نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
سال هفتاد و ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

Protected areas are parts of the land that are selected and managed for effective in situ biodiversity conservation, among other important ecosystems features. With an efficient network of protected areas located in the right places to represent all ecosystems, ecological resource management can better be achieved. Gap analysis provides a tool for assessing the degree to which biodiversity is represented in conservation areas that help land managers and policy makers when they need to make appropriate decisions. In this study, the representativeness of the national parks system as part of Iran’s protected areas network, for terrestrial ecosystems was investigated. For this purpose, suitable criteria and indicators for national parks selection were identified and mapped. We developed a decision-making algorithm for assessing the representativeness of the national parks based on the set goals mentioned above. Using the algorithm, the indicators layer was overlaid with the ecosystems layer and national parks and the national parks coverage of ecosystem patches was evaluated and coded. Having calculated the coverage of the ecosystems, three scenarios were defined and their realization was assessed in each ecosystem, hence showing the lack of ecosystems’ protection. The results showed that the three scenarios have only been realized in two ecosystems of Cold & Arid Bare Mountains and Arid Scrubland & Halophytes, and in other ecosystems, the level of representativeness is not sufficient. Based on this, the area required to complete the system of national parks in terrestrial ecosystems was calculated as around 2000000 hectares. The results of this study can be a guide for land protection planners to revise the system of terrestrial national parks in Iran.

Urban development and increasing economic activities lead to the disintegration of the integrity of protected areas and threaten their biodiversity. this study was conducted in Angoran protected area of Zanjan province to identify the spatial pattern of threats to biodiversity and the impact of development on the integrity of protected areas. In this regard, evaluation criteria of biodiversity threats were defined in four components, which are structural, non-biological, combined threats and the risk of units being isolated. In the structural dimension, the fractal coefficient, shape coefficient and the average slope were considered. In the combined dimension, the habitat was evaluated using the artificial neural network method. In terms of the risk of units being isolated, the nearest neighbor index was used. After preparing the mentioned maps, weighting of criteria was done. In final, biodiversity threats evaluation was done by three methods weighted linear combination, ordered weighted average and Boolean. The results showed that according to the weighted linear combination method 15995 hectares of the studied area are in the range of very high risk. This value was for the ordered weighted average method 11634 hectares and for the Boolean method 17347 hectares. In general, the Boolean method has estimated the amount of high and very high-risk areas more than the other two methods.

Human-wildlife conflicts, especially large carnivores, have become one of the main challenges of biodiversity conservation in different world regions. Multiple studies suggest that socioeconomic factors play essential roles in predicting and understanding these conflicts. However, there is very little knowledge available about the extent to which that how awareness raising and information concerning human-large carnivore conflicts are being shared among different stakeholders around the protected areas. In this study, we evaluated how information regarding human-large carnivores conflict situations is communicated between different stakeholders (e.g., local people, rangers) using a social network analysis approach in the villages around the Golestan National Park (GNP), Iran. Data were collected using structured questionnaire surveys with members of households (n= 292) from April to November 2022. We analyzed the data using UCINET6.528 and Netdraw software. One-dimensional and two-dimensional matrices were applied to draw the nodes of networks. To assess the network we used three measures of connectivity nodes i.e. the betweenness centrality, degree centrality, and multidimensional scaling. The results revealed that only 57% of local people were concerned about gaining information about conflicts with large carnivores, and 43% of the local communities have not taken any action to get information about conflicts with large carnivores. The results of the network graph analysis indicated a significant centrality of protected area rangers and families in the information network, at the same time the Village Islamic Council (showra) and village heads (Dehyar) do not have centrality in the information network. The results further showed a lack of connection between women and park rangers, village councils, and village heads. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of examining social networks, including information networks, in human-wildlife conflict management and utilizing the capabilities of this approach to advance management actions for reducing and managing human-large carnivore conflicts in protected areas.

