پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 16 (پاییز 1388)

After the 1917 revolution and rise of communist in Russia, leaders of this country faced with many internal and external problems, tried to some measures in the short time to provide the grounds of friendly relations with Iran, but this situation didn’t last long and after 1919 treaty between Iran and Britain and some other factors Russia exerted important changes in its foreign policy and has abandoned tolerance politics and in the first stage attacked to Gilan. This millitary attack gave rise to a number of sequels. We tried in this paper to have a glance at communist Russian politics after 1919 Treaty to 1921 Mavaddat Treaty between Iran and Russia and the end of jungle movement in order to prove the claime that change of the Russia government didn’t lead to fundamental changes in its foreign policy toward Iran ang against their communist slogans seeking more benefits and didn’t refused any action to reach their goals.

Defeat of Hulegu Khan at the battle of Ayn Jalut (658 AH / 1260 AD) cause to tend the Ilkhans and Christian Europe state to establish and expand diplomatic, military and economic relations. Before encountering Ilkhans to resistance of Mamluks at syria, not Mongols paid attention to the pop and European ststes envoys، nor Europeans confidence to the Mongols. Ayn Jalut defeated and failur of next invasions of Ilkhans to the syria and Access to power of mamluks in Egypt and syria and theirs effort to drive out Crusade from the coast of Palestin and attacks on Lesser Armenia، led to European states sought to attract friendship of Ilkhanate. Review of available resources shows، Conflict with a common enemy caused the Relationship between Ilkhans and pop and European stste.

Funeral ceremony in Saffavid period is concerned in Iranians whom regarded the caliphate was due to Ali and his sons. Saffavid dynasty who lived on the basis of Shiite, knew that keeping alive the mourning of Imam Hossein (P.) was the most important factor for heart tie of the people.Ta`zieh (mourning) is a cultural behavior for Iranians to preserve the sacredness of human prominent values, because its observance in society indicates the cruel on the one hand, and the harassed on the other hand, i.e. the same historical struggle of right and wrong, and it is obvious that finally the truth is victorious.An article about this kind of ceremonies in Saffavid period (the middle history of Iran) is written in the history of Cambridge vol.7 which shows its importance.The disaster of killing Hossein b. Ali (P.) and his advocates in the `Ashura day has been a course for making a painful poetic reality in the world.

In sasanied period,zoroastrianism identified frame work of relations between all members of family. father as kad khoda or leader of family was in head. all family members should obey from he.The lower of the rank, was woman or kadbanw. she was obliged to do works of inside the house, supervision from children and other familiy members, and participate in Economy of family includig workin family farms and kept animals. Because the family system in sassanied period was based on patriarchy, women must be obedient to her husband, but woman in family had authority such:when marriage they asked opinion of girl and they couldn’t toforce to marry off she, she could do Economice activities, she received inheritance from family she could be leader of house when her husband death and woman could diverce from her husband.

Expanding relations Safavid state with European countries, which gradually converted Poland was located in Northern Europe to the bus and host delegations of European countries and Iran off each other. Although in this period of geographical distance between Iran and Poland had many, but political and economic reasons for the country he is gaining more importance. Polish neighborhood with Ottoman, and concern about the growing power of this Empire, Poland's attention be attracted towards Safavid Iran, the Ottoman Empire was threatened. Although in the eleventh AH / seventeenth AD and after the conclusion of a peace treaty Z•hab, Safavid governments want to maintain the status quo more relations with the Ottoman Empire had a confrontation and battle other that can not be interests Muslim world. But long before the political representatives of Poland that the first way to reach the Safavid court, the name of the ancient Persians land called by traders and businessmen had come to Poland. Therefore, the development of commercial relations of another aims to increase relations between the two countries close to. Another major motivation for the appointment of relations with Poland, was to promote religion, Christianity, and therefore that religious Missionary its activities in Iran had expanded. This paper is a new and methodical look at the fields of political and commercial relations in the era of Safavid Iran and Poland, and especially in the second half eleventh AH / seventeenth AD, and in the era of Shah Suleiman Safavid peak diplomatic and trade exchanges between the two countries is and obstacles in the way of development of these relationships existed.

In this article, firstly a brief survey of Iranian-British official political relations are considered. then, it would be studied cultural relations of two countries in the Qajar era. role of the English in these relations are evaluated in sections. First, actors of the relations are noted I four groups In cluding diplomats, military forces, tourists and other scholars and researchers. Following, work of these four English groups on Iranian history, geography, civilization, art and Persian language and literature will be studied. By introducing various work such as writing, compiling, critical correcting, translating, excavations of historical and ancient monuments and buildings, and other efforts of all four mentioned actors in introducing and promoting various spheres of Iranian cultures and finally bilateral relations and interactions during 150 years old Qajar kingdom will be considered.

After Arabian muslem enter in khorasan and different tribs Arabian habitancy in this area`they accustomed with ither side of "Jeihoon" or"Mavarao nahr".arabian governer of khorasan after this` sometimes attaked to"Bokhara" and "Samarghand" and after catched some booty`they came back to khorasan.but this diplomacy changed in Abdolmalek" time (Omavi governer) and his stooge in iraq (Hajaj ebne yoosof). they wanted to possession other side of"jeihoon".thus Hajaj for realization this aim`sent Ghotaibeh ben Moslem" az a governer to khorasan.Ghotaibe during his ten years government between 86-96 hejri by continuous attaks` addendum "Mavarai Nahr" to muslem scope. In this year he could win and catch "Bikand"`"Bikhara"`"Khorasan"and"Samarghand" and then arrived at en of this reagion namely "seihoon" beach and "Chach"and "Farghane" lands.Ghotaibe moreover win these citis` abet native people to accept Islam religion even pay mony for saying prayers `stead Arabians in natives house and used native people in his corps`attend to usual pitch Arabians in "Bokhara"and "Samarghand"and attend to proximity Arabian and Iranian nations. By conquests of Ghotaibeh ben Moslem and his plans and diplomacy for initial Arabians could have a stable government.In this article settle to consider how people of "Bokhara" and "Samarghand" accept Islam in Omavi time and contact between people and Omavi governers.

With the rize of the Safavid power and establishment of Twelver Shiism as the only estate religion, Iran has experienced and withness a great religion changes like Renesance in Italy. To improve and widespred this change and demands, many learned, ministers and religious activists were involved such as Sari Taqi, the minister, killed in 1055 A.H. / 1645 A.D.). He was the minister of three Safavid Kings. (The present paper is a neutral and critical consideration about the political and social life of this minister who was responsiple for many death, strictness, disagreements, threats and intrigues in the court of these Safavids kings: Abbas I, Shah Safi and Abbas II) which caused his death in the end).