فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 7 (بهار 1391)

The subject of quality and quantity of manifestation of Islamic identity in the architecture of Islamic era is one of the topics around which there are many diverse views among thinkers. Some scholars believe in the maximum reflection of Islamic contents in the architectural works of this age. Oppositely، some others thinkers express the minimum reflection of Islamic identity and deny the existence of any kind of relation between the contents of religion and these works. In this article، a third standpoint is presented on this topic، upon which، the belief in relative manifestation of Islamic content and identity in form and body of architecture of Islamic age is a logical principle. The article puts forth this basic principle that Islam as an intellectual and ideological school of thought has put forth certain conceptual facts on the domain of art which is reflected in the ideas and ideals of artists and architects. These basic and fixed facts can appear in thousands of phenomena in a relative form through a certain process with the creative effort of artists. In this article، while adopting a historical-interpretive approach، and joint utilization of reasoning-logical method and based on religious documented texts، this claim will be proved. The basic pillar in proving this hypothesis، is the principle of detachment of theoretical، practical phrases and examples in the Islamic wisdom which will be elaborated.

District is one of the outstanding elements in Iranian-Islamic urban development and district-oriented attitude is one of the symbols of place affiliation and district prejudice which form a part of urban identity. District-oriented attitude depends on various factors. Most of the researches which have been performed express the roots of these affinities from the perspective of cultural, religious, and race difference of districts. However, the present research is an attempt to study the role of urban development models in district-oriented attitude differences in two similar cities from the cultural, geographical, religious and race perspectives. District-oriented attitude in cities of Ardakan and Meybod in Yazd province has noticeable differences with a great cultural and geographical homogeneity which is connected together today. Based on the assumption of this research, one of the most important reasons for these differences, is the model of urban development of these two cities and positions of districts in them. On the basis of findings of this descriptive-analytical research which has been obtained through library study method, field researches and interview with authorities, the model of urban development of complexes and single units of Ardakan and the scattered and multi-center model of urban development in Meybod, also the difference in the application of three basic elements of Iranian –Islamic urban development, i.e the ideological, economic, defense elements and following that the difference of the role of districts in these two cities have made differences in the type, continuation and intensity of district-oriented attitude in these two cities whose manifestations can be observed in the course of history in these two cities.

The necessity of paying attention to saving، in particular saving in fossil energy consumption has made the sustainable development change into one of the very important and prevailing topics at international level. Based on the existing statistics، the increase of energy consumption in Iran is more than 5 times of global consumption. Amid these، residential units with unceasing use consume one third of national energy. The external envelop of unit، in addition to being considered as the third skin of human، is a border between inside and outside، a wall between human and climatic factors of outside environment. The present article deals with the study of climatic approaches of Tabriz in two traditional and modern urban texture and their comparative assessment. The research related to this article، has been conducted based on survey، causative and comparative methods and the purpose is to analyze the indexes of energy، materials and openings in the samples under consideration and their comparison. The conducted calculations confirm that the rate of levels of openings in the envelope of traditional houses in Tabriz is 15 to 35 percent and in the envelop of modern houses is 27 to 41 percent. In addition، with regard to thickness and materials in use، the thermal resistance in the envelop of historical units 0. 59 to 0. 92 m2c/w and in modern units 0. 36 to 0. 38 m2c/w. It can be learned that the external envelop of Tabriz traditional buildings have a less thermal loss as compared with modern buildings and they are in compliance with the principles of sustainable architecture.

The phenomenon of urban settlement has created certain changes in physical، economic، cultural and social structure of cities. Ardakan city is located in the north of Yazd city. With regard to the growth of population، the physical development of this city has been in the horizontal direction and the constant expansion of urban constructions has destructed agricultural fields and gardens around the city. This article is an attempt to study the physical change and development of Ardakan. The research method is a combination and uses the field، historical، descriptive and analytical methods. Furthermore، the data of population، employment، industry، culture، social، educational، municipality’s، area and existing use in Iranian Statistical Center and urban pilot projects and their comparison in different periods from 1956 to 2012 and finally the place topographical maps have been used. The findings show that Ardakan city has passed four urban development stages. Qanats have had a basic role in the formation of city and then deep and semi-deep wells and transfer of Zayanderood water، all have had important roles in physical development of Ardakan. The factors of population increase، the expansion of city area from 1956 to 2012، the presence of four important transit routes، development of industry، employment and education in the link axes of north-south specially the pivot of Ardakan-Nayeen and the western part of the city، the presence and expansion of religious places in different districts and the 600 hectares of scattered uncultivated lands at city level have played important roles in the physical development of Ardakan. Due to limits in northern، eastern and southern parts of city، its physical development towards these regions is unfavorable.

