life of developing societies. Rural tourism is a form of economic activity that is carried out around cities and places with a rural shape and texture, and it has positive and negative effects for the village, man and nature. This study, which has been carried out with a library method, has investigated the potentials and attractions (tourism) of Mahmoud Abad village in Khodabande city and its effects on sustainable rural development.tourism in the local economy, as well as in creating employment, income, familiarity with culture and customs, as well as environmental protection in the economic, social, cultural and environmental fields of Mahmoudabad village, as well as the weakness Instability in management, weak advertising and incoordination of organizations, unfamiliarity with tourism activities and the occurrence of recent droughts are the main reasons for the lack of development and limitations of Mahmoud Abad village in terms of tourism compared to other places.

The search for the right to urban life and seeking the right in the city, or as Henri Lefebvre says, the right to the city, has been considered. With a quick look at the situation of Ardabil city, it is easy to see the way of the personal capitalistic system and the reduction of the profit of the government bodies. It has been forgotten in the midst of the profiteering of citizens and organizations. In this regard, the main goal of the research is to evaluate the indicators of the right to the city in Ardabil and its urban areas, to collect data from the opinions of the citizens of the areas (383 people) and to analyze the data from SPSS, Excel and Kopras multivariable decision making model (KOPRAS) has been used. In this regard, the results of the research and the one-sample t-test indicate that the average score of the Right to the City indicators in Ardabil city is 2.99, which shows the average level. Also, based on the Kopras model, urban areas one, three, five, two, and four have respectively obtained the first to fifth ranks of the right to the city indicators in the urban areas of Ardabil. In terms of stratification, urban areas one and three are at a good level, urban areas two and five are at an average level, and area four is at a poor level.

  In Chalus and Nowshahr cities, six geomorphosites have been selected which are significant in terms of attracting tourism. The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the sustainable tourism development of geomorphosites based on the Comanesco and National Park method (case study: West of Mazandaran). According to this method, each landform has five values (scientific, aesthetic, management, economic, cultural and user). Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect information related to the value of each landform, and according to the obtained information, statistical methods were used for data analysis. Fiolet's model is analyzed based on management and tourism rates and their value range. According to the research results, Namak-Abroud geomorphosite has the highest score with a score of (15.45) and the lowest score belongs to the Radio Darya geomorphosite with a score of 11.74. The reason for the high score of the Namak-Abroud geomorphosite is that it has special conditions, topographical location, as well as the existence of suitable facilities and facilities for the well-being of tourists, and it is of interest to most tourists. The results of the national park model showed that the salt areas of Abroud have the best and most appropriate management situation in the field of geotourism. In other words, Namak Abroud geotourist area has suitable conditions for the development and recognition of virgin areas that can be exploited in the geotourism industry in terms of the sub-indices evaluated in the Violet model. Therefore, according to the results of the current research and conducting additional research, the officials related to this issue can make more effective plans in order to improve the condition of geomorphosites in order to improve tourist services and attract more tourists according to the environmental capacities.

CityEngine is a software program for urban modeling based on specific rules. This program is presented as a flexible communication channel to convert 2D data into 3D urban models. The special applications of this software program include data processing of geographic information systems, mapping, as well a two-dimensional urban information system (GIS) with three specific goals, these goals are; Creating a 3D urban model is creating a detailed picture of the proposed settlement process, or even exploring the design space of a potential project. The main part of modeling with Esri's CityEngine software has unique advantages based on specific commands and rules; The possibility of building big cities as easily as small cities with the same quality, even on a larger scale, is one of the unique advantages of this approach. Additionally, the rule-based approach means that large design spaces can be quickly, interactively, and analytically explored and compared. Such advantages must be carefully balanced against the excessive time required to develop and parameterize the rules and sometimes to create stylized models or approximate models. (Approximate models are used for ease of calculation, and stylistic models are used to interpret the factors used.) CityEngine's communication channel, which derives from more traditional workflows, may be very effective at first. We introduce the main workflows and modifiability of this approach, outline the procedural programming language used, and discuss ways to change existing file formats.

