عباس محمدی

 The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders caused by administrative affairs and duties in all societies has become an isolated issue, but it is possible to try to improve it by benefiting from the science of ergonomics. This study was conducted using observational and questionnaire methods to improve the status of Homa administrative staff workplaces in both financial and commercial sectors.

 This is an applied descriptive study. with the voluntary statistical population of 25 people from Homa office workers using the method based on the self-report questionnaire of NORDIC musculoskeletal disorders and the rapid analysis of physical condition (ROSA) and the statistical methods spss18 and Spearman to check the standard deviation, mean and check the variables and the correlation between them was used.

 The final findings from the ROSA posture assessment with a numerical score of 7 for financial employees and 5 for commercial employees indicate the necessity of improving the workplaces. The results obtained from the Nordic questionnaire were neck 82%, shoulders and shoulders 35%, back 25%, waist 92%, hands and wrists 68%, knees 25%, thighs 5%, and ankles 5%.

 Homa's office workers have workstations with a high level of ergonomic risk, people's physical condition does not match with office equipment and being in a static position, improper placement of computer accessories due to the time of using mobile and desktop phones, lack of elbow, forearm and wrist support. The non-adjustable height of the work surface, anthropometric characteristics behavioral characteristics, and body language during work are influential in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Lack of physical presence in electronic environments is a challenge that includes effects such as the isolation of learners from the instructor and peers, a decreasing in academic satisfaction, and an increasing in school dropouts. A review of recent studies shows that the status of Shahid Beheshti University's e-learning center is not appropriate in terms of the sense of presence; therefore, it is necessary to considering the importance of examining the sense of presence and identifying the aforementioned challenges in order to reduce its adverse effects.

The present study is aimed of providing a model of the sense of presence in the learning management system of e-learning center’s Shahid Beheshti University.

This was a survey-based research. In the first phase, the statistical population included all professors and students of the e-learning center of Shahid Beheshti University and IT specialists in education, who were chosen through judgmental sampling method. In the second phase, the statistical population was the professors and specialists of e-learning courses and PHD candidates who were chosen through convenience sampling method. To collect data, it is used a researcher-made questionnaire tool which its validity was (85%) and its reliability was calculated through calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.90). At first, the data were analyzed through the one-sample t-test and then, used the AMOS software in the second step.

The results showed the average variables of sense of presence (2.416), educational presence (2.663), emotional presence (2.256), cognitive presence (2.263), learning presence (2.472), physical presence (2.340), autonomous presence (2.444) and aesthetic presence (2.319) obtained from the expected average (3) are lower; Therefore, according to the obtained t value and according to the significance level (p< 0.05), the average state of the sense of presence and its dimensions were significantly different from the expected average and were lower than expected. Also, in the second part, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the identified dimensions included enough factor loading to anticipate the sense of presence in the LMS of Shahid Beheshti University. It didn’t remove the components that included factor loading higher than 0.70 and a significant level equal to p< 0/05 in the total model. Also, the indexes (GFI, NFI, CFI, IFI) with higher value than (0.085) showed that the developed model that related to sense of presence is appropriate in the E-learning environment. The value of RMSEA (0.083) showed the appropriate model Fit. In general, the results of indexes showed the appropriateness of the model.

Based on the results of this study, the average state of the sense of presence and its dimensions has a significant difference from the expected average and is lower than expected. This model showed that it can be a suitable model for creating a sense of presence and progress in electronic education. Also, conductiing the more studies with larger sample size could be helpful.