Arjan wetland is one of the internationally important wetlands in Fars province, Iran. Despite its ecological and geological values as a typical polje, this wetland has lost its ecological services in the last two decades, except for short seasons in other dry seasons. The purpose of this study was to estimate the ecological water requirement of Arjan wetland. The amount of ecological (environmental) water requirement of the wetland was estimated based on the changes in the total population of migratory birds and also the selected species. Using satellite images, monthly and annual changes in the surface of the wetland as well as permanent and temporary water were estimated during the years 1990-2019.The selected species included one species of goose (gray goose) and 4 species of ducks (including shelduck, mallard, widgeon and teal). Satellite images show that in all the years studied, this wetland has been a temporary wetland, although the water level of the wetland has decreased more than 4 times in the last decade compared to the first studied decade. The abundance of gray-goose population showed the highest correlation with changes in the water level of the wetland. According to calculations, under normal conditions, the water level required to support more than 20,000 birds is between 200 and 400 hectares. Reducing the level of the wetland to less than 200 hectares creates critical conditions and the level of more than 500 hectares is desirable. Therefore, taking into account the hydrological and ecological conditions of the wetland basin, the water requirement of Arjan wetland to provide ecological services during different years  in terms of climatic conditions can be estimated as follows: Drought years: at least 3 Million cubic meters, normal years: 5.25 million  and wet years: 7.5 million cubic meters. Since the watershed has no permanent river to feed the wetland, protection of withdeawal from runoffs and aquifers are required to ensure the water requirement supply of wetland.

The increasing production and consumption of plastic in the world has caused environmental problems. Monitoring of microplastics in natural ecosystems is needed. In the intertidal area of Qeshm mangrove forest beach, three sites were selected and water and runoff were sampled in 3 repetitions. The sediments were placed in an oven at 50 C˚ for 72 hours and passed through a 7 mm sieve. Then the sediment and water samples were first mixed with NaCl saturated solution and then with NaI saturated solution. The upper part of the saline solutions was filtered using Whatman filter paper (Cat No. 1442) and the filter paper was placed in an oven at 60 C˚ for 12 hours. Finally, the filters were examined by a stereoscope. Also, the amount of difference between the groups was investigated using variance analysis and F statistics. The highest and lowest number of microplastics in sediments were observed in site 1 with 54.67±19.14 MPs/Kg and in site 3 with 9.67±3.06 MPs/Kg, respectively. Also, the number of microplastics in water was the highest in site 1 with 17.33±6.51 MPs/L, and the lowest in site 3 with 3.33±1.53 MPs/L. A correlation was observed between microplastics in water and sediments (R2=0.96). The similarity based on the presence of microplastics in water and sediment was observed in sites 2 and 3 (ρ=0.95). In general, it can be said that the number of microplastics in water and sediment was higher in areas with more human activity and presence.

Biodiversity provides various ecosystem services to human societies and addresses human needs, but human interventions have caused biodiversity loss and reduced ecosystem services. The designation of protected areas is a strategy to manage environmental crises and biodiversity loss, but these areas are under threat. This research analyzes the factors affecting biodiversity loss in protected areas using a quantitative methodology (descriptive-correlational). Data were collected through structured interviews, using a questionnaire, with 250 out of 5095 rural households of the local communities of the Sorkhabad Protected Area of the Zanjan Province. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran sampling formula and was randomly selected through the multi-stage sampling technique. The questionnaire was developed by the research team and its questions’ content and face validities were assessed and verified by an expert panel in this field. The reliability of the research instrument was also confirmed by conducting a pilot study and applying Cronbach’s alpha test. The results showed that the biodiversity loss is determined by the variables of local community participation, interventions by external organizations, human drivers related to local communities, the livelihood, motivation, and knowledge of local communities, attitudes towards biodiversity conservation, knowledge about biodiversity degradation, knowledge about biodiversity challenges, and knowledge about ecosystem services, which explained 68 percent of biodiversity loss variance. Therefore, it is necessary for decision-makers and policy-makers to pay attention to relevant and effective factors in reducing the loss of biodiversity in order to conserve and restore ecosystems and species in protected areas.

