نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 63، زمستان 1402)

The purpose of this research was development and psychometric evaluation of the football stadium atmosphere scale with the marketing approach.

The research was conducted in three sections. In the first section to identify the most important factors that shape the stadium atmosphere, a three-stage Delphi survey was conducted which in the first stage, semi-structured interviews with experts were done and in the next stages, a questionnaire was used and finally after the last review, 80 items were specified. In the second section, 80 items specified in the previous study, formed a questionnaire and after confirmation of its validation by experts it was distributed among spectators in two matches. To reduce variables, exploratory factor analysis was used and finally, 15 factors with 54 items were specified. In the third section, obtained questionnaires from the previous step, based on cluster sampling were distributed among Iranian Primer league spectators. Collected data was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis in the partial least square method to confirm the main factors and to evaluate structural validation.

Based on the result of this test, 8 main affective factors on football stadium atmosphere in Iran were specified which include of sports club's Last performance, perceived respect, stadium, event, facility, organizer, stadium architecture and designing, and spectator’s behavior.

The scale designed in this research can be used in future research and help marketers and football clubs attract and retain their customers.

The present study was designed and conducted to improve the information management system of human and physical resources of sports in Islamic Azad University.

The present study was a mixed research. The statistical population of the present study included all elites aware of the subject of the study that these people were purposefully selected. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached and finally 13 people were identified as the sample. Also, the statistical community in a small part includes all the directors of physical education of Islamic Azad universities who have attended the meetings of this university for the development of sports and physical education of Islamic Azad University. Based on the information obtained, the number of these people was 45. After distributing and collecting research questionnaires, 37 questionnaires were analyzed. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. In the qualitative part, the theme analysis method was used and in the quantitative part, the structural equation method was used. The whole process of analyzing the research data was performed in SPSS and PLS software.

The results showed that a total of 6 general factors including technical knowledge, manpower, motivational system, infrastructure, administrative issues and cultural issues were identified as effective factors in improving the information management system of human resources and physical sports of Islamic Azad University.

It is suggested that by referencing information systems in organizational affairs, creating individual commitment to these systems and also improving the level of information literacy through individual and group trainings, the ground for improving the information management system of human and physical resources of Islamic Azad University is provided.

The aim of this study was to identify the indicators and components affecting financial corruption in Iranian sports industry.

The present study was mixed, field exploration, phenomenological and survey strategy in terms of approach, and was applicable in terms of purpose. The data collection method was in-depth and semi-structured interviews (qualitative part) and questionnaire was used in the quantitative part. The statistical population of the study was comprised of experts and managers in the field of sports management and judicial sciences and professors in the field of judicial sciences and sports management, 15 of whom were considered as the sample of the research in a targeted manner. After interviewing the research experts, data analysis was performed using open and axial coding by MaxQda software version 2018. Then, performing the exploratory factor analysis process, the research model was performed and the model fit was calculated by calculating the SRMR equal to 0.076.

Factors of financial motivation (0.396), planning (0.202), extra-organizational (0.235), decision-making (0.274), intra-organizational (0.354), government and governance (0.229), rent, brokerage and lobbying (0.323), media (0.242), structure (0.327), mismanagement (0.290), transparency of laws (0.202), weakness of laws (0.402), managerial factor (0.223), politicians' performance (0.377), motivational factors (0.409), legal factors (0.313), corruption (0.268), the nature of sport (0.355), resource management (0.272), political interests (0.396), monitoring of laws (0.272) were discovered and validated as indicators and components affecting corruption in the Iranian sports industry.

It is necessary to remove the foundations of the spread of financial corruption in the country's sports industry by preventing the mentioned cases.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of financial fair play for Iranian football clubs.

The methodology of this research was qualitative and grounded theory Strategy. The statistical population of the study consisted of all managers, professors and researchers, legislators, player’s agents and coaches. Sampling was done theoretically and sampling continued until the theoretical adequacy and saturation. The data collection tools in this study were in-depth semi-structured interviews.

After analyzing and reviewing the core codes, the final 25 categories were integrated in the form of a data-based paradigm model in the form of causal, contextual, intervening, strategies and consequences, and the final research model was presented. In this model, the categories of government of Iranian clubs; weak financial knowledge of club managers; lack of strategic thinking; the weakness of the economic governance of the Federation League organization and the lack of cooperation of governing institutions for the financial independence of the football industry were considered as causal conditions. Finally, enforcing the law of fair financial play is very difficult and to some extent impossible without the cooperation of government institutions.

According to the results of the research, the most important action of these institutions is to create a suitable platform for the implementation of a fair financial game in the league.