In today's world, science and technology have different dimensions and their complexity which is increasing every day. The higher education system as a source of science production to respond to the needs of the society in the path of development and progress needs strategies that are proportional and coordinated with the general movement of the society towards transformation. But in this direction, it deals with three major issues; Proportion, quality and justice, all three of these issues will happen when the higher education system changes. Also, the supreme leader of the revolution, in charting the path ahead for the great nation of Iran in the second Forty-year of the revolution, in the "Statement of the second step" to achieve the great goal of creating a new Islamic civilization, emphasizes "youth" and "the place of science and knowledge" more than any other issue. Therefore, this research has been done with the aim of identifying indicators based on the second step statement that will lead to the transformation of the higher education system. The research method used is mixed (quantitative and qualitative), which is selected and used in a qualitative way through thematic analysis and semi-structured interviews with field and university experts and cultural managers in a targeted manner using the snowball method. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire has been used to confirm and fit the model. The main achievement of this research is a model based on which both internal and external factors were categorized into four content, structural, value and technological dimensions, and the development of strategies for each of the dimensions was interpreted and suggested in the framework of the strategic management model.

Metal corrosion poses a global threat, causing significant economical and environmental damage in various industries. Extensive research has been conducted to develop efficient and cost-effective solutions to prevent corrosionwhile adhering to environmental regulations. Recently, waterborne polyurethanes prepared by dispersing polyurethanes in water through various methods, have been increasingly used for coating various surfaces due to their advantages such as low emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), environmental compatibility, low viscosity, rapid coating capability, and low production cost. Waterborne polyurethane coatings are considered suitable for anti-corrosion applications due to their mechanical strength, flexibility, high abrasion resistance, and the ability to design structures and incorporate various nanoparticles. Recent research has shown that graphene-based nanostructures, such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are used as corrosion-inhibiting nanostructures in the formulation of anticorrosion coatings due to their high surface area and resistance to oxygen, water, and corrosive agents. Incorporating these nanostructures into waterborne polyurethanes has enhanced the anti-corrosion properties of the resulting coatings. However, the application of these nanostructures in waterborne polyurethane matrices faces limitations such as non-uniform dispersion, low stability of aqueous dispersions and the formation of agglomerates. This review paper elucidates the phenomenon of corrosion and various anti-corrosion testing methods, introducing waterborne polyurethanes and graphene-based nanostructures. Subsequently, it reviews related articles on the preparation of waterborne polyurethane coatings containing different graphene-based nanostructures and their anti-corrosion performance. Additionally recent advancements in the development of waterborne polyurethane/graphene-based nanostructure anti-corrosion coatings with specific structural features, such as selfhealing and ultraviolet curing capabilities, are examined. Furthermore, multi-functional anti-corrosion coatings with properties like anti-fouling, superhydrophobicity, and antibacterial characteristics for specific applications are described.

The production and consumption of synthetic polymers have faced limitations such as strict environmental laws, limited supply of raw materials, and high production costs. Therefore, natural polymers, especially polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, chitosan, alginate, glucomannan, and agar have found wide applications for various industrial uses due to their properties, such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the main problem with these polymers is their weak mechanical properties and processability, which have limited their use. Alginate is a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, and inexpensive biopolymer that is found as part of the structural components of bacteria and brown algae in nature. Alginate can be easily modified through some physical and chemical processes and its various derivatives. The new alginate derivatives have different structures, functions, and properties, including improved mechanical strength cell affinity, and gelation properties. Polyurethanes have a wide range of applications in various industries, such as automotive, electronics, textiles, medical devices coatings, and insulation, due to their unique physical and chemical properties that can be tuned, such as flexibility, hardness, impact resistance, and moisture resistance Considering the above features of alginate and polyurethanes, extensive research has been conducted on the combination of these two materials to create new materials with special properties and novel characteristics. This article is an introduction on alginate and its derivatives as a natural polymer; and while discussing their structure properties and applications, an such extended review is presented on polyurethane alginate mixtures in various forms as films, elastomeric membranes, nanocomposites hydrogels, supramolecular ionic networks, porous scaffolds, and foams in various applications such as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, fire-resistant materials and adsorbents.

The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems related to mobile phone usage and provide corrective solutions for dental students of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz.

The current study was conducted based on an analytical cross-sectional design. In order to collect relevant data, such as the presence of pain in the upper limbs, back, and neck, questionnaires and instrumental methods were used. Students were examined in two groups: the first group included 150 dental students up to the 4th semester, and the second group encompassed 150 dental students from the 5th semester onwards (3rd, 8th, 5th, and 6th year). Data collection instruments were demographic characteristic form, nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q), neck disability index (NDI), and Cornell hand discomfort questionnaire (CHDQ).

