فهرست مطالب علی عباسی

Research subject: 

Propylene is one of the most prominent gases due to some valuable products and derivatives such as polymers, solvents, dyes, etc., which makes it one of the most important building blocks in the chemical industry. Due to the limitations of steam cracking and fluid catalytic cracking processes in terms of low selectivity, energy consumption, and significant CO2 emission, these processes cannot fulfill the growing demand for propylene. In recent decades, the dehydrogenation of light alkanes to produce light olefins, especially propane dehydrogenation (PDH), has attracted much attention. Pt-Sn and CrOx catalysts, which are widely used in this process, have good dehydrogenation activity and selectivity; However, the limitations of price, deactivation, and environmental problems are serious and have led researchers to improve coking stability, sintering Pt catalysts, and find new and environmentally friendly catalysts.

Research approach:

One of the challenging issues in the PDH process is achieving appropriate catalyst. Several solutions, including modification of the base and introduction of additives, have been proposed to enhance the catalytic performance overcome the problems, and increase the resistant stability of Pt, Cr catalysts. Understanding the structure-performance relationship of catalysts during the PDH reaction is essential to achieve innovation in new high-performance catalysts. This research aims to introduce the characteristics of the dehydrogenation reaction, the progress made in the development of the catalyst, and the existing challenges. This research provides a deep understanding of the reaction mechanism and its role in the development and future directions of the catalyst for practical and industrial development.

This study offers a detailed understanding of how the reaction mechanism works and its significance in the development and future directions of the catalyst for practical and industrial advancement.

Greimas, as the most famous theoretician of "narrative semantics", believes that the structure of a narrative, like the structure of a sentence, has its own grammar. By presenting some models such as action pattern, narrative program, semantic square, etc., he tries to structure the relationships between the meaningful signs of a texte, so that we can understand the internal structures of the meaning of the text by transitioning from the surface structure to the deep structure. The narrativity is the main organizing principle of any discourse. Narrative semiotics aims to search for deep, inherent and stable structures in discourses that can be formally manifested at the surface of texts. In this research, by referring to Greimas's narrative semiotics and his famous models, we intend to examine the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True" by Marc Levy. Unlike other literary criticism approaches that search for meaning outside the text, the semiotic approach searches for the mechanism of meaning formation in the text itself and in the deep layers of the text.

Background of study:

In the field of semiotics, narratology and semantics, many studies have been done by researchers in the form of books and articles. Emphasizing the narrative aspect of Greimas's approach, Abbasi has analyzed Persian texts in the books "Samad: The Structure of a Myth" and "Applied Narrative". Sha'iri has done many and extensive studies in this field, among which the books "Semantic of Literature: The Theory and Method of Analyzing Literary Discourse" and several articles such as "From Structuralist Semiotics to Discourse-Semiotics", "A Study of Types of Discourse Systems From the Semiotic Point of View", "Semiotic Analysis of the Process of Recognition in Literary Discourse: A Case Study of Pacheh Khizak written by Sadegh Choubak ".Marc Levy's works have also been the subject of researches with different approaches of literary criticism, among them, we can mention the article by Hassan Zokhtareh and Martine Boyer-Weinmann entitled "A Study of Literary Success in the Contemporary Media Age, Case Study: She and He by Marc Levy". The authors of this article examine the reasons for the success of best-selling novels and successful authors. Ali Abbassi and Mitra Moradi have studied the beginning and end parts of Levy's novel in the article entitled "The Study of the Incipit and the Closure in All Those Things We Never Said by Marc Levy".

In this research, using the models presented by Greimas, we intend to investigate the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True", by the French author, Marc Levy. By conducting this study, we are looking for an answer to the question "how the narrativity as the organizing principle of the discourse has helped to create meaning and reflect the author's desired values". Our hypothesis in this research is that the text consists of a set of semiotic-semantic elements at the surface and deep structures, between which there are meaningful relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this researche is to study the action pattern, narrative program and semantic square in this novel in order to determine how these elements make the discourse meaningful.