One of the most important approaches of society to living and health standards is Investigating the consumption pattern and the trend of changes in household sports consumption.

This study was descriptive-analytical and due to the nature of the issue, data collection on household sports expenditures was done in 7 groups using a16- year period documents taken from the Statistics Center and Central Bank of Iran websites. At first the data were obtained using descriptive statistics; then, they were summarized using tables and graphs; and then, with econometric methods, relative and real changes were calculated according to the price index in the above years. Finally, to eliminate the effects of inflation, its relative and real growth was calculated. Also, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, paired t-test, and independent t-test was used at α = 0.05 with SPSS.

The results show that household sports expenditures in 2016 compared to 2001 had 95% real growth. Of the total sports expenditures, about 61% were related to urban households and the rest to rural households. Urban household per capita in 2016 had a significant decrease and negative growth but rural household sports per capita increased and had positive growth.

Lack of significant sports participation in Iran, increasing inflation shifting the share of important expenses for households, and increasing urbanization rates can be factors affecting the results. Unbridled inflation control, creating a culture and sports subsidies for sports facilities, can be a way in this direction in sports participation and consequently the expenses of more and more people in sports, which also leads to the economic growth of the sports industry.

The purpose of the present study was to model the linear relationship between professional ethics with professional competencies and the social responsibility of sport federation’s staff.

The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of sport federations (N=1000) and 260 of them were selected as the research sample.

The results showed that the theoretical model of the present study in the field of path analysis had good empirical-theoretical assumptions. The research findings, while confirming the extracted model, showed that professional ethics had a positive and significant direct effect of 0.652 and an indirect effect of 0.088 on social responsibility. Also professional ethics with a path coefficient of 0.309 has a positive and significant effect on professional competence. Professional competencies with a coefficient of 0.287 have a significant and positive effect on social responsibility. In effecting this variable, Behavioral Competencies with a factor load of 0.93 had the most important role. Also, in effecting social responsibility, legal dimension with a factor load of 0.93 had the most important role.

Based on the results, having professional ethics can provide the background of more characteristics, knowledge and positive attitude to the job and thus promote social responsibility, and promote the professional ethics of employees of sports federations, professional competencies and it will lead to higher social responsibility. Therefore, the managers of sports federations are obliged to create conditions for the promotion of professional ethics for their employees in order to witness more effectiveness in the relevant federation.

Optimizing the actions of volunteers in sports events would greatly aid in organizing better and more effective events. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to optimize volunteer behavior in sports events.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in the field and operated with a specific purpose. The statistical population consisted of experts in the field of volunteering, including experienced managers working with volunteers and university professors. The sampling method employed was purposive. During the study, 94 criteria were identified for optimizing volunteer behavior in sports events through the examination of valid certificates and documents in the field of volunteering. Among these criteria, 16 were found to be effective in optimizing volunteer behavior. Eventually, through the Delphi Method with two repetitions, 9 fundamental criteria were identified. The criteria were then determined using the Best-Worst Method.

Based on the identified criteria, a model for optimizing volunteer behavior was developed, taking into consideration time and budget as limiting factors for criteria selection. Subsequently, five scenarios were generated to account for different budget and time situations, and the model was solved using GAMS software to obtain the results.

Sports event managers can contribute to optimizing volunteer behavior and enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the event by considering the scenarios presented in this research.

The aim of the current research is to investigate the development of research literacy of physical education teachers of the Ministry of Education using future studies.

The type of research is applied and analytical-exploratory in nature. The statistical population included selected professor’s familiar with research literacy, elite physical education teachers with doctoral education, and physical education managers (24 people). Purposive sampling method was used to select research samples. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 24 people were selected as a sample. Then, 15 people from the statistical population of the previous section declared their readiness to perform cross effects analysis. To analyze the data, the combined methods of expert panel and cross- Mikomak effects were used.

The findings showed that, respectively, training on the use of research literacy in teaching physical education, using appropriate motivational methods such as increasing salaries and benefits, improving the rating level, presenting plaques and letters of appreciation, setting up workshops educational activities for the purpose of developing research literacy and formulating a short-term, long-term and strategic plan for the purpose of developing the research literacy of physical education teachers is one of the most important drivers of the development of research literacy of physical education teachers of the Ministry of Education;

Therefore, it can be concluded that the physical education teachers of the Ministry of Education have a better management of the teaching and learning process by using research literacy.

Customer delight is defined as an emotional response to the element of surprise as well as a high level of positive expectations. The purpose of this study was to identify the happiness indicators of customers of sports products.