Anahita temple (located in Kangavar) is Iran’s biggest stone building which some parts of it were first built in the Achaemenian period and then finished bit by bit all the way through to the Sassanian period. According to historical evidence, this temple was an altar for paying respect to the eminence goddess of water, “Anahita”. This building has changed a lot through time (natural or man-made causes), specially after Islam. What is left of this building after all the damage that has been done to it through time, can’t really tell us anything about its true history and architectural/skeletal identity? Researchers even disagree on its building date and usage. Researches that have been done on this particular building, never indicated anything about its true architecture and identity, they all looked at the subject from its archeological aspect and what was left of it. With the researches done on this building by the writers, new and very important information on the temple’s architecture have been discovered. (Former researchers have established fictional pictures or plans of how the real architecture was, some of which is shown in this article).The authors of this article are after finding the temple’s true Persian identity through an architectural analysis. The descriptions given by eastern and western historian and sailors from the temple, professionals’ ideas and researches about the style of architecture used, Persian properties of the temple, archeological information on the architecture of this temple, and the important aspects of other architectures are some of the information discussed in this article.In the end an analysis has been done according to the Persian of the architecture of the temple, revealing the buildings’ true identity.

Chizar، if not to all Tehranian but for the inhabitants of Shemiranat has a familiar identity. It is a district important from historical texture on one side، and on the other side، as a degraded texture، is involved in specific problems. From the perspective of this article، any kind of correction and design for space improvement of this district، should be done in accordance with expert-advice concerns in addition to paying attention to experience، memories and interests of inhabitants and beneficiaries. So، considering the importance of contribution of citizens، this article pays attention to a specific age group of citizens which are less taken into consideration in designs. Buildings and districts are designed by adults، whereas they are used mainly by children. At the time of design، adults pay much attention to standards such as applicability، energy preservation، aesthetics and economic issues. For sure، these cases are of great significance but they do not have any connection with the children experiences. The experience of adults of space are defined based on their method of use of these places، whereas children are searching to see what every space says and how to encounter with it and experience it. Using the survey method، this article studies the experience and sense of young adults in Chizar district in respect of different spaces of their districts. It tries to present the outcome of a research which has been conducted to first ‘sensitize” the young adults to space and architecture and second to sense perception and taste and their views of Chizar district space. The findings show that a serious deliberation needs to be made in reconstruction of local spaces by considering the sense and experience of the children of the district.

This paper investigates the way of manifesting Islamic thinking and reflection in the neighborhood with a descriptive - analytical - deductive method، and aims to explore the quality of urban fabric and architecture influenced by the ideology and thoughts of a nation. Philosophy of human life is derived from its ideology. Islam’s ideology which is based on monotheism، has given a special meaning to the Muslims’ lives، and by providing principals and criteria and also Dos and Don’ts has defined a specific path for a sacred religion to achieve the perfection of life. Quran was revealed to the Prophet with the Sura “al-Alaq” and the verdict to “read”; thus the thinking and questioning feeling of mankind was agitated، and then embodied as educational space in the city، so that the mosques and schools were born. The Holy Quran’s calling for thinking، reasoning and sense of questioning in humans has been able to encourage them to research since 1400 years ago، gradually create a physical definition for it and give it a sense of place and holiness. Presence of school in the neighborhood has given a special meaning to the Islamic city، and is indeed the presence of religious searching and questioning spirit so that one is able to explore and question، present hypotheses، collect data، and finally analyze the findings and conclusions. With the presumptions derived from Islamic ideology، this paper aims to seek a meaning for the presence of school in the neighborhood center based on Islamic thoughts، going beyond its operational and material roles in Western theories and exploring the way of manifesting the Islamic thought in the city with the presence of school in the neighborhood