Sand sheets of the western LU are among the major dust sources in the region. Thus, the aims of the present study were to comprehensive study the dust origins from Sa-sheets; dust characteristics and aerosol temporal variability throughout the dry season. Using dust traps, dust samples were collected during four time periods July, August, October, and November. Soil and dust samples then subjected to physicochemical, mineralogical (XRD), and elemental (ICP-MS) analysis. By means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), morphology and main chemical constituents of the soil-dust particles were also characterized. Quartz, Calcite, Aragonite and Halite were the dominant minerals in the samples. Elemental analysis results revealed that Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Silicon (Si), Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) are the dominant constituents of both soil and dust samples. Among rare elements, strontium (88Sr) and barium (Ba) with 3 and 0.21 g kg-1 were the prevailing elements. The calculation of the enrichment factors demonstrated that while dust source 1 (DS1) with higher clay, salt, and silt content contributes more to the dust composition from July to August, dust source 2 (DS2) with less salinity and higher sand content becomes major contributor to dust composition from October to November.  SEM images of the soil samples showed that Aragonite dominated the samples. However, towards the mid dry season and as a consequence of the extensive evaporation, NaCl accumulates in the surface of DS1, resulting in the formation of a thin crust which prevents the soil DS1 from further erosion for the rest of the dry season. Nevertheless, the prevalence of the toxic elements in the dust blown from sand sheets and their transport to the surrounding cities in the direction of the prevailing winds is a serious threat to both human health and agricultural production and thus needs careful attention.

This study was conducted to investigate the health status of the Haraz River ecosystem as one of the most important protected rivers in Iran. Sampling was done in 2020 and 2021 from 14 stations along the river. Identification of macrobenthos and calculation of Z index was performed along with Quality status, determination of toxicity, measurement of PAHs and statistical analysis of data. Based on the results, IRWQIsc was decreasing towards the downstream, except for the branches. IRWQIst fluctuated and generally decreased from upstream to downstream. The Z index had the highest value (4) in the downstream stations. In terms of self-purification, the river was in oligosaprobe, betamzosaprobe, alphamzosaprobe and polysaprobe classes. Upstream was more favorable than downstream and the cold season was more suitable than the warm season. Maps were prepared based on saprobe, integration of self-purification, BOD and land use of the region. The results of the analysis showed the important role of human activities, especially rural and garden uses, and in the next stage, roads, in the quality of river water. From upstream to downstream, the number of polluting sources has increased and they have shown their role. The increase in the density of rural areas, gardens, and fish farms has caused an increase in BOD and Z index. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up and carry out the treatment of sewage, development of agricultural system standards and supervision of the use of underground water along with dealing with the violators in order to protect the river.

The most important goal of the protected areas of a country or region is to protect examples of the most valuable elements of biodiversity in this network. Therefore, the network of protected areas usually needs to be evaluated and revised in terms of the criterion of "representativeness" for the total biodiversity and optimization planning in terms of this criterion if need. in the present study, the representativeness of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari protected areas network has been evaluated in terms of vegetation types and an optimal distribution has been proposed for these areas. For this purpose, first, based on the rarity and species diversity, a minimum percentage of each type that should be introduced in the protected areas was determined as conservation goals. Then, the current protection status of vegetation types and their protection deficits or excesses were determined by overlaying the maps of protected areas and vegetation types. Using the Marxan, a decision support software, a network of proposed areas that meet the vegetation types conservation goals, as much as possible in the minimum area, were identified. The results showed that determined conservation goals meet only for 37 out of 106 vegetation types by existing protected areas. In order to meet the determined goals for all vegetation types, taking into account the existing protected areas, 14.47% and 30.07% of the total area of ​​the province are needed in the optimal and summed solutions, respectively. Without considering the existing protected areas, 19.086% and 37% of the total area of ​​the province are needed in the optimal and summed solution, respectively. Also, the results showed that the existing and proposed protected areas overlap by 8.5% in the optimal solution and 12.85% in the summed solution. Also, most of the priority areas for protection are located in the eastern half of the province from north to south.

