مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال سی و یکم شماره 10 (پیاپی 206، دی 1402)

Nanoparticles are widely used in various fields of pharmaceuticals, dentistry, medicine, biology and materials engineering due to their special features, including high surface-to-volume ratio, homogeneous particle size distribution, high stability, and ease of production. The formation of coatings is driven by the existence of numerous pathogenic bacteria that give rise to diverse infections, weaken the immune system in humans, and pose significant risks in areas such as food packaging, synthetic textiles, medical and dental equipment, as well as public health concerns related to drinking water and sewage treatment. The formation of coatings is driven by the existence of numerous pathogenic bacteria that give rise to diverse infections, weaken the immune system in humans, and pose significant risks in areas such as food packaging, synthetic textiles, medical and dental equipment, as well as public health concerns related to drinking water and sewage treatment. More than 50% of marine cyanobacteria can potentially be used to extract bioactive substances and are known to be very effective in killing cancer by inducing apoptotic death. In this review article, recent researches in the field of drugs or compounds based on microalgae and also their biomedical applications are emphasized. Likewise, recent advances in the field of discovering anticancer compounds, commercialization of microalgae anticancer drugs, production of nanoformulated drugs based on microalgae, and production of formulations for high loading drug delivery and its application in medical sciences, pharmacy and dentistry are emphasized.

The development and improvement of nanoparticle biosynthesis processes using cyanobacteria may leads to the discovery of new biogenic nanoparticles with unique properties that can significantly increase the effectiveness of medical treatments and reduce side effects.

Unknown pneumonia caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 2019) started in Wuhan, China. Compared to other corona virus infections, this variant is more contagious and its genome encodes all the proteins necessary for infection and reproduction. The most important structural proteins of this virus are spike glycoprotein, envelope protein, membrane protein and nucleocapsid protein. Mutations accrued to these proteins, especially to the spike protein, played an important role in the creation of new variants. For example, E484K, L452R, S477N and F486V mutations are among the important mutations that can be considered when designing vaccines based on spike protein in the future. These mutations lead to the variants with new and different characteristics, and for this reason, the vaccine production process for this virus has faced many challenges. Various companies all over the world entered the competition to make vaccines, and finally, by producing different types of vaccines, this disease was controlled tolerably. But new mutations in the future could still lead to diverse variants with resistance to existing vaccines, and for this reason, societies and governments would face serious challenges.

Based on these interpretations, possible emergence of new variants in the future could not be denied. However, prediction of the location of these mutations in not possible though. as a result, it is important to conduct research on the emerging variants, to be prepared for new possible challenges in the future.

In our current era, the prevalence of cancer and its associated mortality rates have become a pressing concern. As such, finding effective methods for treating cancer has become a matter of significant importance. Abnormal angiogenesis is one of the common characteristics of different types of cancer. So far, the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signaling pathway has received much attention due to its pro-angiogenic role. Therefore, finding reliable computational models to identify inhibitors can be effective in reducing time and cost. The purpose of this study was to use the support vector machine method to classify compounds into two inhibitory and non-inhibitory groups.

In order to implement the machine learning model, the ligands studied in this research were extracted from the https://www.bindingdb.org database and after passing the necessary pre-processing, some filter-based and embedded feature selection methods were used.  After extracting the descriptors from the data, using the feature selection algorithm based on correlation, the dimensions of the data have been reduced in order to avoid overfitting the model. The classification task utilized a support vector machine model, employing various kernels such as Radial Basis Function (RBF), Polynomial, Sigmoid, and Linear.

The implementation of the support vector machine model with the RBF kernel along with the feature selection method based on correlation has resulted in a higher accuracy of 82.4% (P=0.008) compared to other feature selection methods used in this study.

Observations indicate that the correlation-based feature selection method is more accurate than other methods used in this study.

The use of methamphetamine (METH) can cause neurotoxicity. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on tissue changes and gene expression of neurodegeneration indicators in the hippocampal tissue of methamphetamine-dependent rats.

In this experimental research, 32 male rats were divided into four equal groups of saline, primary methamphetamine (METH-1), methamphetamine+training (METH+HIT) and secondary methamphetamine (METH-2). METH was injected at the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The exercise program (5 sessions per week) included interval training (4 sets of 2 minutes with high intensity and 2 to 4 minutes of active rest between sets) on a treadmill. At the end of the injection and training period, the hippocampus tissue of the rats was extracted to evaluate the pathological changes and gene expression of related indicators. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test at the significance level of (P≥0.05) by GraphPad software.

The results of gene expression in the hippocampal tissue showed that along with METH injection, the expression of α-syn, GSK-3β, CDK5, APP, Tau and p-Tau indicators increased significantly;  nevertheless the exercises (HIT) decreased the expression of the genes of the current research. Pathological studies showed that METH injection caused a significant increase in the destruction of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and performing intense intermittent exercise had significantly reduced the destruction of neurons.

Methamphetamine has caused intoxication and neurodegeneration, and HIT training has been able to improve these conditions to some extent. More research is needed in this field to reach general conclusions.

