Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
Volume:3 Issue: 4, 2014

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that stops the replication of DNA، which is used to treat various types of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. This study was aimed at then evaluating the immunomodulating effect of cyclophosphamide (Cy) on the immune system of vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice. The study was performed on three groups of mice consisting of vaccinated، non-vaccinated and control groups. Vaccination was carried out by three separated courses of C. albicans injection intraperitoneally. Then، the vaccinated group received Cy on day zero and were challenged with lethal doses of C. albicans on days zero، one، 3، 6 and 12 post-Cy injection. Non-vaccinated group received Cy on day zero and similar to vaccinated ones were challenged with lethal doses of the organism. The control groups received just Cy on day zero and were sacrificed on days post-Cy injection. Then، the hemogram and the spleen and the renal tissues were studied microscopically and macroscopically. In the vaccinated group، an increase in survival time، the number of polymorphonuclear and the significant hyperplasia in the white pulp on days 6 and 12 post-Cy injection were noticed. In non-vaccinated ones، these factors had significant decrease on days 1 and 3. It is concluded that the hyperplasia in the white pulp of spleen and an increasing in peripheral polymorphonuclear due to the selective effects of Cy could effectively protect the animal against C. albicans infection.

Herpes viruses can cause diseases in the clinical range. The virus can cause infection in various body parts، especially eyes and nervous system. The aim of this study was at evaluating the Real-Time TaqMan probe PCR in diagnosing and monitoring of the patients with suspected HSV infections.

More than a thousand patients with suspected HSV infections were collected. The samples were analyzed by Real-time PCR assays. DNA was extracted according to manufacturer’s instruction (Invisorb Spin Virus DNA mini Kit، Germany). The Real-Time PCR assay was performed with the primer Design TM genesis for herpes simplex virus (Primer Design، UK).

Total of 44 (5. 6%)، 118 (26. 8%)، 23 (11. 7%)، 13 (5. 6 %) and 65 (45. 5%) patients out of herpes simplex encephalitis suspected group، HSK suspected، patients with suspected systemic HSV infection، HSV skin suspected ones and oropharyngeal HSV infection suspected patients respectively were found to be positive by Real-time PCR assays..

As indicated by the results، Real-time PCR assay، with high sensitivity and specificity، can help in early diagnosis. The viral load obtained by this method، can be the best marker in a person for following the therapeutic effect.

Women’s role as a consumer or as a person who is facing with risks is so important in studies of substance abuse. However، major studies on this field aimed at studying on male population. Therefore، the aim of this study described the pattern of using illegal drugs among women belong to substance abuse control clinic of Fasa city (south of Iran). This cross sectional study as a census was done on all authorized substance abuse treatment centers in Fasa in summer 2011. Information about demographic data، types of drugs، method of using، duration of addiction and onset age was extracted from the files of self-referred women. There were 88 women in Fasa substance abuse treatment centers who were 2. 8% of all registered patients. The Mean age of drug onset was 30. 8±11. 8 years. 62 persons (70. 5%) used opium and 55 persons (62. 5%) used Opium sap which were indicated thatthese two drugs were the two common ones among addicted women. With the average of 9. 4±7. 1 years، Opium had the longest duration of use. There is only one woman who had used injection during the last month. Two of the women had sexual relationship out of the family in the last month in which one of them had the unsafe contact as well. Presently، the pattern of drug abuse among women in Fasa is traditional and is based on the opium derivatives. However، according to the increasing rate and changes in drugs type، monitoring the behavior of drug abuser can have an effective role on the improvement of health in a community.

Adiponectin is an adipose tissue adipokin that may contribute to obesity and insulin resistantance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between serum concentrations of adiponectin and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes (GDM). Serum adiponectin levels، fasting blood sugar (FBS)، glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C)، insulin levels and blood lipids were measured in 66 women with GDM and 70 pregnant women without GDM. The associations between serum concentrations of adiponectin and insulin resistance were evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA–IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). There were statistically significant between-group differences in FBS، HbA1C and HOMA–IR. Adiponectin concentrations were not significantly different in GDM women in comparison with the control group. However، GDM women above the age of 30 have significantly lower adiponectin concentrations than those without GDM. Adiponectin was positively associated with QUICKI (r = 0. 268، P < 0. 03) and inversely related to HOMA–IR (r = 0. 238، P < 0. 05). Adiponectin is significantly decreased in older women with GDM. Deficiency of adiponectin may correlate with insulin resistance in GDM.

