نشریه روان پرستاری
سال یازدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 59، آذر و دی 1402)

Drinking alcohol, smoking, having unsafe sexual relations and violence are high-risk behaviors that are considered a serious threat to public and individual health, however, in some families, teenagers tend to these behaviors or some of them have experienced; But parents take care strategies to prevent the occurrence of these behaviors; Triple care strategies are family-based interventions, the most efficient of which is the process (procedural) strategy in caring for the tendency to risky behaviors or their control. The purpose of this research was the typology of strategies for taking care of high-risk behaviors according to the SES of the family.

This research was a descriptive-correlation quantitative research. The statistical population included all urban families of Tabriz in 2022, according to Cochran's formula, 384 families were selected by multi-stage cluster method. In order to collect information, two measurement tools were used (checklist of strategies for taking care of high-risk behaviors and questionnaire of SES of the family). One-way analysis of variance (F) and linear regression with SPSS 26 were used to investigate the relationships between variables.

The findings showed that the average strategies for taking care of high-risk behaviors are significantly different based on the SES of the family, and the higher socio-economic classes prefer more appropriate strategies (efficient, procedural or procedural) than the lower classes. To take care of children against risky behaviors.

Families with medium and low SES (which includes a high percentage of families) use relatively more ineffective care strategies (inefficient and occasional) to control high-risk behaviors; In order to improve the general health of the society and reduce the burden of diseases, it is necessary to adopt policies and implement prevention-based cultural-educational programs to transform inefficient care strategies into a (procedural) process.

Extramarital affairs have devastating impacts on married couples leading to separation and divorce. The purpose of the present study is to formulate the model of extramarital relationships in accordance with early maladaptive schemas and marital intimacy mediated by cognitive flexibility among men.

In this descriptive correlated research, two hundred and fifty men with extramarital affairs visiting psychological counseling center in Tehran during first half of 1400 A.H, are selected by convenience sampling method. The data is collected from the questionnaires of Young’s Schema Therapy (1998), Yeniceri and Kokdemir’s Infidelity (2006), Walker and Thompson’s Intimacy and Intergenerational aid and contact among mothers and daughters (2007), Denis and Vander Wal’s the Cognitive Flexibility and Inventory (2010). The obtained data was analyzed by utilizing structural equation modeling method in statistical software of AMOS 24 and SPSS 27.

The assumed research model meets the requirements of experimental data (RMSEA=0/056). Direct coefficient path between early maladaptive schemas (B= 0/137) and marital intimacy (B= 0/287) was in significant model with extramarital relationships (P<0/05). Direct coefficient path among early maladaptive schemas (B=0/21) and marital intimacy (B=0/47) was significant with cognitive flexibility (P<0/05). In addition, indirect coefficient path of maladaptive schemas in extramarital affairs was gained through significant flexibility while no significant indirect coefficient path was observed between marital intimacy and extramarital affairs via flexibility (P>0/05).

Early maladaptive schemas and marital intimacy were related to extramarital affairs through mediated variable of cognitive flexibility. Thus, extramarital relationships can be reduced via decreasing early maladaptive schemas and increasing both marital intimacy and cognitive flexibility.

 Cosmetic surgery rates have been on the rise since the beginning of the 21st century. Considering the physical and psychological risks of this method, understanding the various psychological components of cosmetic surgery applicants is very important. The present study was also conducted with the aim of investigating the role of attachment styles and body shame in predicting rejection sensitivity and body appreciation in cosmetic surgery applicants.

 The statistical population of the study included all women applying for cosmetic surgery who were referred to cosmetic surgery centers in Tehran in 2022. Among the statistical population, 150 people were selected by convenience sampling and answered the Adult Attachment Inventory, Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, and Body Appreciation Scale-2. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis in SPSS-24 software.

 The results showed that the correlation matrix between research variables was significant at 0.01 level. The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that 61.4% of the variance of sensitivity to rejection and 40.5% of the variance of body appreciation are explained by attachment styles and body shame.

 The result of the research shows the significant role of attachment styles and body shame in predicting rejection sensitivity and body appreciation in cosmetic surgery applicants; Therefore, according to the obtained results, it can be said that the use of these components can probably be helpful both in the direction of better recognition of the factors and motivations of cosmetic surgery in women and in the treatment of pathological factors.

