مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال سی و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 132، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1403)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, which is a fatal neurological disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and Ginkgo biloba supplementation on the neurotrophic factor derived (BDNF) level from the hippocampus brain in the Alzheimer's experimental model.
This research was of laboratory type. 50 male Wistar rats weighing 250±20 grams were prepared and divided into seven groups including healthy control, Alzheimer's control, intermittent endurance exercise, Ginkgobiloba supplement, Ginkgobiloba supplement+exercise, shock Surgery, and placebo. To induce Alzheimer's disease in the patient groups, amyloid-beta solution was injected into both sides of the ventricles of the rats' brains. For eight weeks, the exercise groups ran on a treadmill 5 days a week, and the supplemented groups received Ginkgo biloba solution. 24 hours after the last exercise session, the hippocampus tissue was extracted and the BDNF protein level was measured using ELISA method.SPSS software version 22 was used to analyze the data at a significant level (P<0.05).
In the comparison between the groups, the level of BDNF factor was higher in the training+supplement group than in the healthy control, Alzheimer's control, surgical shock, and placebo groups, no increase was observed in the training and supplement alone groups, and the level of the factor was also decreased in the surgical shock and placebo groups.
Intermittent endurance exercise and Ginkgo Biloba supplement consumption at the same time can be an effective treatment to increase the level of BDNF to slow down the process of Alzheimer's disease.

The coronavirus epidemic has caused a lot of confusion and tension in the health, economic, and political systems of the world, and its impact on society has led the governments' policy to support the production of drugs and related vaccines, Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the findings of vaccination of people infected with covid-19 hospitalized in Vasei Sabzevar Hospital in 2022.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the year 2022 at Sabzevar city. 3686 people were included in the study by available sampling method. Information was extracted from Sib system using a demographics questionnaire and checklist and analyzed with SPSS 26 software.
The results showed that %64.7 people had not been vaccinated. The number of hospitalized unvaccinated people was about 1.8 times the number of vaccinated people. There was no significant difference between the number of hospitalized men and women according to the vaccination status (P=.38), although there was a significant difference in the age of people (P=.001). The frequency of diabetes was higher in the vaccinated population. There was no significant difference between the number of hospitalized men and women in terms of the number of doses received (p=0.23). Also, the mortality rate in non-vaccinated people was significantly higher and this difference was significant (P=0.017).
Vaccination reduces mortality and hospitalization rates, so encouraging this and proper planning to prepare vaccines in similar critical situations is recommended.

Aging is a very sensitive period of human life and paying attention to the needs and issues of this stage is a universal necessity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was the effect of individual and team sports on the working memory and attention of the elderly.
The current research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this research was the elderly of Arak city, among them 102 elderly with an age range of 60 to 70 years were purposefully selected and participated in this study. They were divided into three groups of elderly active in individual sports, elderly active in team sports, and inactive elderly. N-back test and continuous performance test (CPT) were used to measure working memory and attention respectively. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS-26 software.
The results showed that in the working memory and attention, individual and team sports had better performance than the non-exercise group (P≤0.05), but no significant difference was observed between individual and team sports (P≥0.05).
Team and individual sports improve the working memory and attention of the elderly. Therefore, it can be suggested that to improve the health of the elderly, exercise in a team or individually should be included in their weekly schedule.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent infectious conditions affecting individuals in their youth and middle age. The increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the growing resistance to these drugs emphasize the necessity of understanding bacterial resistance patterns in the context of treatment. This study aimed to identify the resistance patterns of bacteria causing UTIs in patients attending two medical diagnostic and treatment centers in Yazd, Iran. Conducted for one year (2018), this descriptive-cross-sectional study involved analyzing 3563 samples of UTI agents collected from the microbiology department of the Central Diagnostic Laboratory and Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd. Identification of isolated bacteria utilized phenotypic methods, and antibiotic resistance assessments were performed using the disk diffusion method. Among 3563 positive isolates, 80.4% originated from outpatients, while 19.6% were from inpatients. The most prevalent bacteria causing UTIs in both centers were Escherichia coli (57.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.1%), Streptococcus agalactiae (7%), and Acinetobacter (0.2%). Escherichia coli isolates exhibited the highest antibiotic resistance, particularly against amoxicillin-clavulanate (62.9%) and nalidixic acid (61.9%). In hospitalized patients, resistance to ampicillin (86%) and cotrimoxazole (72%) was notable, with over half of these isolates displaying ESBL positivity. Given the varying distribution of antibiotic resistance among UTI-causing isolates in both inpatient and outpatient settings, understanding antibiotic resistance patterns in diagnostic-treatment centers across diverse geographical areas is imperative.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus, has emerged as one of the most pressing healthcare challenges of this century. The role of laboratory data in diagnosing severe forms of COVID-19 remains inconclusive. This research aimed to find ways to quickly prevent COVID-19. This research involved 43 COVID-19 patients monitored from March 2022 to May 2022 at the Mehregan Private Center in Khuzestan Province. Hematological and biochemical tests of the patients were performed. Measurements of D-dimer and Interleukin-6 were performed using the Biotek ELX 800TS analyzer, while fibrinogen levels were determined through the Clauss coagulation method. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22 and GraphPad Prism version 9. There is a significant difference in the levels of interleukin 6, D-Dimer, and fibrinogen, which was equal to 0.0001 (P<0.05). Threshold level and area under the receptor operating characteristic curve (ROC) interleukin-6 was 20.06 pg/ml and 0.837, D-dimer 952.5 ng/ml and 0.929, and fibrinogen was 206.5 mg/dL and 0.768, respectively. The specificity and sensitivity of predicting the severity of COVID-19 interleukin 6 were 67.44% and 100%, D-dimer 60.47% and 97.67%, and fibrinogen 53.49 % and 95.35%, respectively. Interleukin-6 and D-dimer had the highest specificity and sensitivity for early prediction of the severity of COVID-19, but for fibrinogen, this level was not as obvious as the other two factors. D-dimer and interleukin-6 had more pronounced effects on the             severity of this disease, while fibrinogen had a lower impact.