The entrepreneurship development of women is one of the most important topics on the agenda of development worldwide and especially in many developing countries. Some experts of rural development believe that recognizing the capabilities and skills of women, especially rural women, as well as promoting their creative talents in exploiting the profiteable opportunities would have many positive social effects. During the last decade in Iran, the contribution of women in private and non-governmental businesses has been grown, and rural women are employed in small and medium-sized rural enterprises called SMEs. In this regard, the main purpose of the current research was to identify the effects of establish and develop the SMEs of rural women in Marvdasht county of Fars province. The studied population was the members of the microcredit fund of Marvdahdt in rural areas. A random sample of 71 women entrepreneurs were selected for data collection using a survey and questionnaire. Based on the findings, there was a significant difference in the social communication and networking of rural women entrepreneurs that the younger educated women with less membership background, had better interaction and more successful communication with the governmental and private institutions and experts. The effects of rural women's employment in SMEs were categorized into four categories of personal-psychological, economic, cultural-social and environmental due to the exploratory factor analysis. Finally, it is recommended that more rural women should be encouraged and motivated to join to the microcredit rual fund, based on many positive effects of SMEs for the women group as well as the overall rural society. It is also suggested to provide purposeful and structured educational-skill workshops in order to strengthen teamwork and social networking for launching collective businesses.

Investigating and revealing desertification problems, in addition to specifying the dimensions of this phenomenon, pays special attention to this problem and is effective in making the right decision for resource management. Therefore, the economic and social effects of desertification were studied in the Eastern Kalatea villages of Miami. This research was carried out in the first stage as a documentary and in the second stage as a survey method. The household population living in the area was selected as the statistical population of the research and based on Cochran's minimum sample formula, 318 household heads were determined as the minimum statistical sample. A questionnaire was designed with three axes of desertification, its social effects and its economic effects. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated according to experts' opinion and finalized with modifications. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a pre-test based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient and was completed by referring to the villages based on proportional population distribution. The results showed that more than 90% of the respondents answered completely in favor of the region desertification in ways such as the reduction of vegetation, the water resources reduction, wind erosion and dust. The study of the economic effects of desertification showed that, more than 90 percent of the respondents agreed with the decrease in income and purchasing power, the decrease in job opportunities, and the increase in the costs of agriculture and animal husbandry as a result of desertification. Also, in the study of the social effects of desertification, more than 90% of the respondents chose the fully agree and agree options for all the items related to the increase in unemployment and youth migration, the decrease in the level of well-being, the decrease in the quality of life and life expectancy, and the increase in insecurity.

The index of relative deprivation in social and economic dimensions plays a key role in explaining the directions of development according to the existing conditions and capacities, obviously scientific-logical planning that emphasizes the necessity of using knowledge and reasoning to plan and develop a geographical space. Without accurate knowledge of the current status of the indicators, it is unsuccessful and just a waste of time and resources. On the other hand, the sources of collection, analysis and index of these indicators, which are mostly government organizations, should also be done with the help of planning experts according to the existing situation, according to the requirements and necessities, with the help of experts in planning according to the existing situation, so that planning can be done according to the The advantages are achieved.Although relative poverty can be examined in cultural, social, political, scientific, and even educational and educational dimensions, but based on the goals of this article, two economic-social areas are the indicators of IRSD, which are within the geographical limits of Lorestan province and based on official statistics in the cities of this The province has been investigated. Based on the studies conducted on the issue of leveling the development of Lorestan province, especially in socio-economic dimensions and the results of IRSD index variables, Lorestan province has a low level of development compared to the average indicators of the country.In 10 out of 11 cities of this province, the percentage of indicators is lower than the national average, in other words, they do not have the necessary capabilities for life. Home ownership and vehicle ownership as two essential assets in this province have the lowest ratio among the 9 studied variables.

Today tourism is expressed as an economic matter. Sareen city has the attraction of tourism, which has capabilities at the national and international levels. The city of Sareen has a nascent and growing economy, and the tourism industry is the best option for the economic growth and development of this city. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of tourism economy in the sustainable development of Sarein city of Ardabil province. In this research, two geotourism models, Hadzik and Berylha, have been used. In Hadzik's model, the results are obtained by identifying and examining the components and preparing a questionnaire from experts and tourists, and in Braille's method, scientific, tourism and educational values, the method of evaluating land diversity areas and calculating the total points of these areas are investigated. The results show In Hadzik's model, the current region with a total score of 4.68 in scientific value, the component of diversity in geomorphological forms and the component of special cultural events with a total score of 4.54 has the highest score among free values. And in the Braille model, the Sareen geosite with a total of 270 points in the tourism value of the land diversity site evaluation method has tourism potential in the region and has the power to attract tourists. . Many development planners also refer to the tourism industry as the main and important pillar of sustainability, and in other words, the relationship between tourism and planning can play a special role in urban and rural development. In the city of Sarein, despite the obtained tourism potentials, the results of the research indicate that the expansion of tourism potentials in the city of Sarein will increase employment and also cause sustainable urban development.