Psoriasis is one of the physical and mental diseases that psychological factors have a significant impact on its severity. Modifying behavioral and psychological patterns can be an important step in controlling and reducing this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy and emotional therapy schematics on perceived stress and distress tolerance of women undergoing drug therapy with psoriasis in Ahvaz.

The field semi-experimental study method of the pre-test type-then the multi-group test. The statistical community of this study includes all female patients with psoriasis in Ahvaz, who were targeted sampling methods to choose a sample, in the form of religion, which was first obtained and contacted during a call with the Psoriasis Association of Iran, the list of female patients with psoriasis who live in Ahvaz, along with their contact number. Of the 127 female patients nominated, only 100 announced their readiness to select a research sample, and all 100 patients were sent online questionnaires on perceived stress and distress tolerance. Finally, 70 qualified female patients (patients who scored a high score of 28 on perceived stress questionnaires and a low score of 29 to endure distress) were selected, 10 of whom were later reluctant to participate. Eventually 60 women with psoriasis are considered as samples, with 20 in the first experimental group, 20 in the second experimental group and 20 in the witness group being randomly simplified. Research tools included Cohen et al. ' s perceived stress questionnaire (1983 and Simmons & Gahr's distress tolerance scale (2005). The data were examined using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and one-variable covariance analysis (ANCOVA).

Results showed that both treatments had an effect on perceived stress and distress tolerance of women undergoing drug therapy with psoriasis (P<0.05). On the other hand, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy based on perceived stress and distress tolerance of women undergoing drug therapy with psoriasis has been more effective than emotional therapy schematics (P<0.05).

According to the results of the present study, mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention can be more efficient to improve perceived stress and tolerate distress in women with psoriasis. Therefore, it is recommended that psychotherapists use this treatment to improve perceived stress and tolerate distress in psoriasis patients alongside other therapeutic interventions.

Intellectual disability children have many problems with cognitive functions, and a comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive games can have useful results. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of computerized and non-computerized cognitive games on problem-solving and cognitive flexibility in intellectually disabled children.

This study in terms of purpose and in terms of implementation method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up design with a control group. The research population was the educable intellectual disability female students of the first elementary period of Ahvaz city in the academic years of 2022-23. The research sample was calculated for each group of 12 people, which these people were selected by the purposive sampling method and replaced into three equal groups. The first experimental group was trained in 20 sessions of 45-minute cognitive games with Captain's Log computerized software, the second experimental group was trained in 20 sessions of 45-minute cognitive games without the software, and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. The research tools included a demographic information form, Tower of Hanoi computerized test, and Wisconsin Cards Sorting computerized test, and data were analyzed by methods of chi-square, analysis of variance with repeated measures, and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS-19 software.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of age and educational level (P>0.05). Also, computerized and non-computerized cognitive games compared to the control group led to improved problem-solving and cognitive flexibility in educable intellectual disability children, and the results were maintained in the follow-up stage (P<0.001). In addition, the effectiveness of computerized cognitive games in compared to non-computerized cognitive games was higher in improving the problem-solving and cognitive flexibility (P<0.001).

According to the results of this study, health professionals and therapists can use computerized cognitive games along with other effective methods to improve cognitive functions.

 Language is one of the most important components of child development. Therefore, the present research aimed to develop a language skills enhancement package based on cognitive rehabilitation and determine its effectiveness on the receptive language performance of children with specific language impairments.

 The current research employed a mixed-method sequential exploratory design. The qualitative population consisted of relevant books and scientific articles. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through deductive thematic analysis and then a set of interventions was developed over 12 sessions, and its content validity was confirmed. The quantitative research population included all 5 to 7-year-old children with specific language impairments who were referred to speech therapy centers in the city of Borujerd, among whom 30 children were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The tools used included the Wechsler Children's Intelligence Scale, semi-structured clinical interviews, and the Newcomer and Hamill Language Growth Test. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS-24 software.