According to the results of the present study, the prevalence of nomophobia among dental students of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz was at an average level. The mean  NDI score was 16.20, and the mean pain score among the students was 72. 1. Moreover, 46.5% of students had pain in the hand area, and the highest amount of pain was reported in the F area. The mean score of Cornell's musculoskeletal disorders was reported as 2.72.

Examining the relationship between the pain area and the year of entry to the university demonstrated a significant relationship between the year of entry to the university and the pain area. In this regard, the incoming students 2021-22 had the greatest amount of pain. According to the results of the corrective intervention on skeletal disorders in the wrist and neck region, the mean scores of the variables increased significantly after the intervention and corrective measures.

Today, cognitive warfare seeks to distort the facts and influence people's culture and thoughts so as to weaken their will and actions in order to prevent society from moving in the direction of development and progress. One of the manifestations of countering distortion is "jihad of explanation", which requires a stream of thought expressed by scientific and logical language for the society. The supreme leader of the Iranian revolution has emphasized the capacity of "the youth" and "the place of science and knowledge" in the Statement of the Second Phase of the Islamic Revolution to achieve the great goal of creating a new Islamic civilization. Thus, the present applied developmental research was conducted with the aim of identifying the indicators of this statement in order to help the universities play its part in the jihad of explanation. The research method used in this study is thematic analysis and data collection tool is semi-structured interview with academic and seminary experts and cultural managers who were purposefully selected by snowball method. The main result of this research is a model based on which active and reactive factors were categorized in four indicators of explaining the movement and its importance, explaining the promising points, explaining the realities of the field, and explaining the strategies and solutions for dealing with challenges. It is expected that by applying this model with a forward-looking view and relying on past experiences, fruitless tests shall be avoided, and as a strategic-operational source, the capacity of the universities will be used in a dedicated way in line with jihad of explanation.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are widespread and important health and social problems in industrialised society, reducing productivity, increasing treatment costs and affecting the quality of life of workers. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of workload, fatigue, sleep quality and physical condition on musculoskeletal disorders among workers in the steel industry.

The present study is a descriptive and analytical study conducted on a population of 540 workers working in the steel industry in the city of Dezful. Based on simple random sampling, 400 people were selected as samples. The instruments used in this study are the Demographic Information Questionnaire, the Cornell Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire (CMDQ), the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory(SOFI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI) and the NASA-TLX workload index. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) was used. Descriptive statistical indices were used to analyze the data, and the relationships between observed and hidden variables were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) The data were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05 and in SPSS software version 25.

According to the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, back pain ranked first with a mean and standard deviation of 52.39±25.44 and knee pain ranked second with a mean and standard deviation of 46.46±26.45, indicating that the prevalence of these disorders is high among steel industry workers. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between workload, fatigue, sleep quality and body condition and musculoskeletal disorders (p<0.05). The RMSEA index of less than 0.1 shows that the model proposed in this study fits well and demonstrates the role of workload variables, fatigue, sleep quality and body position in the direct and indirect causation of musculoskeletal disorders.

The results of this study show that improving workplace ergonomics, reducing workload and fatigue, and improving sleep quality can reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal disorders in workers.

Cargo workers at Ahvaz Airport in Ahvaz, Iran are at risk of musculoskeletal disorders. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate their carrying out tasks and postures.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the census method was used to select 21 cargo workers in Ahvaz Airport. Task analysis was carried out by Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) and Quick Exposure Check (QEC). Moreover, the Manual Handling Assessment Charts were used to evaluate the manual load. The tools employed in this study included observation, photography, and a Cornell Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire (CMQD) questionnaire. Statistical calculations were performed in SPSS (version 16) and Spearman's correlation coefficient for the variables.