With respect to increasing prevalence of diabetes، the chance for incidence of ocular complications among diabetics، this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for the incidence of the ocular complications in the patients referred to the Nader Kazemi Shiraz Diabetic center from 1998 to 2010. In a cross sectional study، subjects were selected based on a systematic random sampling to investigate the incidence of the ocular complications and factors influencing like wise age، sex، type of diabet، job، education، blood triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol level، Family history of diabetes، history of hypertension، history of participation in educational classes، method of treatment، duration of diabetes and fasting blood sugar were considered. Ocular complications were found among 229 diabetic patients (32. 6%). Ocular complications of type II diabetic patients than in patients with type I diabetes (P<0. 005). Factors such as job (P=0. 022)، history of participation in educational classes (P<0. 001)، education (P<0. 001)، Family history of diabetes (P<0. 001)، blood triglyceride (TG) (P=0. 021)، duration of diabetes (P<0. 001)، age (P<0. 001)، method of treatment (P<0. 001) and fasting blood sugar (P<0. 001) had a significant relationship with the occurrence of ocular complication. But other risk factors such as hypertension، gender and cholesterol levels were not statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of ocular complication. Given the prevalence of ocular complications، continuing education on the disease of diabetes complications، it can have a role in reducing the occurrence of ocular complications.

Micronutrient deficiencies are the most common nutritional disorders in the world in which iron deficiency is the most important one. This study was done for investigating the prevalence of iron deficiency and its anemia in children and their mothers in Birjand city in 2011. 143 children of 1-5 years old who referred to the health care centers of Birjand city were chosen by multistage cluster random sampling method and both the children and mothers were studied. After filling the questionnaire about demographic characteristics of children and mothers، the hemoglobin and ferritin of both children and their mothers were measured. 12. 6 % of the children and 16. 1% of the mothers had iron deficiency، 16. 8 % of children and 15. 4 % of mothers had iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in both children and mothers was significantly higher especially among working mothers. Both children’s iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia had a significant and direct relation with mother’s iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. It is recommended to elevate the awareness of mothers، especially the working ones about the danger of iron deficiency and its anemia in their children and themselves، educate them about the correct nutritional habits for their family and themselves، screen the children of 1-5 years old for iron deficiency and its anemia and also investigate mothers’ children with iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.

Resistin is an important adipokin, secreted from adipocytes and causes insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes (GDM) is characterized by insulin resistance in insulin target tissues. The goal of this research was to investigate whether there is a relationship among resistin and various clinical and metabolic parameters in GDM. 76 pregnant women who got the diagnosis of GDM were enrolled as the study group. 70 gestational age-matched pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were recruited as the control group of the study. Serum resistin concentration, in addition to various metabolic and biochemical parameters, were measured in two groups. Plasma resistin was not significantly different in GDM patients and subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Correlation analysis revealed that LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride were positively correlated with plasma resistin (P < 0.004, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively). Plasma resistin is correlated with insulin resistance, high serum LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and TG in the Iranian GDM patients.

The 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) consists of 4 subscales.Validation of this questionnaire has been carried out by several studies conducted in Iran. Despite the multiplicity of researches which investigated the sensitivity, specificity and reliability of this questionnaire in Iran, few studies have investigated its factor structure. However, it is important to consider if Persian translations of GHQ-28 will indicate the same 4 factors as demonstrated in forign investigations. the aim of the current research was to assess the reliability, validity and the factor structure of the Persian version of GHQ-28. The current study was designed based on a survey method. A sample of 415 employees in Kerman hospitals participated in this study and completed the questionnaires. The results showed that GHQ has an appropriate internal consistency for assessing the general health in this sample. Factor analysis using principal component method identified 4 factors in participants’ responses, and these 4 factors accounted for 60% of the total variance. The correlation between GHQ total scores and the Pitsburg sleep quality index was significant at a level smaller than 0.001. According to the evidence of this research it is concluded that explorative factor analysis identifies four factors in the participants’ responses and the fact that this questionnire has an appropriate internal consistency and an adequate validity for the assessment of general health in this sample.