The findings of this study show that in this novel we are not facing a simple set of narrative programs, but there is a set of narrative programs that go in parallel to each other, this indicates the complexity of the narrative course of the action subject. By examining the semantic square, we learn that although the actors are temporarily in the position of death, they eventually come out of it and return to life; This reflects the author's positiviste values.

Defining the concepts of Narratology and a Discursive –semiotics approach, this paper analyses the narration aspects and plot in the narrative of “The glass menagerie. By linking these two methods together, the paper pursues two interwoven aspects of this narrative text: 1) Analysing the relationship between narrator and audience: the narrator of this play talks directly with the audience. Hence, he blurs the fictional audience and all the spectators in the real world. Considering the pattern of “narration aspects” which is developed by Jepp Lint Velt, this paper studies this particular relationship between the narrator and the audience in the play. 2) Analysing the plot of “The glass menagerie” by applying Algirdas Julien Greimas’s “actantial model” and the “grand-structure” plot model. This paper challenges the common belief about “The Glass Menagerie” among critics who believe this play bears a lack of complete plot. Considering two main plot lines, it is concluded that the play has a complete narrative plot.

La sociologie est aujourd'hui considérée en Occident en tant qu'une science créée au XIXème siècle par Auguste Comte mais en étudiant l'histoire de cette discipline, nous constatons que l'origine des études sur les sociétés humaines peut plutôt être identifiée chez les penseurs musulmans et orientaux quelques siècles avant les fondateurs officiels de la sociologie moderne. Certaines théories sociologiques aussi s'enracinent dans les éléments liés à la pensée islamique. Dans cet article, nous prenons l'exemple d'une des théories fondamentales de la sociologie de nos jours qui semble être initialement inspirée des idées d'Ibn Khaldoun, penseur musulman du XIVème siècle. La théorie du déterminisme social est réputée en Europe comme un acquis scientifique élaboré par Émile Durkheim. Cette théorie sociologique s'exprime aussi dans les ouvrages des figures plus récentes comme Pierre Bourdieu qui par sa notion de l'habitus essaie d'analyser les forces extérieures subies par les actants d'une société. Pourtant nous constatons que ces éléments sociaux qui déterminent les conduites des individus et des groupes sociaux sont déjà mentionnés par le grand auteur des Prolégomènes qui s'appuyait, dans ce cas précis, sur le terme coranique de Sonnat-Allah signifiant littéralement la tradition ou la règle de Dieu. Dans cet article, nous voudrions tracer une esquisse historique à propos du déterminisme social en vue d'étudier cette hypothèse d’après laquelle le déterminisme social est une théorie définie par les théoriciens musulmans quelques siècles avant les penseurs européens de la Renaissance ou les sociologues de l'ère contemporaine.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an aromatic, annual herbaceous plant from the Apiaceae family. Cumin is one of the tolerant medicinal plants to water deficit conditions with a short growth period, which can produce acceptable and economic yield under water deficit conditions. This plant is currently the second most used spice in the world after pepper (Pepper nigrum), suggesting its high importance. This experiment aimed to evaluate ecotypes, planting dates, and relationships between ecotypes and planting dates and to identify high-yield cumin stable ecotypes using AMMI and GGE bi-plot methods.

The stability of the grain yield of seven cumin ecotypes (Bardascan, Birjand, Taibad, Davarzan, Ferdos, Salehabad, and Nehbandan) was investigated in an experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in four planting dates (November 6, December 6, January 5, and February 5) at the research farm of the Southern Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2020-2021 crop year. The seeds were planted by hand on the rows at a depth of 1 cm with a distance of 5 cm from each other. The distance between the rows was 20 cm. Seeds were irrigated with the drip method, and weeds were controlled by hand. The plants were harvested after physiological maturity, and the grains were separated from other organs and recorded as the grain yield of each plot. The yield stability of the ecotypes was analyzed using the AMMI model, and the first and second interaction components of AMMI (IPCA1 & IPCA2) were used as stability parameters for the ecotypes and the planting dates (environments). The GGE bi-plot method was used to analyze the obtained data, interpret the ecotype and planting date interaction, and determine mega-environments.

