فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 50 (زمستان 1401)

The architecture and culture of southern Iranian cities had a significant influence on the architecture and culture of Arab countries around the Persian Gulf. One notable example is the influence on the architecture of the Bastakiya neighborhood in Dubai, which was a result of the migration of Iranian merchants to the Bastakiya neighborhood. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of the local architecture and culture of southern Iranian cities on the architecture of the Bastakiya neighborhood. The research method was descriptive-analytical and involved comparing and studying six case studies of old-fashioned houses in Bushehr and Bastakiya. The results show that, in addition to environmental issues, culture and lifestyle had an significant influence on the layout and structure of houses in both regions. The migration of Iranians to Bastakiya caused the culture and lifestyle of Iranian immigrants to influence the structure of houses, and similarities between the architectural design of houses in both regions were observed in issues such as spatial planning, integration, privacy, construction methods, and internal circulation of space. In both regions, different spaces were defined for men and women as private and common spaces, and there were also spaces for guests and male visitors that were separate from the private space of the house. The central courtyard and windows and windcatchers were used as tools to create natural ventilation and cooling. Additionally, different spaces such as public, semi-public, and private spaces were defined in each house for various activities.

In the field of art and architecture, aesthetic quality as one of the types of qualities has been considered in old and new researches. Although today, in the studies of urban planning and architecture, efforts have been made to understand the aesthetic quality of space and how to perceive it using the term atmosphere, but in the texts of Islamic sages and philosophers, no separate treatise has been written on this topic, and researchers in the old texts and the new ones have used many and sometimes inconsistent expressions. Also, no consensus has been reached in expressing its perceptual processes. Therefore, the research introduces the framework of transcendent perceptual process and its details, by correlating the expressions used in modern sciences and Islamic sciences with the help of Mullah Sadra's Transcendent Theosophy. The descriptive-analytical study first describes the viewpoints of three generations of theorists, then analyses them, and finally combines the viewpoints of new researchers and the Transcendent Theosophy to provide a comprehensive innovative framework. The results of the work include the identification of 5 depths for the perceptual process, providing a triple model to express the quality of the perceptual process with the terms used by previous scholars, and also extracting the framework of the transcendent perceptual process. This framework increases the ability of research in the interdisciplinary field, and where the range of words for communicating different sciences is wide, it creates a platform for the coordination of perceptual processes from the perspective of different sciences.

Historical fabric is an architectural and cultural masterpiece, forming a valuable part of urban identity and history. Preservation and maintenance of this fabric and the quality of its landscape are essential but currently neglected due to economic and socio-cultural reasons. This study aimed to identify and explain the key drivers affecting the landscape quality of the Sang-e-Siah neighborhood historical fabric in Shiraz. The research was applied concerning purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and research methodology. Library-documentary and field studies were used, along with the distribution of questionnaires, to collect the required data, which were then analyzed using MicMac software and the Delphi technique. The results indicate that 7 out of 22 main influential factors affect the landscape of the historical fabric of the Sang-e-Siah neighborhood in Shiraz. These key factors have the most significant impact and are the least influenced by other factors affecting the landscape quality of the historical fabric of the Sang-e-Siah neighborhood in Shiraz and include spatial unity (coordination of elements) (V4), color and materials (V16), sidewalk space (V19), security and peace (V14), green space (V20), urban furniture (V12), and lighting (V15). The results of the research indicate that a desirable urban landscape has numerous impacts on the quality of life for citizens and increases their satisfaction with municipal management performance, which, in turn, will lead to greater citizen participation in urban development projects. Achieving a desirable urban landscape requires the identification of influential factors and planning for the improvement of their conditions because due to the internal relationships among these landscape elements, a change in one factor leads to changes in others. Intervening in the historical urban fabric is highly sensitive due to the value of these historical areas.