Guillain Barre´ syndrome is an autoimmune neuropathy which is considered to be the most acute areflexic paralysis with albuminocytologic dissociation.1 Areflexia or hyporeflexia, pain in limbs, autonomic dysfunction, progressive bilateral and symmetric weakness of limbs, numbness and paresthesia are described as the clinical features of GBS.Nevertheless, with having less prognosis, the treatment is usually effective. Most patients diagnosed with GBS were previously infected with CMV or C.jejuni. Subtypes of the disease are either Axonal or Demyelinating. Due to increase use of Guillain Barre´ in south of Iran, the present study has done a retrospective study on the epidemiology of Guillain Barre in the south part of Iran. We performed our retrospective study in Namazi hospital in Shiraz, Iran. Medical records were analyzed using computer and were presented through percentages. 214 patients were studied in which 119(55.6%) of them were men and 95 (44.4%) of them were women. 15 % of the participants had respiratory disturbance and 5.1% of them had histories of common cold and 1.4 of them were vaccinated before the study. Moreover, six people had died but 208 patients were treated and healed either by prescribed dosage of IVIg (69.2%) or plasmapheresis (24.3%) and one patient was also seen who had HIV virus. This study provides more details on the epidemiology of GBS in Shiraz, and south of Iran. Our study also revealed the difference in pattern of GBS in Iran and other countries. however, there is still a need for further clarification of the issues.

Quality is the main indicator in assessing health system performance and service quality which refers to non-clinical aspect of health care. This study aims at surveying and improving service quality of delivered care in physiotherapy clinic of Tabriz rehabilitation faculty. The present study is an interventional one which collects the data from 324 patients and their coadjutors through a structured interview using a researcher made questionnaire. The questionnaire includes 7 questions in demographic factor and 38 ones in eleven aspects of service quality. The data was analyzed then using SPSS 16 and the obtained results were reported based on the mean (standard deviation) for quantitative and frequency (percentages) for qualitative variables. In the pretest phase, the six aspects including choice of provider, safety, prevention and early detection, dignity, autonomy and availability had non-acceptable service quality scores but in the posttest phase, all the aspects improved significantly and the total service quality score improved from 8.58 to 9.83 (P<0.001). The obtained result indicated that the quality of delivered care could be improved through appropriate interventions. In addition, the acquired results could be used in the similar circumstances to create respectful environments for health care customers.

Radiotherapy has a very special significance in the treatment of cancer. Beam radiation therapy using photons and electrons produced by a linear accelerator is used extensively in the treatment of breast Cancer. In this article, In addition to providing a description of three techniques of radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer, has been Evaluating the effectiveness of this method in the base of uniformity of the dose distribution in the target volume in breast cancer as an important factor in the effectiveness of treatment by radiation. Photon, electron and arc Techniques in radiotherapy have been implemented practically using phantom trunk and EDRII films. At the time of practical Techniques, films were placed between the slice of the phantom and were irradiated under selected conditions and the data of these images are analyzed by MATLAB software. Studies show that as a result of using adjacent fields in whole radiotherapy techniques, Parts of the target volume received dose twice or more than the prescribed dose. Meanwhile, by the photon dose technique, rate of receiving dose is more uniform and closer to the prescribed dose. According to scientific studies done by different protocols in breast radiotherapy, tangential photon technique has very less overlap of the field by comparison to other methods and more uniform dose distribution than the prescribed dose. In The base of this research results can be announced the photon techniques in breast cancer treatment was preferred over other methods.