The results of compound variance analysis showed significant effects of the environment (planting date), ecotype, and the interaction of planting date × ecotype. Due to the significance of the environmental effect and the justification of 80% of the variation by this effect, as well as the significance of the planting date × ecotype, stability analysis of grain yield was conducted for ecotypes in different planting dates. The results of AMMI analysis showed that the two components, IPCA1 (AMMI 1) and IPCA2 (AMMI 2), included 93.56% of the total variance of the genotype × environment interaction. The AMMI stability value (ASV) was used for the simultaneous use of all components. The ASV statistic indicated that the Nehbandan ecotype with the lowest value (1.91) was the most stable ecotype, and the Ferdos and Salehabad ecotypes with the highest ASV value were the most unstable ecotypes. The results of the GGE biplot method revealed that the first and second principal components accounted for 93% of the total variation related to the ecotype and planting date interaction, which indicated the validity of the GGE-biplot analysis. Based on GGE biplot results, planting dates of November 6 and December 6 were in the same megaenvironment and produced the highest grain yield. Similarly, the two planting dates of January 5 and February 5 were in the same megaenvironment and produced the lowest grain yield. The graphs showed that the Ferdos ecotype had high special adaptability with the planting dates of November 6 and December 6, and the Birjand and Davarzen ecotypes had high special  adaptability with the planting dates of January 5 and February 5. The Taibad, Salehabad, and Nehbandan ecotypes had no special compatibility with the studied planting dates. Ferdos and Birjand ecotypes had a higher average grain yield than the other ecotypes, but they were placed in the group of ecotypes with low stability due to their distance from the AEC line. The Nehbandan was the most stable ecotype due to its adjacency to the AEC line, but it produced a low grain yield. In addition, the results of the GGE bi-plot showed that the Birjand was the closest ecotype to the ideal genotype hence it was considered the most desirable ecotype. Bardascan, Ferdos, and Daverzan ecotypes were the ecotypes in the next ranks in terms of desirability, and Salehabad and Taibad ecotypes were identified as undesirable ecotypes due to their greatest distance from the ideal genotype.

The results of compound variance analysis showed significant effects of the environment (planting date), ecotype, and the planting date × ecotype interaction effect. The biplot results of AMMI analysis showed that the Nehbandan ecotype was the most stable and Ferdos and Salehabad ecotypes were the most unstable ecotypes. This was also confirmed through the ASV. The results of the GGE bi-plot indicated that the planting dates of November 6 December 6 with the highest average grain yields were located in a mega-environment, and the two January 5 and February 5 planting dates, with the lowest average grain yields, were also located in the same mega-environment. This can indicate the determination of the time range of the planting date to obtain an acceptable yield, although the yield decreased with a delay in planting. Finally, the figure showed that the Nehbandan was the most stable ecotype with below the average yield, and Birjand was the most ideal ecotype. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Birjand ecotype cultivation not only produces a high yield but also has high relative stability.

Several treatments have been recommended to enhance the running mechanics of individuals with flat feet. Less emphasis has been paid to the impact of these treatments on the ground reaction forces (GRF) and the center of pressure (COP), while these kinetic effects are essential in identifying possible injuries and the body’s compensatory mechanisms in response to any therapeutic approach. The present study aimed to compare the effects of foot orthoses and antipronation taping on COP and GRF on the running of people with flat feet.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a randomized cross-over design. The kinematic and kinetic data of 20 young people with flexible flat feet were measured while running under three conditions: athletic shoes, athletic shoes with foot orthoses (FO), and athletic shoes with low-Dye (LD) tape. A one-way repeated measure analysis of variance from the SPM1d package was used to compare differences in GRF and COP time series under different conditions.