Protected areas (PAs) are considered one of the most important ecotourism destinations in terms of biodiversity and having abundant capabilities and attractions. Since ecotourism activities do not always lead to economic benefits and environmental development, it is necessary to investigate the negative impacts of ecotourism activities in these areas. For this purpose, in this study, the Delphi method and SWOT-ANP model were used to investigate the negative impacts of ecotourism activities on the four types of PAs of Tehran province and provide optimal strategies. According to the results, the highest mean negative impacts of ecotourism in Lar National Park include unplanned development of ecotourism activities, reduction of dense pastures due to bush cutting, trampling, and lack of adequate monitoring, and in the Jajrud protected area, the trend of land use/cover changes, due to the development of ecotourism infrastructures and the increase in the demand of urban communities for the development of recreational activities. In the Tangeh Vashi National Natural Monument, the most negative impacts include the increase in environmental pollution due to the high number of ecotourists compared to the area's size and facilities, and finally, in the Kavde Wildlife Refuge, the highest mean is allocated to the increase in illegal hunting of wildlife due to the lack of monitoring mechanisms. In the following, to control these impacts, optimal strategies were selected by examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats based on the expert's viewpoint, which include offensive-competitive strategy (SO) in Lar Park, defensive strategy (WT)  in Jajrud area and the diversification strategy (ST) due to TangehVashi, and Kavdeh refuge, which should be considered by managers in planning and decision-making.

Biodiversity as one of the life support ecosystem services has a great impact on the ecosystem's sustainability. The main challenge of land management is to allocate efficient resources to conserve natural resources and maximize the value of biodiversity. Therefore, spatial assessment of biodiversity values is a crucial tool in identifying key areas for conservation and setting conservation priorities. In this study, the habitat quality of species having conservation value in Hamedan province including wild sheep (Ovis orientalis), wild goat (Capra aegagrus), brown bear (Ursus arctos) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) were modeled by applying land use/cover data and using InVEST software as the study area biodiversity indicators. In the next step, using the Zonal Land Suitability analysis in the IDRISI environment, the most suitable areas for conservation were determined and finally, the conservation zones were prioritized applying landscape criteria. The results showed that approximately, 35% of the province has high suitability for target species habitats, which mainly involves the central and southern part of the province, including 39, 74, 16 and 15 habitat zones for wild goat, wild sheep, brown bear and Eurasian lynx respectively. Landscape metrics analysis also revealed that, patches having more contiguity, density and fractal dimension involve a higher conservation value. The results of this study, indicate the high capability of landscape metrics in conservation patches prioritization.

Quantitative evaluation is one of the most valuable geodiversity events accounted for a  crucial step in any geoconservative strategy and in establishing priorities in site management. Mirabad Protected Area in West Azerbaijan Province is one of the four regions of the Environmental Protection Organization which has been studied and evaluated in this research. In this study, the identification and evaluation of Geosites in Mirabad Protected Area was done by comparing the Comenesco method with the Serrano and Gonzalez-Truba methods. In the Comenescu method, using five criteria, i.e., scientific value, aesthetic value, cultural value, economic value, and management value, and in the Serrano and Gonzalez-Truba method, using three intrinsic and scientific values, cultural value, and user value and management value, the value of each selected Geosites in the region was calculated. The results of this research show that Kharpap waterfall Geosite is ranked 1st with 9 points (out of a total of 20 points) in the Camenseco method and the lowest point related to the Biluke triangular surfaces with a total of 6.6 points, Perdanan recreation in the Serano method ranked first with a score of 6.6. 13.6 (out of 30 points). Also, the triangular surfaces of Biluke with the lowest score (10 points) ranked 5th. since the results of these two models are very close compared to each other, so they can be used as a basis for development and management. By using management and planning and global standards and integration, it is feasible to provide effective economic and tourism value for the development of Mirabad Protected Area.

Iran is a country that has so far registered 13 Biosphere Reserves (BRs) under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Program (MaB). This program states that although countries have independence and flexibility in the zoning and management of biosphere reserves; however, they should achieve the triple goals of conservation, sustainable economic development and Knowledge production and education through triple zoning and the implementation of appropriate management plans. This article, citing reference sources and world experiences, has tried to identify and introduce the criteria and spatial indicators of core zoning, as one of the three main zones of BR, with the help of decision-making algorithm and mathematical linear relationships, provide a scientific and generalizable model for core zoning in all biosphere reserves of the country. This research identified 5 mandatory criteria and 6 preferred criteria based on similar researches and the Delphi method for the zoning of the core of BRs in the country, by observing the percentage of the core zone from BR in the range of 5 to 20%, the establishment of the core in representative ecosystems of the country (with Covering at least 10%), meeting the needs of the protection zone of the areas with the national title (at least 20%), zoning the core of the Dana Biosphere Reserve and to avoid arbitrary procedures, in actions similar to the decision-making algorithm and The linear relationships of the integration of the indices of each criterion and the criteria of the core zone have been presented. The core area of the Dena biosphere reserve was identified as 6 permitted spots in clusters using the 5 mandatory criteria of representativeness, virginity and naturalness, conservation species, habitat importance, sensitivity and biological vulnerability of the habitat, and the preferred criterion of integrity. The size of these spots is 26928 hectares, covering about 11% of the BR, the core spots covered 10-13% of representative ecosystems, about 26% of Dana National Park, and 20% of Western and Eastern Dana Protected Areas.