Entrepreneurship is the process of creating, introducing and launching a startup, such as a product, system or business. Entrepreneurship at the village level, which can occur in various fields such as trade, industry, agriculture, and acts as a strong factor for economic development, is defined. Entrepreneurship is a means to improve the quality of life for individuals, families and communities and to maintain a healthy economy and environment. Considering the importance of the role of entrepreneurship in villages, the present research tries to focus on studying the prospects and challenges facing rural entrepreneurship in Mahmoud Abad.In order to reach the result, descriptive-analytical methodology and library and documentary sources were used, and a wide literature review was carried out in relevant subjects and fields. The results showed that entrepreneurship has a very effective role in rural development, such as raising the welfare level, reducing poverty, developing employment, etc., and this village has entrepreneurial potential and capabilities, but the level of entrepreneurship development is low. Challenges such as the process of receiving credits from banks, lack of financial resources, communication and transportation infrastructure, economic and marketing problems, technological challenges, low level of education have been identified and at the end, suggestions have been made to solve the challenges. Is.

Despite the fact that tourism was facing a growing and positive trend in the world and has made significant economic progress in tourist destinations, this progress has been hampered by the incidence of some crises and negative events. Crises such as floods, earthquakes, pandemic outbreaks are an unprecedented threat to the tourism industry.The present study tries to investigate the challenging effects of COVID-19 on Iran's tourism industry and to present scenarios for tourism behavior after passing through this crisis and the action of tourism operators in the post-Corona era and in the horizon of 1405. The research method was descriptive-analytical and survey using content analysis, Delphi method and scenario writing. The results show that COVID-19 has devastating and irreparable effects on Iran's tourism industry and the decision to travel domestic and foreign tourists and their understanding of the current situation and finally, three scenarios of golden, black and white and critical towards the future of tourism in Iran were proposed in the horizon of 1405.

As one of the pillars of tourism, geotourism plays an important role in the economic development of regions. Due to its location in the southern slopes of Alborz and its hydro-climatic situation as well as its political position (close to Tehran), Damavand County has a high potential for the development of geotourism, and for this reason, in this research, the geotourism capabilities of this city are evaluated. Been paid. This research is based on descriptive-analytical methods. In this research, library information, information obtained from field visits, a 30-meter high digital model, and different layers of information have been used as research data. Also, in this research, Zouros and Comanescu methods have been used to evaluate geosites. This research has been done in two general stages, in the first stage, the susceptible geosites of Damavand city have been identified, and in the second stage, they have been evaluated using the Zouros and Comanescu methods. Based on the results of the Zouros method, the Keilan Valley geosite has the highest score with 68 points, and the Masha plain geosite has the highest score with 68 points in the Comanescu method. In total, the results of two methods (average points) have shown that Keilan Valley and Masha plain have the highest points with an average of 67.5 points and are considered as the most valuable geosites of Damavand County. After these geosites, the geosites of Tar and Huyer lakes and Chenar flight site have the highest points with an average of 65.5 points.

Maku with the ancient names of Shavarshan and Artaz, in the northwestern corner of Iran, had a special place in the history of Iran and was one of the areas of conflict between Iranians and Armenians in ancient times. According to Armenian sources, the first settlement in the Maku region dates back to the Medes. Due to the burial of Thaddeus, one of the apostles of Jesus this land has a prominent religious position among the Armenians of the world. There are different opinions about the lexical origin of Maku and its scope, as well as its administrative and political connections with the land of Iran. The purpose of this article is to investigate and analyze the historical geography of Maku, its appellation and geographical boundaries using historical and geographical texts based on descriptive-analytical method and using library data. The results of the investigations carried out in this study show that the geographical location of Maku has had a major impact on its political, cultural and economic life, and the different aspects of its people's lives were influenced by geography and being located at its border point. Due to its location at the border point of the three countries of Iran, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, Maku had a special importance in the relations between these three powers, and the rulers of that country had formed an autonomous government for themselves.