Inactivity plays a role in diabetes and increasing tissue oxidative stress and this study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of aerobic exercise on malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the heart tissue of male diabetic rats.
44 male Wistar rats (200-250 grams) were randomly divided into 4 ten groups of healthy, diabetic, training, and diabetes+ training. After 12 hours of food deprivation, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ solution, The training groups did aerobic exercise 5 days a week for 6 weeks. 48 hours after completion of the protocol, anesthetized animals and heart tissue were removed. ELISA method was used to measure the amount of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxide. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, SPSS, and GraphPad software.
The results showed that superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide in the diabetes group were significantly lower than the control, exercise, and diabetes+exercise groups (p≤0.0001). Also, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide were significantly higher in the diabetes+exercise group than in the control and exercise groups (p≤0.0001). Malondialdehyde in the diabetes group was significantly higher than in the diabetes+exercise group, the exercise group, and the control group (p≤0.0001). Malondialdehyde was significantly higher in the diabetes+exercise group than in the diabetes and control groups (p≤0.0001).
aerobic training can have a positive effect on the heart tissue in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress.

Anxiety is a common problem in caesarean section patients that can have adverse consequences. Benson relaxation can be useful as a complementary medicine method to reduce anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Benson's relaxation on the anxiety level of primiparous pregnant women applying for cesarean section.

This semi-experimental interventional study was conducted among 132 primiparous pregnant women who had beeb referred to the Shahada Qain Medical Training Center for elective cesarean section in 2021. The participants in the study were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the samples were given relaxation training through headphones. The Spielberger questionnaire was used to determine anxiety. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and paired t-test, independent t-test and chi-square . The significance level of P<0.05 was considered.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the demographic and background variables, the mean variables, overt, hidden, and total anxiety in the two groups (P>0.05). After the intervention, the comparison of the two groups showed that the mean scores of overt, hidden and total anxiety in the intervention group significantly decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Despite the reduction of anxiety in the intervention group, the results indicated that the total and obvious anxiety in the control group also decreased significantly after the intervention. It seems that factors other than Benson's relaxation technique in this research, such as studying mothers, participating in pregnancy classes have been able to reduce anxiety among the research samples.

The early years of life are very important in the interventions and progress of autistic children, and it seems necessary to examine the role of parents in this field. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of early interventions of the Denver-parent model on improving the developmental profile of children with autism spectrum disorder.

The current research is applied with AB-type single-subject designs and the statistical population was autistic children in Mahshahr, 3 autistic children were selected by purposive sampling and parents, during 12 individual sessions and 1 hour per week, learned P-ESDM. The evaluation was done in 7 stages with the questionnaire of ASQ3 and descriptive statistics, visual analysis by calculating the percentage of non-overlapping and overlapping data, and comparing graphs were used to analyze the data.

The results of the analysis showed that the use of early interventions of the Denver-Parent model increased the scores in the subscales of the developmental profile, with 100% PND and 0% POD, and the increasing trend of scores in various areas of growth continued until the follow-up stage.

The implementation of early interventions of the Denver-parent model can lead to the improvement of developmental areas in autistic children and parents have a prominent role in this process, so it seems that introducing and Active participation of parents in the intervention process can be an important step to improve developmental delays in autistic children.

The rational use of antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery can reduce surgical site infection, microbial resistance, and economic burden. Therefore, the present study was carried out to optimize the use of antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery using a ready-made drug package prepared in the pharmacy of Dr. Shariati Hospital. The current study is a semi-experimental intervention type, carried out in two stages before and after on 260 patients hospitalized in the heart surgery and neurosurgery departments of Dr. Shariati Hospital who were candidates for surgery and received antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery. A checklist containing patients ' information was completed before and after the preparation of antibiotic prophylaxis packages. Data were analyzed in spss18 software with descriptive and analytical statistics (p≤0.05). Before and after the optimization of antibiotic use, a statistically significant difference was observed in the two study groups regarding dosage, administration intervals, time, and duration of administration. (P<0.001) A 63.42% reduction in the number of doses of antibiotic prophylaxis was observed after the implementation of optimization. Also, there was a 57.33% reduction in the cost of antibiotic prophylaxis after the implementation of optimization. The use of a ready-made drug package before surgery optimizes the use of antibiotic prophylaxis. Also, the economic burden caused by inappropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics for the patient and the hospital is significantly reduced with this method.

The spread of the COVID-19 disease and respiratory symptoms in affected patients have increased requests for high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) imaging. It have increased the workload and radiation exposure of employees in radiology departments.

The present descriptive-analytical study examined the number of CT scans performed between 1398 and 1402 in the affiliated hospitals of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.

According to the graphs comparing the years 1398 to 1402, it can be seen that the highest number of requests for CT scan in these five years is related to Shahrivar 1400 with the number of 9677 requests registered in this month, which can indicate the high prevalence of the Coronavirusin this month. After that, Mordad 1400 has the second rank with 9394 requests, which to some extent reveals the fact that 1400 was a critical year in terms of the spread of the Corona pandemic and overall, the year 1400 was the worst year in terms of the spread of the Corona pandemic, which accounted for the highest spread of the virus.

The spread of respiratory diseases, the increase in requests for HRCT scans, and the lack of manpower in these departments cause the amount of radiation exposure to reach the limits of the body's tolerable dose and sometimes exceed this amount. Accordingly, it is recommended taking necessary measures to prevent problems that are more serious for radiology personnel at risk.