Haur-Al-Azim, an important ecosystem in the southwest of Iran, suffered numerous wildfires in 2018. This study aims to model the dispersal of smoke resulting from those wildfires. In order to achieve this, the emission rate of particulate matter was calculated utilizing MODIS products. The study made use of data from seven climate stations in Iran and Iraq, together with local ecological conditions and emission rates, to simulate 24-hour means of PM10 through the use of the CALMET/CALPUFF package model. The study found that on September 9, 2018, the highest emission rate was measure at 0.0024 g/m2/s. This resulted in more than 42700 individuals being exposed to PM10 concentrations that exceeded the standard. Integrating remote sensing data into an air pollution modeling system can be used as an identification method to asses air quality from a spatial and temporal perspective.

Studies on the biocultural diversity are important in complicated social-ecological systems of natural areas and especially in the biosphere reserves to understand the relationships between human society and natural environment. In this study, the Index of BioCultural Diversity (IBCD) was measured using ten cultural indicators of dialect, religion, customs, clothing, handicrafts, traditional architecture, food, livelihood, and beliefs, play and entertainment and three biodiversity indicators of birds, mammals, and plants in Hamoon biosphere reserve between 2020 and 2021. Indices of cultural diversity were calculated using Shannon-wiener based on the 30 questioners and their random distribution between people in nine villages next to the wetland areas of biosphere reserve.  Biodiversity indices were measured based on the determination of proportion of plants and animal species number to total species number and then calculation the average between them. With using average of biodiversity and cultural diversity, an index of biocultural diversity was calculated. With preparing maps of biodiversity scape, cultural diversity scape and their overlapping, bio-cultural landscape was provided. The rate of biocultural diversity (1.126) indicates the poor state of biosphere reserve. The correlation between cultural diversity and biodiversity shows that the indicators of diversity of beliefs and diversity of customs and diversity of traditional architecture did not have a significant correlation with any of the indicators of cultural diversity and biodiversity (P>0.05). In return, there was a significant positive correlation between the livelihood, food and handicrafts diversity with plants and animals’ diversity (P<0.05). In general, the assessment of the bio-cultural diversity of the Hamoon biosphere reserve showed that in the areas where the biodiversity had better conditions, the cultural diversity was parallel to it, which shows that the cultural and biological diversity are affected by each other. The results of the study are important for the managers of the protected areas and indicate that for environmental management, the approach should not be only the approach of biodiversity protection, but the management of these areas should be focused in a correct and sustainable manner with the attitude of biocultural diversity management.

Enhancing management solutions and effective planning to prevent or mitigate the destruction occurring in ecosystems within protected areas relies heavily on the comprehensive mapping and assessment of exposure to various environmental hazards. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to systematically map multiple environmental hazards and compute the exposure index across the Kouh-e-Khamin protected area in Kohgiluyeh-Boyer Ahmad province. The methodology involved mapping and calculating the risk values associated with eight environmental hazards, namely drought, evapotranspiration, wildfire, maximum temperatures, floods, landslides, the intensity of exploitation, and tourism activities. Through the utilization of the Delphi method to determine the relative weight of each hazard, a spatially explicit map depicting changes in the exposure index throughout the protected area was generated. The findings underscored that drought and wildfire exhibited the highest relative weight, while flood and landslide demonstrated the lowest relative weight among all environmental hazards. Spatial analysis of the exposure index indicated that 23% of the protected area fell within the low and very low exposure classes, while 33% were classified in the high and very high exposure classes. Areas with a very high level of exposure were predominantly situated in the eastern and northern sectors, whereas regions with very low and low exposure levels were concentrated in the central parts of the protected area. This research, by furnishing an accurate spatial representation of the severity of multiple environmental hazards, has contributed vital information for the facilitation of the vulnerability assessment process in the Kouh-e-Khamin protected area.