Each of the cargo workers of Ahvaz airport moves an average of 400 bags per shift. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and the variables of age, height, and Body Mass Index with values of 0.002, 0.005, and 0.003, respectively. The QEC method was used to observe the worst postures with a numerical score between 50 and 70, which were related to the standing posture at the flat roller and the sitting posture in the aircraft cargo. The examination of the CMQD questionnaire revealed that 61.6%, 65%, and 62% of diseases were related to shoulder, arm, and back, respectively.

After job analysis by the HTA method and evaluation of the results through the QEC method, it was determined that loading and arranging luggage in the cart and cargo were the most risky tasks. Both the MAC and QEC methods also indicated the necessity of an immediate change in the process of moving luggage.

Naphtha cracking processes call for low aromatic feedstocks to satisfy the operational considerations regarding the quality of their feedstocks. Therefore, the issue of the aromatics removal from petroleum fractions has become more serious. In this study, the experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the liquid-liquid equilibria of the quinary system naphtha cut (including paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic species), sulfolane, and water, over the temperature range of 303.2 to 333.2 K, have been studied. The molecular representatives of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic species of naphtha cut have been determined based on different objective functions. Physical properties estimation and modeling of equilibrium data reveal higher accuracy of vapor pressure- and viscosity-based objective functions in the structural modeling of naphtha cut. The root-mean-square deviations for the mentioned functions were determined to be about 1.47 and 1.48%, respectively. Thermodynamic modeling with the predictive UNIFAC model showed a good agreement with the experimental measurements. Also, the interaction coefficients extracted from the 75 ºC equilibrium data led to minimum deviation in the equilibrium modeling. Finally, the phase diagrams show the noticeable effect of water content and the small effect of temperature on the system equilibria.

Teachers have the main role in conveying educational content to students, and therefore, the development of their professional dimensions is inevitable for career advancement. The purpose of this research was to design and validate the self-development model of Iranian television school teachers.

The present research method was quantitative-survey and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population included the teachers of Iran's elementary television school who taught on the Quran and Education Network during the Corona epidemic (161 people), and based on Cochran's formula, 113 people were selected as available sampling methods. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on qualitative interviews and theoretical literature. Face validity was used for validity and Cronbach's alpha test was used for reliability, and its value was 0.83. For data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis was used with the help of PLS ​​Smart software.

The findings showed that the path coefficient between value-attitude self-development in education and teaching and teachers' self-development is 0.704; between the self-directed learning of television school teachers and the self-development of teachers 0.712; The correlation between cognitive self-development in education and teaching and teachers' self-development was 0.745, between TV school teachers' self-development stimuli and teachers' self-development was 0.573, and between skill self-development in education and teaching and teachers' self-development was 0.640 (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that the self-development model of Iranian television school teachers is valid and the planners of the education system can pay attention to these results to improve the quality of teachers' self-development.

In order to improve the process of selection and appointment of ministerial administrators in education, the design, and validation of a competency model was deemed necessary. To this end, a sample of 22 experts was interviewed and their responses were content analyzed. Additionally, a sample of 86 ministerial administrators from among 115 such individuals in Tehran were given a questionnaire with an acceptable validity. These data were analyzed through factor analysis. Results brought about an initial list of 63 competencies of which 58 were confirmed through factor analysis. These competencies are categorized in two dimensions of general and special with six main categories and 17 subcategories.

Today, resilience is a topic that has attracted increasing interest in the business space. Uncertainty about the future, changes, developments and environmental risks have endangered the survival of today's organizations. Managers of most organizations believe that the resilience of businesses plays an important role in enabling them to invest, sell, market, trade, etc. in the future. On the other hand, the lack of a systematic and efficient study and the existence of a model about the resilience of small and medium businesses in internal and external research has become the main problem of the managers of these companies. Therefore, in this research, the factors affecting the resilience of companies have been investigated in order to adopt effective strategies in order to prevent and prevent disruptions and reduce the performance of companies using system dynamics methods. Considering the importance of the development of small and medium-sized companies in the current state of the country from the economic, security, political, health and other situations, it is necessary to prevent financial and functional helplessness and bankruptcy, therefore, the findings of this research include identifying the factors that contribute to the resistance of small and medium-sized companies with Considering environmental drivers and impulses are effective and presenting a conceptual and operational model of organizational resilience. The research method of the current research is practical in terms of its purpose and it is exploratory in terms of data collection, and the type of research data is qualitative and quantitative.

