نشریه پژوهش در مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

How the process of acquiring and learning new motor skills can be enhanced is one of the basic questions in theoretical and applied movement science, rehabilitation and sport. The Differential Learning (DL) approach is mainly characterized by taking advantage, for the purpose of learning, of fluctuations that occur, without movement repetitions and without corrections during the skill acquisition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Differential Learning (DL) and Contextual Interference (CI) on the Retention and Transfer of Badminton backhand short serve. Prior to the implementation of the protocol, all participants of the pre-test were taken. Then, each group of research performed for 8 sessions according to the type of training. One day after the completion of the practice protocol, of all participants were taken the tests of Retention and Transfer. The analysis t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between the groups DL and CI in tests Retention and Transfer (p= 0.00). In fact, the results of the research show the effectiveness of the DL approach on the Retention and Transfer of Badminton backhand short serve. Based on the results of the research, the conclusion is that the DL approach is useful for learning skills, and can discover adaptive solutions by creating oscillations in the individual and helped to improve and learning skills.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of observational practice on anticipation and visual search behavior in handball players in handball defense positions. The participants were 23 male handball players aged 16-19 years, who were members of Isfahan national youth and Pishgaman team. The players viewed clips of handball defense positions using eye-tracking glasses. They verbally expressed their anticipation about the outcome of the ball position during the pre-test. The players were divided into two groups: gaze behavior, which was observed (observation of output clips of eye-tracking glasses) and observation group, which observed only handball clips. Then the two groups were retested after 10 sessions of 45 minutes. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance and Muchly test with sphiricity assumed illustrated that the anticipation accuracy and visual search behavior of the gaze behavior group in the post-test were significantly better than the observation group. Defending handball players in the 3×3 position compared to the other two positions (2 × 2, 1 × 1), focused on the background and kinematics of the attacking player to anticipate and identify the attacking player pattern.

Talent management is one of the most important issues of human resource management in the world and it is still considered one of the important issues in many organizations and the importance of human resources is much higher than new technologies. There are more financial and material resources. The purpose of this research was to compile a talent management model in racquet sports with the foundational data theory approach. The present research method was qualitative and exploratory. The socio-statistics of this research were experts, professors and experts who deal with talent search in Iran's racket sports in the Ministry of Sports, Federations, Education and Culture, Academies and Sports Centers. Sampling Method It was non-probability sampling with purposeful selection. The sample size in this study was equal to 20 people. The measurement tool was an open interview, which was used to measure the reliability of the within-subject agreement method of two coders, based on which the obtained validity was equal to 0.78. Also, codings were analyzed based on three stages of open, central and selective coding. Based on data analysis, 159 primary concepts, 25 central codes and 5 selective codes were identified. Finally, it is suggested to improve the recruitment process in racquet sports by using the presented model, which will ultimately lead to the development of racquet sports in the country.

The aim of this study was to investigate relationship of physical activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic with life expectancy and life satisfaction of elderly. Methodology was descriptive-correlational which was done cross-sectionally in the year 2021. Statistical population included all of elderly people aged ≥60 years in Hamadan city. The number of 391 people participated who were selected from public places in Hamadan city by using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Life Expectancy, and Life Satisfaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 software and structural equation method. The average age of the participants was 67.73±7.18 years. Mean and standard deviation of life satisfaction and life expectancy were 18.18±6.56, 19.98±6.85, respectively. 54.2% of people had low level of physical activity, 37.6% Moderate level of physical activity, and 8.2% high levels of physical activity. Physical activity had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction (p<0.01) and life expectancy (p<0.01). According to the results, if the elderly participate in the physical activities, the results will be increasing of life satisfaction and life expectancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This investigation aimed to determine the role of using specific gestures in simple arithmetic. Forty-seven university students (25 females; Mage = 23.45 ± 3.51 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The participants completed two tasks. In the item-counting task, the participants were shown sets of identical colored squares and asked to count a specific color by either finger-pointing, nodding, or without any gestures while counting. After completing the counting task and for measurement of the working memory performance, the participants were asked to recall lists of alphabets that were previously to them. The results revealed that when using finger-pointing or nodding while counting, the participants counted faster and more accurately than when gestures were not allowed. The results of the memory task showed that the participants retrieved significantly more alphabets and more quickly when using finger-pointing or nodding while counting than when not gesturing. Thus, the gestures helped to free up cognitive resources. The findings support the hypothesis that gestures may facilitate cognitive functions by reducing cognitive load. This present investigation, consistent with previous research, suggests that we can benefit from using our hand and head movements to facilitate some simple arithmetic tasks.

The general purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of relationship quality on the presence, media and purchasing behavior of fans of Iran's premier football league teams. The current research was a descriptive research of the correlation type. The statistical sample was the fans of the Premier Football League of Iran 1399-1400 season, who were selected by proportional sampling method. In this research, the relationship quality, attendance, media and shopping questionnaires of Kim et al. (2011) were used. The results showed that the quality of the relationship with regression coefficients of 0.63, 0.57 and 0.65 and critical ratios of 18.48, 16.97 and 17.72 respectively on the behavior of buying goods, media and attendance at the stadium of League fans. Iran's top football has a significant positive effect.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of high and low reinvestment in the acquisition, retention and automaticity of dart throwing skill based on the interference-error model. One hundred participants were selected and divided into two categories of high and low movement reinvestment. Subjects of each category were randomly divided into five groups: block-errorless, block-errorfull, random-errorless, random-errorfull and random. Based on the results, the best and worst performance was observed for the random-errorless and random-errorfull groups respectively. There was a significant difference between categories of high and low reinvestment in retention and automaticity tests in favor of low reinvestment. In both the acquisition and retention test, the block groups performed better in the high reinvestment category and the random groups performed better in the low reinvestment category. At the automaticity phase, all groups executed better in the low reinvestment category. The results show that the level of reinvestment can play an important role in learning and automaticity of motor skills. People with lower level of reinvestment perform better in practice conditions with more cognitive effort (random practice) and people with a higher level of reinvestment perform better in practice conditions with less cognitive effort (block practice).