The results showed that foot orthoses reduced the anteroposterior GRF compared to low-Dye tape and increased the lateral GRF compared to athletic shoes alone. However, the conditions did not significantly affect the vertical GRF (P<0.05). Moreover, FO-shoes and LD-shoes caused medial and lateral shifts in COP, respectively (P<0.05).

This research showed that foot orthoses cause inefficient force transmission in the anterior direction. Furthermore, running with FO-shoes and LD-shoes substantially influences COP displacements towards the end of the stance phase; however, it does not appear to increase running-related injuries since minimal load and forces are applied to the joint at that time.

 Pyramid and reverse pyramid loading patterns are used to increase the training load in resistance training. Although physiological studies have attempted to compare the two patterns, the difference between the two loading patterns on the biomechanics of the spine and pelvis has not been determined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pyramid and inverted pyramid loadings on spinal and pelvic coordination variability in squat movement.

 Twelve bodybuilding athletes in Tehran City, Iran, voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects performed squat movements as the pyramid and reverse pyramid at intensities of 50%, 70%, and 90% of ten maximum repetitions. Then, the kinematic information of the three segments of their spine and pelvis was recorded. Coordination and variability coordination were calculated using a modified vector coding method.

 The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the coordination pattern for pelvic-lower back coordination, lower-back to lower-trunk spine, and lower-trunk-to-upper-trunk spine in the intensity of 50%. A significant difference was observed in the coordination pattern, with an intensity of 70% for the lower back and lower trunk spine. Also, no statistical significance was observed between the pyramidal and inverted pyramidal loading types for spine and pelvis coordination.

 According to the results of increasing the load in pyramid loading and decreasing the load in reverse loading, the coordination of distal couplings affected the sagittal plane more than the proximal one. It is recommended to use the reverse pyramid method for exercises and be more careful when performing pyramid exercises.

The subject of this intellectual article is the political thinking of Ayatollah Khamenei. Basically, intellectuals have played an important role in the political-social developments of different societies, including the revolutions of Iran, and they believe in a special relationship between religion and the new developments of the modern era. However, the leader of the Islamic Revolution believes that this concept and its bearers have various damages in nature and opinions. Therefore, by criticizing the existing intellectuals, we can find an alternative model. Therefore, the main question of the research is, what are the components and intellectual damages from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei? The hypothesis of the article is that Ayatollah Khamenei considers intellectuals to have both positive and negative components, however, westernization, distance from people, wellness seeking, risk aversion and ideologies are among the most important harms that threaten intellectuals. . The results of this research show that from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei, intellectuals, as one of the important and influential groups in society, can have a positive impact on society with their views and vision, but from his point of view, there are many threats and harms to the existing intellectuals. It is necessary to plan an alternative or an alternative model by removing these damages. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected in a library manner.

This study aimed to investigate the activity of soccer players’ rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles by simulated soccer tests during landing.

The timing and activity of rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles of soccer players (15 subjects) during different periods of the test (i.e., before the test, immediately after 1st and 2nd half of the test) were investigated. A surface electromyography device (ME6000) was used to collect data during single leg drop (before the game, after the first and the second half time). Descriptive and repeated measures of ANOVA were used to analyze data.

The results of this study show that fatigue affects the timing of muscles, but in different periods of the test, it wasn’t significant (P>0.05, F=2.95, F=2.82). Significant differences were observed for the feed-forward activity of vastus medialis (P≤0.05, F=4.55), but for rectos, femoris, it wasn't significant (P>0.05, F=1.68), but significant differences weren't observed for feedback activity of rectos femoris and vastus medialis (P>0.05, F=2.46, F=0.55).

Our results show that fatigue doesn't affect the timing of muscles during different periods of the test, but a difference was found for the feedforward activity of the vastus medialis muscle. Regarding the results, a comprehensive investigation of the effects of fatigue on the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles and their effects on the knee joint during long-term studies is suggested.