Ardebil plain is one of the flood points that requires the understanding of the flood potential. In this study, the flooding potential of Ardebil plain was performed using environmental parameters, observations of flood points and lack of floods and prediction algorithms were made including random forest and logistics regression. Independent parameters include DEM, Slope, Aspect, Distance from waterway, distance from dam, runoff accumulation, land use, landforms and indexes Topographic Position Index (TPI), Modified Catchment Area (MCA), Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and Stream Power Index (SPI) Indices. The Roc-AUC assessment results showed that the RF and LR model were validated by 0.99 and 0.98, and it shows that random forest models and logistics regression have the ability to predict and prepare a flood sensitivity map in Ardebil plain. The output of parameters effective in flooding showed that the marginal areas located around the central plain of Ardabil have less flood-flooding potential than the central areas. The results also showed that by moving from the southwest of the plain to its northeast, the grade of floods increased. This increase in flooding potential around the main drainage of the plain is greater than elsewhere.

Health is introduced as a lifestyle and an approach to daily life for a person to achieve physical and mental well-being, and it is a balance that a person establishes between himself and the living environment and works in it. This view shows that there is a clear relationship between the work environment, residence and recreation and health, in addition to the ways that a person chooses for his life. Among the factors affecting the mental health of citizens, what is in the urban environment and related to urban planning and design, is included in the category of environmental stressors. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The information required in this research will be collected through documentary and library, field (interview) and questionnaire (researcher-made) methods. Variables affecting urban stress that are studied include (economic, social, physical, environmental, housing quality). The statistical population of the research is all the citizens in Ardabil city. According to the findings of the research, all the factors based on the opinions of the citizens have been effective in creating and increasing stress in the urban environment of Ardabil and according to the index in order (social factors, environmental pollution, housing, physical-environmental factors and in Finally, economic factors) with an average of (4.02, 3.81, 3.74, 3.63) had the greatest impact on the stress of citizens, which indicates the level of stress of the citizens of Ardabil city and ultimately leads to mental illnesses, depression and anxiety. In this regard, city managers can reduce the level of depression of citizens in Ardabil by creating a lively and healthy environment

The increasing trend of population plays an important role in the physical development of residential areas as well as land use changes. The city of Izeh is one of the cities that has seen a large number of population growth in recent years. Given the importance of the subject, this study evaluates the process of land use change and physical development of residential areas of the urban area and urban margins of Izeh. In this study, the 30 -meter -high altitude model, Landste satellite images and digital layers of information were used as research data. ENVI's most important research software (for the satellite images and land use maps), IDRISI (for the implementation of the LCM model) and ArcGIS (for final map preparation). In this study, the land use maps were first prepared and then the physical development process of the living areas of the area was evaluated, and this process was predicted for 2035. Based on the results, the area of settlement areas has increased significantly, with this use in 1993, 4.3 km2, which is in the years 2002, 2013 and 2020 to 2020. The order has increased to 5.6, 8.8 and 11.5 km2. The physical development process of the study area has also been predicted for 2035, according to the results, the area of urban and urban settlement areas of Izeh will increase to 17.7 km2 by 2035.

In this study the geo-tourism abilities of Ramiyan city was evaluated with using SWOT and pralong models. In this study, at first by library study, use of topographic maps 1:50,000 and Geology maps 1:100,000 of the studied area and using GIS, Google earth applications and field survey was took action to gather needing data and information. To use SWOT model, with careful study and understanding Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the area, this data were classified and a questionnaire was made and for weighting and prioritization be distributed between visitors, officials and climbers. Point’s weighting was done by analyzing the results from the questionnaire. Then to use of pralong model by consider geo -morphologic places of studied area the characteristics are regulated in some cards as identity cards of geo-morphologic place. After the complete some pages about each land, the pralong model was used for determination of productivity and Tourism abilities. Based on results from SWOT model, by combining the internal and external factors, the most important strategy is related to (so) factor that place this city in a competitive / offensive environment and its most important strength is the presence of geo-tourism phenomena such as springs and waterfalls, which has earned the highest score with a weighted average of 4.63. . Based on finding obtained from Peralong Ghale Maran Mountain with (0.67) score have highest tourism value, as well as with (0.59) have highest efficiency value, ad Garm Cheshmeh in terms of tourism with (0.36) score as well as in terms of efficiency with (0.20) score have lowest values between geomorphologic location of studied areas.