The purpose of the present research was to identify the factors influencing personal branding for individual athletes. The research method was qualitative approach. The statistical population of the research includes 18 prominent athletes who are national and international champions and sports marketing experts. The sampling method was purposive. The data collection tool was in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done in MaxQDA software version 2020. 136 primary propositions with a total frequency of 247 and with 3 main categories (environmental factors, individual characteristics of athletes, performance characteristics) and 8 subcategories (mass media, social factors, management factors, economic conditions, individual personality characteristics, social responsibilities, social skills) were calculated as effective indicators on personal branding in individual athletes. The results showed that athletes pay more attention to environmental factors, especially mass media, to improve their personal brand as much as possible and manage it better. Also, officials should consider managerial factors such as the budget allocated to the sports field, Comprehensive planning in order to promote athletes, monitor the behavior and relationships of athletes and the existence of legal infrastructure that affects the brand of athletes.

The purpose of this study was  the effect of visual illusions and focus of attention instructions on the performance and learning of the golf putt. A total of 48 students with an age range of 7-9 years were selected from the community in a targeted manner and randomly divided into four groups (large visual illusion with external focus of attention instruction, large visual illusion with internal focus of attention instruction, small visual illusion with external focus of attention instruction, small visual illusion internal focus of attention instruction) were allocated.The current research was conducted in five different phases of pre-test, acquisition, retention, transfer and dual task. results a mixed two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measure, showed that in all phases, especially the dual task, the two groups of external focus of attention with  large  and  small visual illusion performed better than other groups. These findings showed the importance of external attention and  additive Effects of an  External Focus and  visual illusions in Learning a Motor Skill, which may be platform for encourages implicit learning mechanisms, it is recommended that physical education coaches use psychological variables (external focus of attention and visual illusions) in practicing  golf  putting  skills.

The aim of this study was to examine sport hero/ine’s features and barriers to achieve their status based on students’ viewpoints. 300 students participated and wrote about obstacles of achieving the status of their hero/in through answering open questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive-analytical method and using Van Dijk's theoretical model (2004) in the framework of critical discourse analysis considering macro and micro levels. In describing the sports hero/ine, the women pointed to physical, facial, and behavioral-moral traits, respectively. Also men pay more attention to behavioral-moral, faces and personalities than other traits. The frequency of describing physical, facial, and behavioral-moral traits was significantly higher than other traits. Barriers were divided into 6 classes. Based on the Proportion test, Economic, socio-cultural and personal barriers make the hero's position significantly more difficult than other barriers. Analysis according to macro level of Van Dijk square represented that emphasizing negative properties of Them has the highest frequency among other properties. Participants have used micro strategies of fallacies, victimization, generalization and lexicalization to express barriers. The variables governing the minds of participants and how they are applied in the language suggest that they create inappropriate conditions for making a pattern to be hero/ine.

The purpose of this study was to develop a model in the field of intellectual property in Iranian sports. The research method was quantitative, descriptive correlational using structural equation modeling. The statistical population was all individuals who had scientific or executive activities in the field of sports law. Due to the limited population of the research, the number of samples was considered equal to the population and finally 72 people participated in the research by theoretical sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect research data. This questionnaire was taken from a qualitative research conducted by the research team in the first phase of this research. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha methods, composite reliability and factor loading of items. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling with PLS software was used. The model of intellectual property in sports included 8 dimensions of international institutions, public culture and education, legislation, commercialization, development of sports industry, creativity and innovation, organizational-structural support and forms of intellectual property of sports that effectiveness of which was confirmed. Paying attention to this model can provide an effective understanding of the field of intellectual property rights in the sports community

This study aimed to measure the effect of educational intervention of the concepts sport law on coaches’ attitude, knowledge and behavior. The method of this study was quasi-experimental, including two groups, and pretest-posttest, as well as follow-up study. Hence, 50 coaches from Eghlid, Fars province were selected by availability sampling method, then accidentally divided in two experimental and control groups. A researcher made educational protocol employed in this reseach for educating the concepts of sport law. Also, for measuring the efficiency of the educational protocol, a questionnaire for measuring the coaches’ attitude (researcher made), a questionnaire for measuring the knowledge of coaches (Mirsafian, 2018), as well as a researcher made check list employed for measuring the behavior of coaches. The Covariance analyzing test as well as Repeated Measure ANOVA employed for analyzing the data provided by research’s instruments. The results indicated that educational intervention of sport law concepts significantly effect on changing the coaches’ attitude, improve their knowledge and consequently, changing their behavior after participating in 8 educational sessions. Furthermore, effect of mentioned educational intervention was stable after 3 months from finishing the educational sessions.