The results showed that the language skills enhancement package based on cognitive rehabilitation with a Content Validity Ratio(CVR) between 0.80 and 1 and a Content Validity Index(CVI) between 0.795 and 0.875 had desirable content validity. Additionally, there was a significant difference in expressive language performance between the experimental and control groups in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages(p < 0.01). In other words, the cognitive rehabilitation-based language skills enhancement package improved the receptive language performance of children with specific language impairments, with an effect size of 0.64.

 Considering the effectiveness of the cognitive rehabilitation-based language skills enhancement package on the receptive language performance of children with specific language impairment, it is recommended to focus on the cognitive nature of language in the treatment of language disorders and utilize the above intervention package as an intervention method in educational and therapeutic centers.

There is a large body of evidence that suggests a relationship between childhood trauma and psychological distress, but relatively few studies have examined potential mediating factors for this relationship. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of rumination and mindfulness in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological distress.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research was made up of all people referring to clinics and psychological service centers in Tehran. Among the statistical population, 300 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools were: Bernstein et al.'s childhood trauma questionnaire (2003), Nolen-Hoeksema's rumination response scale (1991), Brown & Ryan’s mindfulness assessment scale (2003) and Kessler's psychological distress questionnaire (2003). Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS and AMOS version 23 software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the research model has a good fit. The coefficients of the direct paths of childhood trauma (T = 8.041, β = 0.262), mindfulness (T = -56.421, β = -0.896) and Rumination (T = 5.519, β = 0.163) were significant on psychological distress. Also, indirect coefficients of traumatic life events through rumination and mindfulness on psychological distress were significant.

The results indicated the mediating role of rumination and mindfulness between childhood trauma experience and psychological distress. The findings of this study provide us with an important clinical concept that rumination and mindfulness should be a goal for the prevention and treatment of psychological distress in victims of childhood trauma.

Choosing a spouse is a complicated process for all young people. The realistic choice of spouse helps the stability of marriage, however, to choose a spouse who is known as an important source of psychological and practical support for a person in dealing with life's problems, awareness and education are needed. This need becomes more apparent when the complexities of today's society make choice more difficult. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the attitude towards choosing a spouse in girls ready for marriage.

The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the girls ready to get married in Kohak neighborhood of Tehran (District 22) in 2023. 30 participants were selected by convenience method in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. Then, the experimental group received group reality therapy intervention for 8 two-hour sessions during two months. The measurement for collecting information in the research was the attitudes about romance and mate selection scale by Cobb, Larson, and Watson (2003). The data was analyzed by MACOVA and with SPSS version 26 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the post-test in the attitude scores of choosing a spouse in girls ready to marry in the experimental group, while this significant difference was not seen in the control group(P<0.05). Based on the effect size values, the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the attitude of choosing a spouse in girls ready for marriage in the experimental group was 0.23.

Group reality therapy is a suitable psychological intervention for young girls to be aware of themselves and the choices they face in their lives. During the therapy sessions, the participants were taught to become more aware of themselves and were also encouraged to redefine their beliefs about life, the world, themselves, and choosing a mate.

Interaction patterns are conflicting in parent and child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; And there are few effective treatments for them. Therefore, this study aimed the effectiveness of child-centered intervention based on unified transdiagnostic therapy on the interaction of parents of children with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder.

The research method was semi-experimental to pretest- posttest- followup with a control group. The statistical population included all children 7 to 10 years with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder who referred to the Asal counseling center in Tehran in 2022. Among them, 30 children were selected based on inclusion criteria and by purposive sampling method and randomly were placed into two groups (15 people) of unified transdiagnostic therapy and control. Child-centered intervention based on unified transdiagnostic therapy was performed for each child in 12 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group was on the waiting list. The research instrument included Parent-Child Relationship Survey (Fine‚ Moreland & Schwebel, 1983). The data were analyzed using repeated measure of covariance analysis in SPSS23 software.  

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and control group; And child-centered intervention based on unified transdiagnostic therapy increased the interaction of parents of children with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder, and the effect of these therapeutic intervention was stable in the followup phase (P<0.05).    

Based on the results of the present study, child-centered intervention based on unified transdiagnostic therapy can be effective in improving the interaction of parents of children with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder; And it is suggested that therapists and counselors use this treatment in order to improve the interaction of parents of these children along with other therapeutic interventions.