The present research has studied the performance of a mixed solvent of sulfolane and 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium dicyanimide to dearomatize the naphtha fraction of the Tehran oil refinery. Analysis of variance and artificial neural network analysis (as a standard multi-layer perceptron network) reveals that regarding the solvent selectivity, degree of product paraffinicity, and the production yield of dearomatized product, ionic liquid content in the mixed solvent has the highest degree of importance among design variables, whereas, the solvent-to-feed ratio is the most effective one in the solvent capacity response. The findings show the negligible effect of the extraction temperature and the absence of positive and negative synergistic effects between sulfolane and 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium dicyanimide. Considering the penalty function approach and different single-objective and multi-objective functions, the optimum values of the solvent-to-feed ratio and the ionic liquid content were found as 2.03:1 and 99.47%. As a rough estimate, the mixed solvent leads to a 47% decrease in the required amount of solvent compared to the sulfolane solvent.

The present study sought to re-engineer the structure and content of the "Philosophical Schools and Educational Opinions" course syllabus of the master's degree in the major of History and Philosophy of Education. This was done with the purpose of investigating new content with an emphasis on the Islamization of humanities courses in the Iran universities. In this research a combined method with a sequential exploratory approach was employed. First, in the qualitative stage, using the method of document analysis, the current state of construction and the content of the curriculum of Philosophical Schools and Educational Opinions in leading domestic and foreign universities in the field of educational philosophy such as America, Australia and Canada were investigated. This was done with the aim of analyzing and discovering the nature of the educational field in the field of Philosophical Schools and Educational Opinions. Then, according to the descriptive-survey method and the viewpoints obtained from the statistical sample under study, two types of separate questionnaires were created by the researcher, and their reliability was estimated using the "Cronbach's alpha" formula as 0.953 and 0.896 percent, respectively. The research sample included 76 faculty members by census, and 290 students of domestic universities; state, Azad, and Payam Noor randomly clustered. New content for the mentioned course was determined. Finally, regardless of the cultural roots of the curriculum in question in the leading countries and its significant content and conceptual difference with Iranian universities, the findings of this study show that the current situation of "structure" and "content" in the studied curriculum do not meet the current conditional needs and are not in accordance with the Islamic needs of the students, and it is recommended to make changes in the structure and major concepts of the course "Philosophical Schools and Educational Opinions" according to the proposed model based on the present research.

This study has examined the extractive dearomatization of naphtha cracker feedstock. By considering the solvent-to-feed ratio (2:1-4:1), solvent water content (0-10 wt.%), and extraction temperature (30-60 ºC) as major operating variables and the solvent capacity, solvent selectivity, and the yield and the degree of paraffinicity of the dearomatized fraction as the response of experiments, the priority of variables in the prediction models was determined. The analysis of variance and a standard multilayer perceptron artificial neural network showed that in extractive dearomatization of the blended naphtha cut with sulfolane solvent, the priority of variables follows the trend of solvent water content, solvent-to-feed ratio, and temperature. Also, by optimizing the operation, using the penalty function approach, and defining six different single- and multi-objective functions, the optimum values of the solvent water content, solvent-to-feed ratio, and extraction temperature were found as 9.98%, 3.86:1, and 32.6 oC, respectively. Finally, the maximum values for the degree of paraffinicity and the yield of the dearomatized fraction were obtained as 94.36 and 95.95%, respectively.