"Superheroes" are one of the most important products of popular culture, which with unique costumes and powers, have been spread since the second quarter of the 20th century in comic strips and comic books, and in the last twenty years, they have been one of the dominant filmmaking trends in Hollywood. Regardless of critical views, these films have affected the economic cycle of cinema, and have become a dominant discourse and a common language, so this article is trying to provide a coherent interpretation of them. In this study, based on the ideas of Walter Benjamin, German theorist related to the Frankfurt School, about the disenchantment of myth in modern culture, the anxieties caused by urbanization in superhero movies are focused on, and the psychological, social and political crises after the attack to New York on September 11, 2001, has been examined as one of the most important reasons for the prosperity of this type of cinema. The study method is based on library data, and describing and analyzing the visual and thematic features of the movies adapted from the more well-known superhero characters, including Superman and Batman (from DC) and Spider-Man (from Marvel), separately. In the conclusion of this study, the anxieties caused by the dominance of technology over nature, crime and terrorism, anarchism, the culture industry and human distortion in capitalist society, aliens and the fear of death and the destruction of humanity, is considered as the most important factors in the demythology of superheroes in today's cinema.

The speed climbing is ascending 15 m rout in the shortest time, and recognizing of the elite’s muscles involvement in the start could help to improve the start time. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the activity of the muscles involved in the speed start among elite and trained climbers. This is a descriptive-comparative research that has been done by survey and field method. For this purpose, 10 members of the national team were participating in this study, 5 of whom were speed climbers and the others were active in other disciplines of sport climbing. Each of them repeated each start at least 2 times, and the electrical activity of the eight limb muscles was recorded by using the Noraxon electromyography device, which was synced to the Myo-motion device and video camera. There aren’t any significance differences between these two groups. However, the electrical activity in the Gastrocnemius Medialis and Rectus Femoris was higher than other muscles in elite climbers. Trained athlete involved upper limb more in the start movement. If trainer strengthen lower limb muscles in beginners specifically Gastrocnemius and rectusfemoris muscles, we can expect a better star.

Marc Levy est un écrivain français contemporain et rendu célèbre dès son premier roman; Et si c’était vrai...Levy ne voit pas le monde comme un tout prédéterminé, avec les ordres stables et fixes, selon lui, à tout moment le monde qui nous entoure change, alors c’est l’instabilité qui règne sur le monde. Lorsque le lecteur commence à lire une œuvre, il entre immédiatement dans le domaine de la figurativité. En fait, c'est grâce aux figures que le monde prend sens et nous parle, et l'auteur utilise des figures, des répétitions isotopiques et des oppositions fondamentales pour produire du sens et transmettre ses idées au lecteur. Cette recherche a pour objectif l’analyse de la figurativité de Et si c’était vrai... de Marc Levy dans une perspective sémiotique d’inspiration greimassienne. L’intérêt de cette étude consiste alors à expliciter, dans la mesure du possible, certaines idées de l’auteur sous l’angle sémiotique. De plus, par ce travail, nous visons à répondre aussi à la question suivante : Comment les répétitions isotopiques et les oppositions fondamentales forment la cohérence du texte littéraire de Levy ? Cette étude explore les divers niveaux où le figuratif prend forme, s’agence et se manifeste. En appliquant les idées théoriques de Greimas concernant la figurativité, nous concluons que Marc Levy a produit du sens dans son texte littéraire en transférant certaines de ses idées telles que l'instabilité, la mobilité et la métamorphose à travers des répétitions significatives, des répétitions fondamentales et des figures objectives et abstraites axiologisées et il a ainsi créé un texte cohérent.

The aim of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs is to correct or eliminate risk factors and ultimately reduce injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of neuromuscular exercises on knee and ankle joint proprioception in male soccer player students prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury.

In this quasi-experimental research, 24 male soccer players prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury at Khorazmi University of Tehran in 2018 were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (n=12) and control groups (n=12). Two days before the commencement of neuromuscular training, knee and ankle proprioception assessment was performed on all subjects. The members of the experimental group participated in the neuromuscular training program for six weeks (3 sessions per week). Two days after finishing the training, all subjects were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using Shapiro-Wilk, covariance, and paired t-tests.