With respect to an increase in diabetes prevalence, and the likelihood of ocular complications among them, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and risk factors and incidence of the ocular complications in patients of Nader Kazemi, Shiraz Diabetic center from 1998 to 2010. In a cross sectional study, subjects were selected based on a systematic random sampling to investigate the incidence of the ocular complications and the influence of factors such as age, sex, types of diabetes, job, education, blood triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol level, Family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of participation in educational classes, methods of treatment, duration of diabetes and fasting blood sugar were considered on them. Ocular complications were found among 229 diabetic patients (32.6%). patients having type II diabetic have more ocular complications comparing with patients with type I diabetes (P<0. 005). Factors such as job (P=0. 022), history of participation in educational classes (P<0. 001), education (P<0. 001), family history of diabetes (P<0. 001), blood triglyceride (TG) (P=0. 021), duration of diabetes(P<0. 001),age (P<0. 001), method of treatment(P<0. 001)and fasting blood sugar (P<0. 001) had a significant relationship with the occurrence of ocular complication. However, other risk factors such as hypertension,gender and cholesterol levels were not statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of ocular complication. Given the prevalence of ocular complications, educating diabetics’ patients can have a significant influence in reducing the occurrence of ocular complications.

The present study aims at studying two forms of raw and cooked garlic to identify the effect of this plant on the amount of change in histopatological of spermatogenesis of wistar rat. 40 male rats were divided into five equal groups (4 treatment 1 control group) the first and second treatment were received palete food consisted of 5% and 15% of raw garlic every day. The third and fourth reatment were received palete food consisted of 5%and 15% of cooked garlic as a food. The control group received standard palete food every day in a month. Finally,the testis were taken out of stomach and after preparing tissue and coloring, they were gone under microscopic studies. Thence, the data were analyzed using SPSS and Duncan test. The study indicated that the amount of sexual cells in the group having cook garlic for 15% compared with that of controlled group had a significant increase and the amount of sexual cells in the group using raw garlic as a food had a significant decrease compared with that of the controlled group. Prescription of cooked garlic has an influence on Proliferation of sexual cells in testicular tubules and epidydymes and so increased spermatogenesis in this group in caparison with the control group. However, prescribing raw garlic has harmful effects on tissue of testis and process of spermatogenes in empric compared with the control group.

Food poisoning (FP) caused by C. botulinum is the most serious feature of FP inpeople consuming the contaminated foodstuffs (Canned meat, vegetarian foods, dairy products and seafood products). Botulism is basically detected by the identification of live bacteria and/or its toxins. Among various types of microorganisms (i.e. A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F), serotypes A, B, E and F are considered as the main human pathogens. The present study was aimed at investigating the possible roles of various foodstuffs to induce the food intoxication and also to compare the culture and molecular assays for identifying the microorganism. Three Lab techniques including biochemical, culture (enriched in TPGY and cooked meat medium) and MPCR were used to detect C. botulinum in the samples. As the molecular based techniques have recently employed for the rapid and reliable identification of the bacteria and its toxins, the PCR assay, using three pairs of primers were designed and optimized to identify A, B and E strains in the contaminated specimens. The PCR was able to amplify 782, 205 and 389 bp genes specified for A, B and E types of the bacteria, respectively. Total number of 290 specimens including fish, honey,"kashk"and"Dough" were tested, in which 5%, 4%, 2.5% and 1.25%, were found positive, respectively. Using selective culture of the specimens on the enriched samples, it was shown that just four samples were found positive. As a final conclusion, the molecular based techniques are recommended as a reliable tool to detect C. botulinum and, its toxins and spores in foodstuffs. Moreover, it is strongly advised to use it in food microbial Lab and also the epidemiological surveys.

Polycystic ovary is the most common cause of infertility in Women. Animal models are required for understanding the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary. The objective of this study then was to develop an animal model for inducing the polycystic ovaries using testosterone enanthate. In this study, for inducing the polycystic ovary phenotype, female rats about12-14 days-old were injected daily with testosterone enanthate for 2 and 4 weeks (experiment groups: 1 and 2), while the control groups (1 and 2) were injected only with vehicle.The ovaries from both groups were fixed and then were used for histological studies. Testosterone enanthate treatment causes the histological changes in mouse ovary and significantly increased the percentage of preantral and cystic follicles and decreased the percentage of antral follicles in the experiment group, comparing with the control group (P<0.05). It concluded that testosterone enanthate can induces polycystic ovary in mouse.