Today, in most countries, small and medium industries are acting in the various aspects of economic and social interests, industrial production and services provision. Although more than 90 percent of our production units are belong to small and medium industries , Due to the lack of Strategic Development based on existing industrial infrastructures and abandoning small production units in their status, the firm failed to make a significant contribution to GDP and creating value added . In this respect, building and equipping industrial parks can provide more appropriate conditions for locating small and medium industries, and centralized management of these industries. In this article, attractions in Ardabil - Phase 2 Industrial park for the location of Industrial Town has been analyzed. This research is applied research in terms of Target and Descriptive research in terms of nature that study attractions of the industrial park's attractions by 20 criteria. In order to achieve total fitness of Ardabil - Phase 2 Industrial park for location of Industrial Town in terms of investigated criteria using TOPSIS method. In consequence of using above techniques, industrial park score was 0/49 in relation to the total number of investigated criteria. It shows that industrial park has some considerable for locating Industrial Town .

The variety of dimensions and complexities of the tourism industry according to the geographical regions require special fields for tourism planning and management. Rural tourism is actually a part of the tourism market, which can beconsidered an important tool for the economic-social and ecological development of rural communities. The development ofruraltourismcan play an important role in revitalizing thevillages, creating employment and income for the villagers, and ultimately the development of the country in general and rural development in particular. The aim of the present research is to analyze the role of tourism on the development of tourism target villages in Paveh city. The nature of the research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method. The statistical sample of the research is 320 heads of households in five villages targeted for tourism inPaveh city, including; It isShamshir, Darian, Khanqah, Deshe and Hajij. The method of distribution of the questionnaire among heads of households issimple and random. SPSS softwarewas used for data analysis. The results show that tourism has been able to have a good level of influence on income and employment in the development of the village, and has had a medium level of influence on cultural changes physical-spatial changes and social interactions, However in the environmental index, household heads have evaluated the impact of tourism development as negative and less thanthe numerical desirability. The prioritizationof the most effective indicators in the impact of tourism on the development of tourism target villages in Paveh city shows;The indexof income andemployment is the most important. The index of cultural changes is in the second rank, theindex of physical-spatial changes is in the third rank, the index of social interactions is in thefourthrank of importance and finally the environmental index is in the last and least important rank.

Good urban governance includes a set of functions, processes, and policies that are implemented to provide better services, improve living conditions, and create a suitable urban environment for work and life. The purpose of this research is to investigate the desirability of good urban governance indicators in Karaj. The research is applied, and the method is descriptive-analytical. The data and information were collected from the library, documents, and surveys (using a questionnaire tool). The statistical population of the research is all the experts of Karaj Municipality, and 100 questionnaires were randomly completed. Six indicators were used to measure good urban governance: result orientation, promotion of values, clarification, effectiveness of roles and duties, capacity building, and accountability. To analyze the data, Hotelling's t, ANOVA, and Friedman statistical tests were used. The results of the ANOVA test show a difference in the degree of favorability of governance between the ten districts of Karaj municipality. Hotelling's t-test also shows a difference between the mean of the dimensions of judgment and the desired mean. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that establishing transparency in urban governance can lead to better understanding of citizens' needs and demands, and people will turn to urban management more intelligently and confidently. Overall, the text appears to be grammatically correct and well-written. There are no sentence fragments or run-on sentences, and the subject-verb agreement is consistent. The use of punctuation is appropriate, and the phrasing is clear and concise. The verb tenses are correct and consistent throughout the text. The tone of the text is appropriate for a scholarly audience, and the formatting and citation styles adhere to standard academic practices. There is no evidence of plagiarism or unoriginal wording.

The village is considered as the smallest unit of country divisions. One of the most important dimensions of rural development is local administration which plays a very important role in coordinating rural development activities. One of the important issues in the field of rural management in the country is the establishment of decimalisation. decimalisation and investigating their performance in rural development is one of the important issues in the field of rural management. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to review the role of rural governance decimalisation in rural development. The current research is and applied research and in terms of analytical-descriptive research method and it is in the form of documentary-library study and scientific resources. The results of this research showed that the economic, cultural and social, environmental and infrastructure factors with an emphasis on the education of villagers and the formation of different local groups, Cultivation and promotion of group participation are the most important effective and influencing factors on the role of villager governance in rural development. It is suggested that one of the limitations of the sustainable development of villages is the financial resources of the decimalisations; Therefore, government financial assistance, use of financial facilities of banks, and local and public participation should be strengthened to provide sustainable financial resources in the rural areas of decimalisations.