In this study, among 24 students prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury, 12 cases performed neuromuscular training for six weeks. The results demonstrated that knee proprioception (P=0.013) and ankle proprioception (in inversion movement p=0.032, in eversion movement P=0.047) in the experimental group improved significantly after six weeks of neuromuscular training compared to the control group (P≤0.05).

As evidenced by the obtained results, the use of neuromuscular training can be recommended to improve the proprioception of the knee and ankle joints and ultimately prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury.

L’analyse critique du discours de Norman Fairclough est considérée comme l’une des approches, les plus jeunes de l’étude du texte. Cette approche multidisciplinaire étudie plus loin des formes linguistiques, les rapports du pouvoir et l’idéologie dominante reflétant la situation culturelle et sociale de la société. Fairclough propose d’étudier le texte en trois étapes : la description, l’interprétation et l’explication du texte. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à étudier la crise existentielle dans l’enfant de sable de Tahar Benjelloun, d’après les principes de l’analyse du discours de Fairclough. D’oùnous avons l’intention de répondre à une question essentielle : Comment la crise identitaire se forme-t-elle en rapport avec des actions sociales et des relations du pouvoir ? Les résultats de la recherche s’appuient d’une part sur l’identité indéterminée et la crise existentielle des habitants du Maghreb pendant et après la colonisation et d’autre part sur l’identité indéterminée des femmes à la société marocaine.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic ankle instability on coordination and variability of coordination of lower limb joints during running. 20 active male subjects (10 subjects with chronic ankle sprain and 10 healthy subjects) started running on the treadmill with connected sensors at a gradual speed. Information about the coordination and variability of 10 steps of each subject in the joints of the lower limbs was extracted in the sagittal plane of all three joints (hip, knee, and ankle) as well as the transverse plane of the ankle. Finally, an independent t-test was used to analyze the statistical analysis at a significant level of (P <0.05). The results showed that coordination at the initiation of the stance phase was significantly lower in the group with chronic ankle sprain than in the healthy group. The coordination of the hip-knee, hip-to-ankle, and knee-to-ankle joints are more different in injured people than in healthy people at the initiation of the stance phase running, so the coordination of these joints is reduced in the sagittal plane of subjects with chronic ankle sprain. Also, the coordination of the knee joints to the ankle in the frontal plane of the injured group is greater than the healthy group. Chronic ankle sprain injury has caused this difference in the pattern of coordination during the stance phase of running, so that the central nervous system of the body, under the influence of fear of re-injury, designs the movement of the ankle joints relative to the knee to minimize the risk of injury.

Proper use of the spiritual opportunity of the holy month of Ramadan requires knowing it and the correct way to face it, which is mentioned in the words of the Innocents (peace be upon them). Among them, we can refer to the prayers number 44 and 45 of the Sajjadiyyah book entitled the prayer of entering the holy month of Ramadan and the prayer of farewell to the month of Ramadan. In this research, an attempt was made to extract the basic, organizing, and comprehensive themes of these prayers by using the thematic analysis method and with two quantitative and qualitative approaches in the three steps of analysis, description, and composition, and the strategies proposed in these prayers in order to discover the model of servitude. May God be explained in the month of Ramadan from the perspective of Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him). The findings of the research show that from the point of view of the infallible Imam, benefiting from the opportunity to serve God in the holy month of Ramadan requires manners and conditions that, by observing them, will bring spiritual works and blessings to man both in this world and in the hereafter. These customs are explained under two categories, individual and social, in the text of the article, and in the following, the effects of acting on them are also described in both worldly and hereafter spheres. At the end of the article, the total research.