The research method was qualitatively thematic analysis with applied purpose and exploratory nature. The participants of the research were people who had a history and lived experience of using sports goods and services for at least five years, who were selected as participants using a targeted and accessible sampling method. Sampling was performed until the researcher reached theoretical saturation, which means that the researcher did not obtain new data and code after interview 19, and thus the sampling process was stopped (n = 17 + 2). The data collection method was semi-structured interview. 

In order to analyze the data, the inductive coding method was used to reach the final themes and to draw the network of themes NViVO 10 quality data analysis software was used. Analysis of findings was done in four dimensions as; Customer dimension (with two themes of expertise and product uniqueness); Service dimension (the main theme of differentiation in service delivery); Environment dimension (friendly and supportive atmosphere and professional interactions) and the Staff dimension (specialized knowledge and awareness and customer spirits).

The results of this research can enable companies and markets to offer sports products to identify the effective factors in creating customer happiness, which is a kind of deep emotional state and causes customer loyalty, and in today's competitive market, its loyal customers.

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategic plan of the Basketball Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, analytical and exploratory, which has been done by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative part the statistical community included Basketball Federation board members, including the chairman, vice chairman and secretary of the Federation, the number of heads of committees of the Federation, a number of heads of provincial boards, representatives of coaches, referees, athletes and pioneers of basketball. The sampling method was purposive and the sample size was 35 people. Statistical community in the quantitative part included experts, specialists, and professors of sports management (N = 64). Total population sampling was used.

After holding meetings with members of the Strategic Council of the Federation in order to identify the current position of the Basketball Federation and identify internal strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats surrounding, a questionnaire of internal and external factors was prepared and provided to the statistical community. The federation vision statement and the mission statement were determined in the strategic council under the guidance of the research team. The results showed that this federation has 21 strengths and 23 weaknesses and faces 12 opportunities and 8 threats. Based on SWOT analysis, a total of 20 strategies including 4 SO strategies, 5 ST strategies, 6 WO strategies and 5 WT strategies were developed for the Basketball Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to SWOT analysis, the results obtained from the algebraic sum of internal and external factor evaluation matrices showed that the Iranian Basketball Federation is strategically in the ST position.

Therefore, it is suggested that the basketball federation, while providing conditions for analyzing and re-reading the findings and results of this research, provide the bases for implementing its strategic actions as soon as possible by creating a research and strategic leadership unit in the federation structure.

Unethical behavior in the sports industry is increasing rapidly, as a result, the purpose of this research was to design a model of ethical decision-making of football players.

the present research is from the perspective of paradigm, interpretation; from the point of view of method, quality and from the point of view of strategy, the data theory was Glazer's approach and in it interviews are used to collect information. The statistical population of this study was made up of men's and women's top league football players. For sampling purposeful sampling method was used and sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached, therefore 15 interviews were conducted. In order to check the quality and accreditation of the research results, Lincoln and Gaba (1985) evaluation criteria were used, including the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability. And in order to analyze the data, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used.

The findings of the research showed that ethical decision-making among football players is a seven-step process that begins with ethical understanding and ends with decision-making consequences. It was also found that individual factors, situational conditions, and cultural environmental factors are effective on decision-making, and finally, the relationship between the decision and its outcome is moderated by the application of appropriate strategies.

Based on this, it is suggested to the officials and managers of league organizations, football federations, and sports clubs and related cultural institutions that synergy and networking of education, promotion of ethics, punishment and institutionalization as strategies to promote ethical decision-making in their agenda.

The purpose of the current research was to identify the value proposition factors of the customers of entertainment and sports complexes in Tehran.

The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of the present study included coaches, personnel and customers of entertainment and sports complexes in Tehran, as well as academic experts. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball technique. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 59 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.87.

In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the factors of the value offered to the customers of entertainment and sports complexes in Tehran were categorized in the form of 5 main categories. The categories include: functional value proposition, situational value proposition, emotional value proposition, social value proposition, cognitive value proposition. These 5 items include 25 concepts and 121 agents or open codes.

Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that for the development of entertainment and sports complexes in Tehran, it should be focused on the categories extracted from this research, which can be used to meet the needs of customers through the identification of proposed values. took basic steps.