Historical geography sources are very important in examining the location and location of important and strategic areas. One of the most important areas that has had a special place among Muslim geographers for a long time is the northern shores and ports of the Persian Gulf, which were always considered part of Iran's territory. Muslim geographers, while mentioning the name of the Persian Sea, provide valuable information about the geographical location and limits, economic and social status of these regions. The present article aims to investigate and analyze the historical geography of Iranian ports and coasts of the Persian Gulf using Muslim geographical texts based on the descriptive-analytical method and using library data. The results of the investigations carried out in this study show that the geographical location of the Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf has had a major impact on the social and economic life of these areas, and the different aspects of the lives of its people were influenced by geography and being located on the shores of the Persian Gulf. Also, being located on the shores of the Persian Gulf had caused economic prosperity and extensive cultural exchanges between Iranian coastal residents and the surrounding areas.

In the process of rapid urbanization, the villages surrounding the cities are integrated into the cities and different neighborhoods appear in the cities and unstable urban cores are formed due to the inability of the city officials to manage these neighborhoods. Neighborhood instability is the most important obstacle to sustainable urban development, and this problem reaches its peak at the level of neighborhoods with rural cores. Therefore, in this research, the sustainability of villages integrated into Ardabil city and the leveling of their sustainability status in different dimensions for future planning have been investigated.The present research method is applied according to the objective and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the research is 5 neighborhoods from the total neighborhoods of Ardabil city which used to be "villages" and have been annexed to the city in recent years. The sampling was done randomly and the Cochran relationship was used to estimate the sample size with a probability of 0.95% confidence. The sample size was estimated to be 387 people. For data analysis, Excel and SPSS software were used and by using the stability barometer model, the stability levels of the target neighborhoods in 4 dimensions (socio-cultural, economic, environmental and physical) was determined.Based on the metrics used and the results of the implementation of the stability barometer model in the present study, all the target localities are in an unstable state in each of the dimensions of stability. The average level of sustainability in terms of ecosystem well-being in the studied area is equal to 0.205 and human well-being is equal to 0.237, which shows the unstable situation of both; Human well-being is slightly more stable than ecosystem well-being.

eotourism (land tourism) consists of two words land and tourism and refers to tourism that has geological, morphological and cultural attractions. The correct and optimal use of these attractions in different areas requires knowledge of different aspects. In this article, by comparing the two methods of Pralong and Pereira, the geotourism capabilities of some geomorphosites in Esko city have been investigated. The results of this research showed that both methods evaluate various aspects of geomorphosite capabilities. And productivity prevails. In the Perira method, the geomorphological and management quality has been evaluated, and in the Pralong method, the tourism quality and productivity quality have been evaluated. In the Perira method, among the 6 selected geomorph sites in the study area, the Kandavan geosite has the highest score (14.95) and Qalgheh Aq has the highest score. Gombad got the lowest score (10/60). Kandavan has the highest score in management grade and geomorphological grade. The main reason for the low score of some landforms according to the Perpera method is the lack of suitable infrastructure and the lack of equipment and support services and their lack of proper access. And according to the results of the Prolong method, the Kandavan landform has a score of (0.57) in tourism quality and a score of (0.75) in productivity quality and is known as the most important geosite of the city. And Googli Lake and Agh Gonbad Castle have the lowest tourism quality and productivity quality. In general, based on the two methods of Pereira and Pralong, which, in addition to the differences in terms of indicators, have commonalities, the geomorphosites with the highest score are more suitable for investment and planning for tourism, and geosites with low scores should be given more attention.

Good governance with the most important principles and criteria such as public participation, accountability, responsibility, law-oriented, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, justice and equality, consensus and legitimacy is one of the new management approaches and the new approach to development and poverty reduction. It is especially in rural areas. In line with the mentioned cases, the present research aims; The study of the role of good rural governance in the physical development of the villages of Khorram Abad city has been compiled. The used descriptive-analytical method is based on documentary and survey sources. The statistical population in this research includes indigenous rural communities, experts and specialists in the field of rural management and development (universities, Islamic councils and villagers). The research findings from the measurement model of "physical development" show that "development of communication and transportation infrastructure" and "increasing the use of new technologies" respectively have the highest and lowest correlations with the variable of physical development in the subject. They have good governance and physical development. Among the indicators of good governance, the components of "responsiveness" and "lawfulness" have the highest and lowest correlations with the variable of good governance in the subject of physical development, respectively. The results of Vicor model show that among the factors affecting the realization of good rural governance, the three components of accountability, participation and responsibility are the most effective indicators on the realization of good rural governance in Khorram Abad city.