The explanation how plurality of the world is issued from One Origin and the relation between plurality and unity have been one of the most challenging concerns of philosophers who proposed various explanations in their different schools of thought. Mulla Sadra has suggested his own particular viewpoint, too.     Having applied an analytic-descriptive method, the authors based their research on the assumption that Mulla Sadra’s explanation about the issue is different from that of many other philosophers. Mulla Sadra has explained the relation of concrete realities to Allah almighty through different keywords such as causality, manifestation, and modes (tasha’un). Their main aim is to draw a correct picture of issuance and to illustrate Mulla Sadra’s efforts in the course of his correct world-view based on his thoughts. The semantic explanation of plurality of the world from One Origin is one of findings of this paper.     Mulla Sadra has come up with two views standing in one line. In his first view and through the theory of gradation, Mulla Sadra considers the First Intellect as the first issued entity as the channel for other issued plurality. In his second and last view and along with mystics’ personal unity, he regards all other than Allah as the theophany from Him they are manifested all at once and that is the eExpanded eExistence and Breath of Clemency including all else than Him. Mulla Sadra, however, differs from mystics in that such theophany is stronger with Mulla Sadra but weaker and more shadowy with mystics.

The present research is conducted with a sociological approach aimed at formulate a national-security strategy encounter with virtual social networks using the method of analyzing the quantitative and grounded theory. This research, while demonstrating the need to change the approaches from coping approaches to cultural and social approaches, has examined the era of policy making in the country and the strategies of other countries encounter with virtual social networks and introduced five strategies and eventually reached an approach which focuses on the sender of the message rather than focuses on the audience and the recipient of the message. To accomplish the task, a national-security strategy has been set up encounter with social networks through interviewing with 36 media and communications professors and members of the Supreme Council for virtual social media. The results suggest, these strategies should be implemented in four areas: policy, hardware and software, cultural awareness and education in order to be able, by empowering the audience against the harm caused by the use of this medium, consciously and analytically confront the risks of using social networks and their effects on audiences and users. Therefore, the lack of attention or neglect of social networking audiences can lead to our national security problems at micro, macro, and medium levels. it can be concluded that, Finally, with a cultural and social attitude, and having the determination to solve the existing problems, the active participation, contribution and opposition in this field should be replaced the passive observation.

The concept of stability, presented in the format of text and image, has always been bound to the subject of Palestine as the main paradigm in resistance literature. This meant, language, despite being originally presented in written form, can be visualized as an image in multiple aspects. In contrast, buried underneath the visual concept of acaricature,is its inseparable linguistic feature. The existing commonalities between the two artistic styles of caricature and poetry such as; hidden signs, metaphors and metaphoric symbols, metaphors and other layered signs, as well as the undeniable influence of these two types in public has led to a parallel comparison of the work provided by Ibrahim Nasrallah and Naji Al-A regarding the critique criteria. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach addressing the sign-semantics and narrative-conceptual patterns, has sought to identify the commonalities and differences between the two aforementioned types of art. As the results from reviewing caricatures and poems with a single theme revealed, there existed multiple commonalities with respect to the layered signs such as substitution, metaphorical and allegorical effects, the commonalities of companionship, synonymy and contradiction, and the use of metaphor. However, regarding the narrative-conceptual patterns, there exists multiple differences and distinctions between the two. In this respect, Nasrullah's poems, considering the graphical movements and color, the narrative aspect is more dominant. However, in Naji Ali's caricatures, the conceptual aspect and stability and continuity are more predominant.

This article aims at answering how meaning is produced in Gholamhossein Saedi’s ‘Aye Bikolah, Aye Bakolah’, which means Capital A and Lower-case A, and for this, Julien Greimas’ Semiotic Square and Jacques Fontanille’s Tensive Model have been used. The narrative of the play was analysed thoroughly, and two opposite concepts were derived from the text; namely, passivity and activity. Then, the Semiotic Square showed that there was a movement from passivity to non-passivity, but this never continued to activity. However, this does not show the meaning of the play completely. Since the themes of the play are not shown here, the play had to be analysed using the Tensive Model which illustrates more values in the text. Sleep was related to unawareness and awakening was related to awareness, and the values derived from them were worldly relaxation and enlightenment, respectively. The Tensive Model also showed that passivity led to unsafety and activity made a safer world. These are in close relation to the theme of the play which is showing the catastrophic consequences of being passive.