Productivity is one of the main concerns of leaders and managers in organizations. The purpose of this research was to test the implementation model of professional ethics and organizational efficiency of sports federations with the mediating role of organizational health and sustainable sports relations with society.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of data analysis method. The statistical population included officials, employees, referees and coaches of 14 selected Olympic federations of the country with a total number of 266 people. A stratified random sampling method was used to select the investigated sample, and finally 190 Questionnaire without problems were returned and the analysis was performed on them. The data collection tool included a professional ethics questionnaire, a Standard Organizational Productivity Questionnaire by Karimi Shahabi et al. (2016), Standard Organizational Health Questionnaire by Hoy et al. (2003), and a researcher-made questionnaire for sustainable sports communication with society. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used in SPSS software, as well as structural equation modeling in Smart PLS software.

The findings showed that the model of implementing professional ethics and organizational productivity of sports federations has a favorable fit with the mediating role of organizational health and sustainable sports relations with society. 

It can be concluded that sports federations can move towards their goals with greater strength by observing professional ethics, organizational health and improving relations with society.

As the competition in sports businesses becomes more complex, time and information have become important in decision making. Therefore, intuition can be the best option for entrepreneurs. Therefore, this research seeks to find the role of inspiration in deciding to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities.

This research is in terms of mixed method, in terms of developmental-applicative goal, and in terms of strategy, it is meta-analysis in the review section and Delphi and thematic analysis in the qualitative section.

In the first step, 42 indicators were identified from the 26 articles, in the second step, 29 indicators were extracted by theme analysis and 23 indicators were confirmed by the Delphi method. and in the third step, 40 themes from the lived experience of 6 sports entrepreneur leaders were identified by the research narrative method, the reliability of coding was confirmed by the Holstein reliability coefficient method, and finally, after the combination and integration of the triple steps, 63 indicators were identified, which fit and validity 61 indicators in the form of 10 dimensions were confirmed using t-test and the four criteria of adaptation, comprehensibility, generalization and control.

According to the findings, entrepreneurial inspiration by creating eight roles of intelligence capabilities, improving decision-making, entrepreneurial intention, improving entrepreneurial attitude, facilitating business, strengthening the spirit and personality of the entrepreneur, recognizing the opportunity and the effectiveness of the opportunity in the decision to take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities, and by focusing on the dimensions of uncertainty and decision-making Rationality plays a negative role in the decision to take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities.

Drawn public attention to the negative impacts on environmentally sensitive areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the quality of tourism perception on the environmentally responsible behavior of sports tourists with the mediating role of attachment to the place.

This research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population consisted of all sports tourists in the Alangdareh Forest Park of Gorgan in 2021. The data collection tools were the standard questionnaires of understanding the quality of tourism by Yin et al. (2021), environmentally responsible behavior by Yin et al. (2021) and place attachment by Ramkissoon et al. (2013). The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed. Structural equation modeling including confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the data. The software used for data analysis were AMOS23 and SPSS23.

The results showed that the quality of tourism perception has a significant effect on the environmentally responsible behavior of sports tourists; the quality of tourism perception has a significant effect on attachment to the place of sports tourists; Attachment to the place has a significant effect on the environmentally responsible behavior of sports tourists and attachment to the place mediates the effect of understanding the quality of tourism on the environmentally responsible behavior of sports tourists.

One of the important messages of the current research is that attachment to a place is a significant mediator between understanding the quality of tourism and responsible environmental behavior. The results of the current research emphasize active interaction with sports tourists, good management, supporting biodiversity and encouraging responsible and sustainable consumption in order to strengthen tourists' attachment to the place and environmentally responsible behaviors.

Nowadays, electronic tourism is considered one of the basic components in the development of this industry due to synchronizing tourism with information technology, therefore, the present research explains the pattern of electronic sports tourism in Kermanshah province based on Grounded theory.

The research method was qualitative (grounded theory). The data collection tool was through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. After conducting 11 interviews with experts in the field of e-tourism and sports using the purposive sampling technique, the codes reached theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed simultaneously using the Systematic approach.

In total, 88 open codes were obtained from the interviews that were conducted with the samples under investigation, in the form of 19 axial codes and 5 selective codes of causal factors (being attractive to tourists, being more comfortable, psychological outcomes and tourism attractions of the province), contextual (emphasizing friends and family, other people's experiences and website capabilities), interventionist (security weaknesses, management and government weaknesses, and individual characteristics), strategies (advertising strategies, infrastructure development) , providing discounts, management strategies and development of e-sports tourism) and consequences (Increasing tourist communication, economic development, cost reduction and travel convenience) were categorized.

Adequate advertising, development of infrastructures, offering discounts, and improving management and development electronic sports tourism lead to increasing tourist communication, economic development, reducing costs and making travel more accessible.

While traditional shopping continues, electronic shopping is growing rapidly. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the behavior of e-customers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sales promotion on the repurchase intention in electronic sports customers with the mediation of impulsive buying and post-purchase regret.