The purpose of this research is to assess the risks of wind-blown sediments in the Sistan Plain and its impact on Chahnimeh vital reservoirs in the two critical centers of Niatek and Jezink in the southeast of Zabol, Sistan and Baluchistan province. The results aimed to provide the possible causes of damage to facilities, agriculture, roads, and damages to the region, and especially its effects on Chahnimeh water reservoirs.

The method of conducting this research was field surveys, aerial photographs, satellite images with different time periods, surveying the general morphology and winds of the region (The 120-day wind) and locating in terms of studying the geomorphology of the region. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used. Sampling of sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) laboratory studies, comparative analysis and data analysis method has been done.

According to the results of the research, the main risk factors are the erosive winds of the region, which have a north to northwest direction with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (the 120-day wind of Sistan), and the most important areas of harvest, abandoned lands, sandy lands, and salty and swollen areas of the Hamun lake bed. and the northern plains (Afghanistan). The interpretation of topographical maps and satellite images in different years showed that the speed and direction of movement of the sand dunes in the region are proportional to the prevailing wind of 120 days and in the northwest-southeast direction. In addition, the height of sand dunes and the volume of sand are an important factor in the speed of movement and the amount of progress of sand dunes in the Sistan Plain and entering the Chahnimeh reservoirs.

Today, public spaces in cities are more than ever the scene of the presence and manifestation of the collective and daily life of citizens, for this reason these spaces play a significant role in the mental health of citizens. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of public spaces in the mental health of citizens of Region 2 of Kermanshah Municipality. This article is based on the purpose of applied research and based on the nature of a descriptive and analytical research. Library method and questionnaire tool were used to collect data. For this purpose, 384 citizens of the 2nd region of Kermanshah were selected as a statistical population using Cochran's formula, and questionnaires were distributed among them by a simple random method and information was collected. The results of the research showed that women's mental health in public spaces is at a higher level than men's, but there is no significant difference in mental health between single and married people, but there is a significant difference in mental health between owners and tenants. and people who own their own residential houses have better mental health than renters. Also, the results of examining the indicators of public spaces and the level of mental health using the Pearson correlation test indicate that the correlation between urban public spaces and the mental health of citizens is at a significant level of 0.001, the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.183, which indicates that the relationship There is a strong relationship between the components of public spaces and the level of mental health of citizens

n this research, an attempt is made to study and analyze the effects of good governance on improving quality of life indicators in the rural areas of Jolgeh. In terms of the developmental goal, this research is survey in nature and correlational in nature. The statistical population of the research is all heads of households living in the villages of Jolgeh district, which according to the latest census of 1395, there are 10,267 people and 3,499 households. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula n=370. The instrument used was a questionnaire (made by the researcher) and its face validity was confirmed by the professors of the researcher's university, and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, for good validity, 0.81% and quality of life 0.82%. It was distributed according to the principle of sharing between the heads of the household. Data analysis was done with the help of Spss23 software and with one-sample T-tests, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression. The state of good governance in the region was measured with an average of (2.77) and the quality of life with an average of (2.81) from the point of view of the local community with the help of a one-sample T-test, and it was evaluated as slightly better than the average. Pearson's correlation coefficient shows moderate to strong correlation between two research variables. Multiple regression (using beta coefficient) showed a positive relationship between all good governance variables (independent variable) on the improvement of villagers' quality of life indicators (dependent variable). As a result, considering the good governance situation and quality of life in the villages Jolgeh will improve quality of life indicators by improving good governance indicators.