Haft- Barm wetland complex has been the only permanent freshwater wetland in Fars province from a dacede ago. Considering the ecological and tourism importance of this complex, the goals of this research were to study the long-term changes of climatological factors in wetland watershed and to estimate its ecological water requirement. For this purpose, the changes of precipitation, temperature, evaporation as well as drought condition were investigated during the last three decades. Also, the volume of runoff in the watershed was calculated by Justin's method. In order to estimate the ecological water requirement of the wetland, the surface changes of wetland and the permanent and temporary water bodies of wetland during the past three decades were investigated using satellite images. Finally, by exploring the relationship between the abundance of migratory birds as well as the selected species with changes in water surface areas of wetlands, the ecological water requirement of wetland was determined.  The results showed a significant decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature and severity of drought during last decade in comparison to long condition. Also, a 40% decrease in runoff and significant decrease in lakes volume were observed in recent years compared to the long-term average. The ecological water requirement was estimated as 1.500, 2.100 and 2.800 Mcm for drought, normal and wet seasons, respectively. Considering the high degredation rate in the area, it is necessary to seriously protect the surface and underground water resources in the wetland and its watershed in order to guarantee the ecological water flow requirement of wetland.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the intensity of desertification and its impacts on the reduction of vegetation in Shir Ahmad Wildlife refuge in Sabzevar township of Razavi Khorasan Province. To evaluate the intensity of desertification, the ESAs model and the three criteria of climate quality, vegetation and human management were used. The results of this research showed that based on the ESAs model, desertification occurred in the study area during the years 2008 to 2018 and its trend was increasing. Thus, in 2008, 64.9% of Shir Ahmad region is in the severe hazard class and 35.1% of the other lands in the region are in the moderate hazard class. However, in terms of the intensity of desertification and ecological conditions in 2018 about 68.5% of lands are in the severe desertification hazard class and 31.5% are in the moderate hazard class. The results of this research showed that in the last 10 years, the continuation of the drought and changes in climatic parameters along with human activities have been the main causes of the desertification expansion and vegetation reduction in Shir Ahmad Wildlife refuge. Therefore, significant methods should be taken regarding the preservation and sustainability of this area in order to prevent the destruction of plant and animal species. Some of the measures such as reducing the grazing pressure of domestic animals from the pastures, replacing industrial animal husbandry methods instead of the traditional method, implementing land restoration programs and providing fodder for wildlife, will be among the proposed programs for the management and protection of Shir Ahmad Wildlife refuge.

Forecasting changes in the environment has now become one of the important branches of environmental studies. One of these predictions is to investigate the possible effects of temperature changes on plant and animal species. In this research, the aim is used the land surface temperature (LST) of the MODIS satellite, separately for spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons, to investigate the changes in the average LST in the protected areas and the habitat of focal species. Focal species of the province include Panthra pardus, Acinonyx jubatus, Capra aegagrus, Ovis orientalis, Gazella subgutturosa and Gazella bennettii. In a field study, the presence points were collected between 1399 and 1402 from all over the province and protected areas, and the seasonal average of LST from 2003 to 2033 was prepared using MODIS satellite products (MYD11A1) in the Google Earth Engine system. Species habitat was modeled by using SDMs and combining regression models and machine learning. Also, the TSS threshold was used to convert the habitat desirability probability map into a binary map. Man-Kendall (MK) trend analysis test was used to analyze the trend of increasing and decreasing temperature changes at a significance level of 95%. The findings show that the decreasing changes in the earth's surface temperature have occurred in a scattered and non-continuous manner on the surface, but the increasing temperature changes are associated with more spatial continuity. The highest decrease in temperature occurred in the spring season with 15,212.69 hectares in the Iranian deer habitat, while there was no decrease in temperature in the winter season. Protected areas have experienced the least increasing and decreasing LST trends in spring.