This study was correlative research. The study population was electronic sports stores’ customers that 270 customers were selected by available sampling. The research instruments were the standard questionnaires of sales promotion Gbadamosi (2009), the repurchase intention Rajatragra (2011), the impulsive purchase of Fau and Wu (2008), and the post-purchase regret of Bui et al. (2011). The data were analyzed by structural equitions modeling.

Sales promotion has a positive and significant effect on the e-customers repurchase intention and impulsive shopping, and a negative and significant effect on post-purchase regret; impulsive shopping also has a positive and significant effect on e-customers repurchase intention, but the effect of post-purchase regret on repurchase intention is negative and significant. Also, sales promotion hasn’t a significant effect on the repurchase intention through post-purchase regret as mediator, but impulsive buying have a significant mediating role.

According to this, the electronic sports stores can use sales promotion along with strategies such as internet consultation, discussion forums, downloadable content about the features and use of products or exciting clips to influence the purchase behavior of e-customers without feeling regret.

Managing partner relations in the football federation includes establishing and maintaining a positive relationship with stakeholders. Also, the football federation should have a more effective relationship with its leading partners to develop the organizational brand, increase trust and cooperation with stakeholders, reduce conflicts, and finally develop football. In this regard, the present study aimed to express the consequences of using partner relationship management in the football federation.

The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and was conducted using a qualitative method using a descriptive phenomenological approach. The participants in the study included 23 experts related to the subject. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the coding steps were done in MaxQda version 20 software. Validity, transferability, trustworthiness and verifiability criteria were used to determine validity and reliability.

 The consequences of using partner relationship management in the football federation, including 87 sub-themes in the form of 8 main themes of monitoring and evaluation development, communication development, financial development, development of goods and services, development of common goals, development of stakeholder information, development of organizational performance and brand development is the beneficiary.

By establishing effective relationships with the main partners, the football federation can help develop the brand and increase trust and cooperation with the stakeholders, and as a result, the football federation can progress at the international level.

The purpose of research was Compilation of a comprehensive model of tourism nostalgia for tourism in Golestan province based on Turkmen International Horse Festival and and international Sofian,s traditional hours festival.

The research was exploratory mixed method. In qualitative phase, with snowball sampling, 20 research-related experts and in a quantitative phase, 350 active sports tourists, experts from travel agencies, marketers, owners, coaches, media representatives and operational managers of spring course organizers and Sofian,s traditional hours festival in the research were selected. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire including two dimensions of human potential and natural potential in the form of 8 subscales. After confirmation of good fit index of the model (Fornell and Larker triple indices), data were analyzed using Smart PLS and SPSS Software.

Factor analysis of data showed that in the dimension of human potentials, two factors of infrastructure and socio-cultural component and in the dimension of natural-sports potentials, the factor of environmental attractions and the factor of environmental management have a high impact on horse tourism development.

Managers and institutions in charge of horse tourism in Golestan province can develop services provided in horse riding complexes, such as creating equestrian experience for tourists, Also, with consider to the cultural commonalities of local residents with domestic and foreign tourists and the construction of amusement parks and paying attention to the indicators of green tourism and environmentally friendly tourism make Golestan province the center of horse tourism in the country.

The use of desirable international human resources can play a major role in the success of a country's sports. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to model the factors affecting the use of international human resources in Iranian sports.

This research was interpretative, fundamental, quantitative, and survey-based. The statistical population included representatives of the Islamic Council, senior public and private sports managers of the country, presidents of sports federations and clubs, senior managers of Spanish sports clubs, and international elite athletes. Based on GPower software, 180 people were selected using specific criteria. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed in this study. The collected data were described in SPSS23 and analyzed in SmartPLS3.1.1 using a structural equation modeling test.

The results showed that the research model had a suitable fit, and specialized factors (p=0.027; t=2.211), interactive factors (p=0.006; t=2.762), financial factors (p=0.006; t=2.045), health promotion (p=0.009; t=2.165), cultural factors (p=0.001; t=7.276), geographical factors (p=0.1; t=15.208), and knowledge (p=0.001; t=10.078) had a positive and significant impact on the use of international human resources in Iranian sports. On the other hand, management issues (p=0.004; t=2.878), economic problems (p=0.003; t=2.739), and belief-cultural issues (p=0.034; t=2.128) had a negative and significant impact.

To effectively use international human resources in Iranian sports, it is necessary to pay attention to the specialized and interactive needs, improve the health of the existing platfo rms, exploit cultural and geographical potentials, and address managerial, economic, and belief-cultural issues.