فصلنامه مشکوه
پیاپی 159 (تابستان 1402)

In the Islamic educational system, human degeneration or perfection has a direct correlation with interpersonal communication behavior. Thinkers have always been concerned about regulating these behaviors and identifying their factors. Psychologists consider biological aspects, external events, as well as learning and attitudes as effective factors on human interpersonal communication behavior. Religious teachings also emphasize the explanation and regulation of human behavior. In this research, mental images are searched as the underlying factor in regulating human communication behavior based on religious teachings. This article examines the formation of Self-servitude as an underlying factor in human communication behavior using a descriptive analytical method. By promoting monotheism in ownership and lordship and paying attention to the human's inherent poverty, religious texts institutionalize his absolute need for God. Self-servitude in human's thought comes from the understanding of man's need for God. This presupposition has led to the realization of the attitude of worship in the believer. With the help of the intermediary of attitude, a person's servitude can affect his behavioral principles, including ego, instincts and moral traits.

Based on the Qur'an and the traditions teachings, modeling the Infallibles’ lifestyle is a religious obligation and plays an essential role in the human lifestyle. When this issue has scientific support and follows practical logic, it will be done properly. This research has tried to show how to make a model of the Infallibles’ lives by drawing practical steps and explain the practice. The result of this research, which was obtained by descriptive and analytical method, shows that taking a role model from infallibles' lifestyle has four-stage that includes the action announcement to practical lifestyle. These steps include: proving that the action is done; confirming that the act was a part of the Infallibles’ lifestyle; examining the correctness of imitating the lifestyle and choosing the method of imitating the Infallibles’ lifestyle. These are the main steps of modeling infallibles' lifestyle, which, if followed correctly, will be a conscious and effective modeling process.

One of the methods to benefit from a weak tradition is to apply the rule of tolerance in examining the document of recommended actions narrations. There is no uniform approach among Shi’ite thinkers regarding the scope of this rule including topics such as juridical opinion, Surahs and the Household of the Apostle’s virtues. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the validity of this rule in the aforementioned cases and analyze its evidence. The present research is based on descriptive-analytical method and using library sources to investigate the feasibility of extending the tolerance rule to the weak traditions that contains the virtues, merits or sufferings of the household of the Apostle of God. To achieve this goal, in the first step, the reasons that rationalize this inclusion are explained as follows: The cooperation verse (5:2), the application of recommended actions narrations (the narrations of the virtues of crying, the judgment of reason on the goodness of reciting virtues, and the lifestyle of the Imams' companions of these narrations). According to the analysis of this research, all these evidences are partly wrong. In the last step, the selected theory is organized based on the validity of the methods of obtaining the tradition, the falsehood of the informant, and the promise of non-science. The achievement of the article is that using the tolerance rule, it is not possible to establish a suitable solution for exploiting weak traditions including the virtues and sufferings of the household of the Apostle of God.

Scholars have three views about the reason and revelation ratio in prophetic knowledge: Some Sunni scholars believe that the Prophet did intellectual interpretative reasoning in religion; however, some Sunni and Shi’ite scholars do not accept this point of view. The third point of view is detailed; the Prophet acted based on his interpretative reasoning opinion in world affairs such as war, release of captives, etc., which there was no revelation, after consulting with companions. This research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method using library sources, and the main question is: “What is the relationship between the opinions based on the Holy Prophet’s intellect and the opinions based on the revelation? The most important result is that the Holy Prophet was also required to use his rational opinions, and based on verses 3 and 4 of An-Najm Surah, the Prophet's logic is nothing but revelation. Therefore, Prophet’s intellectual opinions were in the revelation framework. On the other hand, based on “and He has taught thee that thou knewest not“ (4:113), where the human has intellectual limitations to perceive knowledge, the Holy Prophet also remained silent and waited for the revelation.

The traditional and incorrect interpretations of some family verses are among the factors that have caused some Islamic societies such as Afghanistan to have an incorrect belief about husband and wife position and couples' interaction. In this research, verse 34 of An-Nisa Surah and the concept of “Qawāmūn” (in charge) has been investigated by combining library and field methods (asking Afghan professors and intellectuals and analyzing it). It has been proven that the Afghan commentators’ incorrect interpretations have brought unfortunate consequences for the people. Negative attitude towards women and their rights, unhealthy lifestyle, gender discrimination and violent encounters are among the consequences of this superficial perception in Afghanistan, which should be considered with a comprehensive approach.

Three moral theories of Virtueism, idealism, and dutyism have been proposed in the philosophy of ethics to determine the value of moral action. The main question of the research is: Which of the mentioned cases are more compatible with the moral propositions of Nahj al-Balāgha? In this regard, presenting the ideas accepted in the philosophy of ethics on Nahj al-Balāgheh as one of the original sources of Islamic thought is a way to define Islam moral system. This article has provided some clues for understanding the moral norms of Islam according to the words of Imam Ali (A.S.) and has presented it in a descriptive-analytical way. In the process of researching several propositions in Nahj al-Balagheh, a unified theory of "virtue-based idealism" is obtained. The findings of the research show that Imam Ali's goal is monotheism in deeds and separation from anything but God, which is not compatible with any of the popular idealism views.