The distribution of organisms and ecosystems is affected by climate change, in fact, climate change has affected the distribution patterns of a large number of species and even led to displacement, extinction of certain species, destruction and loss of habitats. In this regard, remote sensing technology, due to having a spatial and integrated view of the region, as well as geographic information systems (GIS) due to the ability to analyze and analyze, prepare maps and model, can be efficient in the field of monitoring, planning and dynamic and sustainable management of wildlife habitats. The purpose of this research is to investigate the weather-climate changes in Khabar National Park located in the south of Kerman province using remote sensing technology and Landsat satellite thermal bands and geographic information systems (GIS). Therefore, first, Landsat satellite images and sensors (TM-ETM-TIRS) were prepared in the years 1972 to 2022, then pre-processed, processed images and maps of surface temperature changes (LST) in four seasons and for the years 1988-2000-2010-2014- 2020-2022 has been prepared. Landsat satellite and NDVI index have also been used to monitor vegetation changes. The results of the research showed an increase in the temperature of the earth's surface in the last 40 years and in the 4 investigated seasons. Also, the results of analysis and monitoring of vegetation cover (NDVI) showed a decrease in the average vegetation cover of the region in the studied years. Also, in order to investigate the relationship between vegetation percentage and LST changes, linear regression and SPSS software were used, and R=99% and R2=98% and R2=97% were calculated, which is acceptable and shows that with the reduction of vegetation area, the surface temperature has increased. According to the findings, what is evident is that the trend of climate change and the relative increase in the temperature of the earth's surface and the decrease in vegetation in the study area continues and requires strategic planning and systematic management of the Khabar wildlife habitat in order to maintain the indicators of habitat desirability and the balance and parallelism of ecological relations. And protecting the rich fauna and flora diversity of the region.

Assessment spatial distribution of the ecosystem services of nature reserves is necessary to the protection of ecological environment, promote conservation and development and land management. To that end, the present study aims to model the ecosystem services of carbon storage, habitat quality and nutrient export using the InVEST software and recreation software through the combination of several indicators in GIS software in the protected area of Maneshet and Qalarang. In addition, the service provisioning hotspots, was mapped for prioritize conservation measures, using Getis-ord Gi∗ statistics. in order to examine landscape pattern changes, landscape metrics were also used. The results Indicated that the suitability of carbon storage, habitat quality and recreation in the northern and eastern regions of the study area is more than the southern and western regions, while the nutrient exports is higher in the central regions than other regions. The highest carbon storage, habitat quality, and recreation were observed for the forest land. Likewise, it was the highest nutrient in agricultural land. Also, the results of the spatial distribution of all ecosystem services showed that hotspots are concentrated in areas with forest cover, which play the greatest role in supply ecosystem services. The results of this study, with information about the spatial distribution of services, provide the possibility of identifying the areas with the greatest benefits of ecosystem services, which can be useful in line with land use policies for sustainable development. Eventually, these results can provide some reference for Manasht and Ghalarang protected area and other nature areas to give consideration to both categories of environmental protection and development.

Environmental management, as a broad and dynamic system, should consider preventive approaches to face environmental pollution and destruction. On the other hand, in order to an effectively integratation of protection and development in coastal areas, various approaches have been proposed such as regional environmental planning and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). ICZM should ensure the existence of balance in the use of coastal areas. So, in this study, which is a part of the environmental management program of the coastal area of Sistan and Baluchestan province, in the precision plan of ICZM, development conditions were formulated in the protection classes of the coastal area of this province. According to the essence of the subject, descriptive-inductive method was selected based on referring to existing documents related to environmental protection The development conditions were formulated for the protection zones of coastal area, shore area, coastal waters and offshore area, and by assigning a special code to each of the conditions, spatial mapping of the assigned codes was carried out in ArcGIS software. The results showed, the areas in the class 1 of protection, need ecological protection due to their ecological importance and environmental sensitivities, and development in them is conditional and with the approval of the Department of Environment. Areas in class 2, are not declared non-developable. These areas are developable by observing engineering considerations and technical and management solutions, within the framework of ecological capability. Areas in class 3, which have been set as restoration and rehabilitation, can be developed in the case of preparing a restoration and rehabilitation plan and within the framework of ecological capability. The results of this study will contribute to the balanced and consistency development in the coastal areas of the Oman Sea to create sustainable value added. Also, the results of this study can be used in the preparation three-zone thematic programs of the coastal zone (coastal area, shore area, coastal waters and offshore area).