Olive leaf is an evergreen plant and enriched in phenolic compounds and antioxidants. Oleuropein is the most common type of phenolic compounds can found in Olive leaves. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Oleuropein extracted from olive leaf with the extracts from its leaf and fruit.

The type of study was experimental and after ethanol extraction from olive leaf and fruit, oleuropein was isolated from the leaf extract. Antimicrobial effects of Oleuropein obtained from olive fruit and leaf extracts against Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were determined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Amounts of phenolic compounds were derived by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the antioxidant effects were determined by the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical inhibition method. SPSS version 16 software was used for statistical calculations, Excel program used to draw graphs and one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention.

Oleuropein was extracted from olive leaf in the amount of 14% with a purity of 70%. The highest and lowest amount of phenolic compounds and the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects were observed for Oleuropein obtained from olive leaf and olive fruit extracts, respectively. The amount of oleuropein phenolic compounds was equal to 879.16 (µg GAE/g), its MIC against S. saprophyticus and P.aeruginosa bacteria was equal to 3.25 and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. Its antioxidant activity was equal to 8.59 µg/ml.

In the present study, oleuropein was extracted from olive leaves and the study showed that the amount of oleuropein in the Spanish Arbican variety was obtained with the highest value of 14%. According to the results of antimicrobial activity and antioxidant, it can be concluded that olive leaf extract and extracted oleuropein have the potential to increase and improve the performance of preservatives and antioxidants.

The effect of exercise training on kidney tissue in the condition of diabetes with morphine withdrawal syndrome is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on the levels of P53 and Nrf2 proteins in kidney tissue in diabetic male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

This experimental study utilized a sample of 32 Wistar rats. Following the induction of diabetes, the Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight based on their weight: diabetes, morphine diabetes, diabetes with resistance training, and morphine diabetes with resistance training. The oral technique was employed for a duration of 21 days to establish a reliance on morphine.. The resistance training protocol was implemented for 8 weeks. At the end, all mice were anesthetized, killed and their tissue was extracted. The variable protein levels of this study were measured by ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test with the help of SPSS version 16 software at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

Resistance training caused a significant decrease in P53 in the groups of diabetes + resistance training (P=0.006) compared to diabetes and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.012) compared to morphine diabetes group. Similarly, a significant decrease in Nrf2 was observed in the morphine diabetes + resistance training group (P=0.013) compared to the morphine diabetes group.

Resistance training probably reduced kidney tissue damage in diabetic and diabetic rats with withdrawal syndrome by reducing P53 protein, which indicates the protective effect of resistance training on kidney tissue in pathological conditions.

Nanotechnology always seeks to provide new solutions for targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs, in order to increase the quality of cancer treatment and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to load the anticancer drug doxorubicin on Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were subjected to physico-chemical evaluation for their effect on MCF-7 cells.

This research was a descriptive-analytical study. In this laboratory research, iron oxide nanoparticles were first synthesized by precipitation method. Then they were coated with polyethylene imine and gold. After loading the drug doxorubicin into the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, the physiochemical parameters of the nanosystem from the point of view of insertion efficiency, drug release profile under similar conditions of healthy and cancer cells, size, zeta potential and morphology were determined.

The magnetic nanocarriers had a diameter of 90 nm and a zeta potential of 66.7 mV. The maximum release of the drug from the nanosystem at 37°C, pH=7.4 and 42°C, pH=5.4 and after 48 hourswas 48% and 66%, respectively. The SEM analysis showed the spherical morphology and the absence of chemical interaction between the nanosystem and the drug. The investigation of the performance of the nanosystem indicated an increase in the toxicity of encapsulated doxorubicin compared to free doxorubicin at similar concentrations on the MCF_7 strain.

The results of this research showed that the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle system, while having appropriate physiochemical characteristics, does not change the chemical nature of the drug and can be a suitable and semi-targeted carrier for the anticancer drug doxorubicin.

Cuscuta, (Ces as Persian name) is a parasitic plant with different biological effects and applications. The metabolic profile and effects of the Ces depend on the host on which it grows. Its main components are phenols and flavonoids. Considering the antioxidant effects of these compounds, the purpose of this research was to investigate the antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Cuscuta as well as Mellissa officinalis and Alhaji murarum as hosts.

  Aqueous, hydroalcoholic extracts of the Cuscuta grown on two hosts were prepared separately. Hydroalcoholic extracts of host plants were also prepared. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively. In order to investigate the antioxidant activity, the ability of extracts to scavenge DPPH free radical (DPPH 2, 2-(diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and their capacity to reduce iron 3+ion were measured by FRAP method.

The results showed that all the examined extracts have significant phenolic and flavonoid contents. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in hydroalcoholic extracts, which was proportional to the amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts. In addition, the extracts of host plants were richer than the parasite extracts. The extract of Mellissa officinalis showed better effects than Alhaji murarum in all of four investigated factors.

According to the findings of the present study, the hydroalcoholic extracts of the Cuscuta plants are rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which may be the cause of the antioxidant activity. Of course, the compounds and effects of Cuscuta depend on the host. In future studies, the plant can be grown in different hosts.