Today, the specialists’ attention on polyurethanes is increasing day by day due to easy synthesis, available raw materials, favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and the possibility of providing different products, such as water-based polyurethanes, foams, hydrogels and glues. Chitosan is a natural polymer that is extracted from the deacetylation of chitin and contains glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine units. This non-toxic natural polymer has very useful properties such as antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tissue repair and regeneration effects. One of the weaknesses of chitosan is its poor solubility and processability due to its strong intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Therefore, chitosan has been used mainly in modified form or in combination with other polymers in various applications. The combination of synthetic polymers with natural polymers is of particular importance because natural polymers such as chitosan can show some properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, high cell viability, and internal tissue growth; while the synthetic polymers have other characteristics such as favorable processing, mechanical and physical properties, and appropriate chemical and thermal stability. Recently, chitosan has been used in combination with polyurethanes to improve its mechanical properties, thermal stability, biodegradability, antimicrobial properties and biological activity. During these studies, products in various forms such as composite, elastomer, fiber, foam, scaffold, and hydrogel have been prepared for different applications. In this review, polyurethanes containing chitosan and their synthesis methods for various applications are discussed. The products prepared in these studies have been suggested for various applications such as antibacterial coating, wound dressing, tissue engineering scaffold, fabric modification, fibers, hydrogels and foams.

Roads are one of the most critical assets of any country, and a large part of the country's budget is spent annually on repair and maintenance operations to eliminate cracks. One of the factors that can effectively increase the useful life of asphalt pavement is the self-healing potential of asphalt mixtures. This study considers the factors affecting the self-healing index (such as type of additive, percentage of additive, gradation of aggregate, type of bitumen, crack repair cycle, type of heating, and heating time), and using a neural network model to predict this index. For this purpose, multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP), m multilayer perceptron neural network with particle swarm optimized algorithm (PSO), radial basis function neural network (RBF), and statistical analysis with SPSS software were used, and the results of these methods were compared. The results showed that the multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 has a better performance in predicting the self-healing index than other methods and to evaluate the generalization power of the neural network using data that were not used during modelling, multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) and radial basis function neural network (RBF) work best. Also, three samples were made in the laboratory by replacing 60% of steel slag with coarse aggregates (4.75-9.5 mm), and their self-healing results were evaluated with neural networks.

The Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) was first proposed by Liao (1992) to solve functional equations. This method is based on homotopy and provides an approximate-analytical solution for functional equations. In recent years, this method and its modifications have been effectively used to solve a wide range of linear and nonlinear problems in applied sciences to find solutions to series of various types of nonlinear equations, including algebraic equations, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, and differential-integral equations (Abbasbandy et al. 2006). The purpose of this research is to provide an analytical solution of time delay with acceptable accuracy for the non-linear equation of non-Darcy flow in coarse-grained media using the HAM method, which previous researchers had recommended to conduct further research in this field.

In this research, the governing equation of the non-Darcy flow was solved by the HAM method for the first time, then the water level profiles of the final equation of the HAM method obtained for the 6 inlet flow rates with different boundary conditions and in two coarse-grained porous media including rounded and sharp-edged materials. The results of the water level profile using the HAM method have been compared with the laboratory data of Sedghi Asal (2010) reported at the Stuttgart laboratory in Germany. The normal objective function (NOF) has been used to compare the HAM method results with the experimental data of Sedghi Asal (2010).
 

The comparison of the results of HAM method with the experimental data of Sedghi Asal (2010) has been done under upstream and downstream boundary conditions for different discharges and with a slope close to the horizon S = 0.00001. The results have shown that flow rates of q=30 lit/s, with a NOF error percentage of 0.000099828 in the porous medium of sharp corners and q = 26.25 lit/s, with a NOF error percentage of 0.000102162 in the porous medium of round corners depict better accuracy than the experimental data in higher input flow rates. This method has logical solutions in horizon slopes and the water level profiles in HAM method and experimental data have coincided or are close to each other in most of the points. However, the subject of permanent and uniform flow needs a dependent research.

The results showed that the water level profiles are close to each other in most cases. This illustrates the accuracy of the developed approach based on HAM method. However, when the difference between the upstream and downstream water levels increases, the percentage of error escalates. In other words, with the increase of the hydraulic gradient in the porous medium, the error also grows. Finally, by evaluating the results of the HAM method compared to the laboratory data, it can be concluded that this method shows better accuracy in the porous medium with sharp-cornered materials compared to round-cornered materials due to higher flow rates and higher porosity of this media.