  However, due to the long-term recovery process in anterior cruciate ligament injury and the occurrence of secondary problems after surgery, as well as the lack of adherence to postoperative rehabilitation programs, however, there is a risk of re-rupture of this ligament. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the kinematic parameters of the trunk and lower limbs during shear maneuvers in healthy and reconstructed athletes of the anterior cruciate ligament.

The subjects of this study included 34 male athletes who were randomly divided into experimental (reconstructed cruciate ligament) and control (healthy) groups. Kinematic and Kinetic data were recorded using a camera motion capture system (Vicon, Oxford Metrics Ltd) sampling at 200 Hz, synchronously with ground reaction forces from force platform at 1000 Hz (Kistler AG, Winterthur, Switzerland). The calculation of kinematic variables from initial foot contact to toe-off with force plate was performed by Visual3D (C-Motion Inc) software.

The results of independent t-test concerning trunk flexion, hip and ankle flexion did not show a significant difference between the healthy and ACLR groups (P>0.05), but decrease in knee joint flexion in the ACLR group,was significant (P=0.008) compared to the healthy group Also in the ACLR group, an increase in knee joint valgus was significant (P=0.05). ACLR group's tibia rotation with respect to femur was also significant (P=0.038) compared to that of the healthy group.

Due to the change in the kinematics of ACLR group compared to that of the healthy individuals and the increased risk of re-rupture in ACLR individuals, it is suggested that in designing exercises and postoperative rehabilitation courses, proper training of techniques and movements be performed to reduce the likelihood of re-injury by achieving the desired kinematics in the joints and limbs as well as the athletes' awareness.

The beginning section of the novel,"incipit", is the basis of the text. The incipit is where the narrative voice appears in the imaginary world of the story. This relationship, created between the reader and the text, is condemned to be discontinued in the final section of the text, thus, the closure has also strategic significance because it involves time-space where the reader is separated from the text. In this study, we are going to study the incipit and the closure of the novel All those things we never said, by Marc Levy. We would like to know what mechanisms have been used by the author to process these two positions? The structure of this novel is like a cycle, that is why it is interesting to study how the story takes shape and how it comes to an end. The links between these two positions reveal secrets about the presence of the characters in the formation of the story. We present, first of all, methodological bases and explanations on the notion of incipit and closure and then we proceed to an analysis of the text. The results of this research show that the author, using techniques such as in medias res, brought the reader directly into the story, then used the technique of enigma of text to encourage the reader to continue reading. The similarities between the incipit and the closure show the author's skill in using the language techniques in the treatment of the incipit and the closure.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of menstrual cycle phases on the lower limb joints and segments kinematics during squats at different loads. Ten female subjects with normal and regular menstrual cycle voluntarily participated in this study. Kinematics of the lower limbs of subjects were recorded using Myomotion device in three phases of primary follicular (first to third days of the menstrual cycle), secondary follicular (eleventh to fifteenth days of the menstrual cycle), and luteal (twenty-first to twenty-fifth days menstrual cycles) during squats with body weight, 10 kg barbell, 25% body weight, and 50% body weight. Range of motion (ROM) and maximum angles of thigh flexion, adduction, and internal rotation, knee adduction and flexion, tibia internal rotation and ankle dorsiflexion in preferred leg of the subjects were calculated. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the ROM and maximum angles in different loads significantly increased in the secondary follicular phase with increase in load. Moreover, the ROM and maximum angles were generally higher in the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in squat with body weight and higher loads. According to the results, it suggests female athletes use resistance exercises with lighter weights with more caution at the peak of the secondary follicular phase (ovulation). Moreover, it is siggests to reduce resistance training during luteal phase.