The transformation of form in architecture in a historical trajectory has been the result of countless factors that have led to the change of principles and indicators in some situations. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the factors and dimensions of the transformations that occurred in mosques without naves during the Safavid and contemporary periods of Iran through a comparative analysis of the form of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan and Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran. The hypotheses proposed to achieve this goal are that the mosque of Al-Ghadir in Tehran and the mosque of Sheikh Lotfollah in Isfahan are similar to each other in terms of formal structure, and the metamorphosis of the form occurred in the form of some physical and spatial indicators. The current research has investigated the metamorphosis factors that have played a role in the formation of these two works in the visible and hidden layers using descriptive and inductive analysis method. The results of the research indicate that the principles of transformation in the form of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque have taken place due to the index of spatial geometry through rotation and change of direction and translational movement by structural and physical elements, external walls and connecting internal spaces. that in the Al-Ghadir Mosque of Tehran, which was built in the contemporary period, the principles of transformation have taken place not only by changing the form, but also by ignoring and removing the prominent elements of the mosque, including the dome and the minaret. In addition, the rectangular shape of the space under the dome and the pyramid shape of the dome are also other factors of metamorphosis.

The architecture of traditional schools is often symmetrically formed around one or two perpendicular axes. The main elements of the school building are located on both sides of the axis, and the design of the courtyard is such that it strengthens the centrality of the courtyard and the overall structure. In the architecture of traditional schools, the design and construction of the space is done according to the perceptive capabilities and material and spiritual needs of humans. The main purpose of the research is to know the spatial organization, to examine and compare the elements, and the structural patterns of schools in Tabriz and Urmia in the Qajar and Pahlavi period. In this article, first of all, qualitatively, it examines the structural patterns and spatial organization and the quality of schools, and then by comparing and evaluating the research findings, for the purpose of statistical analysis, processing quantitative data using indicators and tests. Statistics have been done. This research deals with choosing two consecutive historical periods (Qajar and Pahlavi) as a starting point in the change and evolution of the structure of schools. The research with applied approach and descriptive and analytical research method, using field and library information collection, examines the patterns of schools in these periods. The technique of collecting information by means of a questionnaire depending on the answers of the researchers and analyzing the data collected with SPSS descriptive statistics method of skewness and kurtosis and histogram chart to compare the schools of Qajar and Pahlavi period, using statistical analysis and correlation and The test of received indicators was done, and finally the results were extracted. The numerical value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient is equal to 0.707 considering the 9 questions of the questionnaire, which shows that the reliability of the questionnaire is average. For the comparative study of schools, Tabriz Dar al-Funun School, Rushdieh Tabriz, Ferdowsi Tabriz, Anoushirvan Tabriz, Chamran Urmia, Teb Urmia, Tawheed Tabriz (Parvin Etisami) were selected from Qajar and Pahlavi schools. Then, the desired indicators were determined and checked for comparison. Based on this, the most important result of this research is benefiting from suitable design patterns such as centrality, layering, overlapping courtyards, reflection and diversity in school architecture and stretching of plans and entrance in the center, the importance of setting environmental conditions, stretching east and west. And being sunny is important on the one hand, and on the other hand, the era was the neoclassical era, buildings were mostly symmetrical in Europe, and influence from the West was important both in school education and in the shape and body of schools. As a result, the educational spaces from the school mosque with a central courtyard pattern later changed to schools with an elongated plan pattern, and the educational evolution in the Qajar period followed the concept of physical-shape continuity of the traditional Iranian architectural format and items such as the central courtyard, module and frame The arrangement of views and symmetry, introversion and appropriate geometry, etc. can be seen.

Home as a manifestation of its residents’ culture displays different life methods, activity systems, values, and behavioral patterns. The present study aims to express the criteria and impact rate and weighing of each of them concerning each other by the realization of the effective components on the hidden map of Behbahan traditional housing. The research method with a mixed technique consists of descriptive methods and content analysis in the theoretical part and correlational and causal comparison in the field research in the case studies part. In the first step, the questionnaires were given to the residents of 30 houses in the traditional residential context of Behbahan in order to analyze the descriptive statistics that were analyzed by SPSS software. In the next step, interviews based on research questions will be compiled from a population of 10 experts who were selected by the snowball method, and inferential statistics will be extracted by analyzing them. Then the scores of questionnaires, bridge-crossroads documents, and being a Behbahan quay are compared. The research results indicate that the subsistence, cultural and social requirements caused by the region's geography and communication with merchants and others have influenced the weight of the spatial order components of Behbahan's traditional houses. This case can be seen in the orientation of houses and the formation of spatial order components with subsistence purposes.