 Tourism is one of the methods of economic development and increasing people's well-being, and it is one of the most economic activities, especially from It is considered for the employment and prosperity of different areas. In order for tourism to contribute to sustainable urban development, its effects should be given special attention. Tourism is considered as one of the pillars of economic development, an industry, and it increases income and economic prosperity and employment, and it is one of the most important industries for sustainable development in the society, and it plays an active and effective role in improving the economic, social and cultural structure. Countries especially in developing countries have. Cities have many tourist attractions and always attract many tourists, tourism development is sustainable when it is not destructive and provides the possibility of protecting resources for future generations. In fact, sustainable tourism is tourism that can continue in an environment indefinitely. Therefore, the development of sustainable urban tourism and its wise management requires planning. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of tourism economy in the sustainable development of Sarein city. For this purpose and in order to evaluate tourism potentials, two models, Kirchner and gam, have been discussed. The results show that the Sareen tourism area has obtained a total score of (9.25) by evaluating the Kerchner model. Also, in the gam method, by examining the identified components, the results show that In evaluating the values, the final value has a total score of 14.75. Sareen tourism area has tourism potential, and as a result, this geosite by attracting tourists and increasing the tourism potential can cause the economic prosperity of the region and the sustainable development of the region.

The growth of the knowledge-based economy, the issue of commercialization of university research has become the strategy of governments and universities, therefore the purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the commercialization of university research in agricultural fields. This research is of an applied type with a qualitative approach, and the nature and method of carrying out the work is descriptive-analytical, library and field data collection. , professors of agricultural fields who were active in science and technology park and growth center or agricultural professors who were business owners and finally also professors in the field of economics, entrepreneurship and management. For this purpose, 20 people were selected. Individual dimension of five variables that includes personality traits, attitudes, previous experience, related knowledge, business skills. In the organizational dimension, seven variables have been named, which include the head of the organization, number of employees, organizational atmosphere, quality of research, innovative culture, human resource management method, organizational structure, and aligned organizational processes. In the institutional dimension, which includes variables such as goals and the mission of the university, history of contracts, policies of the university and the approach of the universities, in the dimension of the environment including infrastructure, education, market demand, marketing and sales, economic stability, business market and international interactions, and in the dimension of technological product, competitive price, after-sales service Sales and product innovation.

The current research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effective factors on increasing the empowerment of employees based on new information (a case study of sports and youth departments in the western provinces of the country).The statistical population in the qualitative part included prominent professors in the field of sports management, who were interviewed by using the purposeful sampling method and the theoretical saturation technique, and in the quantitative part, the statistical population was the employees of the sports and youth departments in the west of the country, based on the statistics Their number is 800 people, of which 300 people were identified as a sample based on Dole Morgan. The tools of the current research included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the findings of the present study, open, axial and selective coding was used, as well as the use of the structural equation method using PLS software. In order to analyze the findings of the current research, open, axial and selective coding was used, as well as the structural equation method using PLS software. The results of the measurement model indicated the insignificant effect of technology infrastructure on empowerment. The value of information technology infrastructure is not hidden to anyone today. As a result, information technology infrastructure plays a fundamental role in operationalizing other elements of information technology by providing a common basis for creating commercial applications, and the results of the research also showed that environments with high information and technology Empowerment has no meaningful effect. The results of the measurement model indicated a non-significant effect of information systems on empowerment. The results of the measurement model indicated a non-significant effect of information and communication technology on empowerment.

The main goal of this research was to provide a model to strengthen managers' green thinking. Considering the importance of the environment for the future of humanity, managers' attention to the green category is of great importance. Based on this, the current research, which was conducted qualitatively and using semi-structured interviews with 17 environmental and management experts and theme analysis, sought to provide a model of managers' green thinking and identify the events, components and consequences of managers' green thinking. . The results of open coding showed 137 open codes, which were categorized into 50 central codes and three selective codes. According to the results of theme analysis, the antecedents of managers' green thinking include green training, external environmental conditions, green organizational atmosphere, the place of green thinking in national macro-planning, technological infrastructure, relevant laws and regulations, environmental facilities and infrastructure of the organization, individual norms and Green society, green organizational culture, employees' attitude towards the environment, support for green behaviors, socio-cultural pressures and green support. Also, the components of managers' green thinking include management's environmental attitude, attention to green technology, environmental concern, environmental knowledge, adherence to ethics, alignment of employees' interests with green management, green behavior feedback, green behavioral beliefs, green behavioral habits, Altruism, moral strength, green commitment and green recruitment and selection. The consequences of managers' green thinking include green organization, increasing the organization's social image, developing the manager's personal brand, environmentally sensitive employees, social effects, developing green thinking in society, reducing environmental pollution, producing sustainable products, green organizational advantages, influencing others. , organizational green creativity, green organizational behavior, social capital, green human resources, employees' organizational commitment, organization's financial benefits, organizational trust, employees' social responsibility, employees' health and job satisfaction.