علی عباسی

In this paper, firstly, a comprehensive and detailed model is presented to define the technical design requirements of engineering systems to be designed in design offices. From a theoretical point of view, it has been tried that the proposed model includes the general categories of technical requirements presented in international and national standards, as well as important references in the field of system engineering. From a practical point of view, the presentation of this model is based on the practical experience of defining the technical requirements for the design of a variety and a large number of complex electrical, electronic, computer, telecommunication, mechanical, and electromechanical systems. Also, as an example in this paper, the results of the definition of technical requirements for a type of Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, GMDSS, as one of the essential telecommunication subsystems of a type of surface vessel according to the proposed model, are briefly presented. Therefore, the proposed model can be used to define the technical requirements of a wide range of engineering systems in design offices.

Camelina (Camelina sativa) is a flowering plant from the Brassicaceae family. This cold-resistant plant has high nutritional value and is a multipurpose plant. Salinity stress is a growing problem in the agricultural lands of Iran and the world, which reduces the growth and development of plants. How this plant reacts to salinity stress and how to improve its resistance have been considered in this category. Various improvers have been recommended to increase resistance to stress. In this research, chitosan and iron, together with salt, have been applied to Camelina. Chitosan is one of the compounds that stimulates the plant's immune system to protect against stress factors, and the iron element plays an important role in the structure of cytochromes, photosynthesis and respiration by fixing N2. In order to implement this research, this experiment was carried out based on a randomized block design with three replications at Kharazmy Universityin 1402. In the present research, we investigated the salinity levels of 0, 8, 12 ds/m, equivalent to 0, 5.12, and 7.6 g/L of NaCl, and chitosan treatment with concentrations of 0, 0.2, and 0.4 g/L, and iron was also investigated with concentrations of 0, 3, and 6 g/l and the interaction of their different concentrations to improve growth. Following salt stress, different enzymatic antioxidants showed different reactions. The activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme increased after the increase in salinity stress, and compared to the control, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme increased in the beginning compared to the control and did not record many changes, and the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increased with increased salinity stress compared to the control. In the combined study of the effect of chitosan elicitor and iron element on salinity stress, it was observed that chitosan elicitor improved the stress conditions by increasing the activity of peroxidase enzyme, photosnthase pigments, shoot fresh weight, and decreasing MDA and H2O2, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme and anthocyanin did not change much and this indicates that the effect of elicitor and iron element on salinity stress has improved.

One of the most important elements of Patrick Modiano's novels is the investigation of identity. A Trace of Malice begins and ends with distance from the identity. This article tends to find why the identity issu in the initial situation, which has led to some investigations in actions happened in the past, is different from the identity issu at the end of the novel. In order to answer this question, we use the narrative programs and the model of actors by Algirad Greimas. So, the text has been divided into three different structures : surface structure, functional structure and semiotics structure. In semiotics structure, we cut up the text into some sequences; each sequence is considered like a sample of whole text. It seems that what we can find in each sequence exists in whole text. At the end, we have presented the actantial model. As a result, we have found that one person appears at the same time in the role of the three main actants in the narrative: subject, sender and receiver. Three roles by one person might be the reason why the object loses its value for principal actant.

Retour dans cette ville tant aimée écrit par Nâder Ébrahimi est un récit contemporain persan qui raconte l’histoire d’une amitié d’enfance qui se prolonge jusqu’à la jeunesse et qui se termine par l’amour. Il s’agit d’une relation turbulente qui est fortement influencée par l’espace. Dans ce livre, l’espace est comme un personnage romanesque, vivant et changeant, au courant de l’histoire, elle se métamorphose et influence différemment les personnages. Il s’agit des changements d’une ville où le héros avait vécu pendant longtemps et qu’il avait quittée. Quand il y revient, la ville a subie des changements considérables de sorte qu’elle lui semble totalement différente. Dans cette recherche, nous allons étudier la relation réciproque entre l’espace et le personnage, tout en analysant la présence du personnage dans l’espace et le résultat de cette rencontre dans la ville, dans la rue et dans le quartier. Afin d’analyser la relation du personnage et de l’espace, nous penchons sur des idées de Collot (le triangle moi, monde, mot), nous étudions l’espace dans l’optique de la cartographie littéraire. Il y a des éléments axiaux, dans ce livre, qui fonctionnent en tant que la géographie expérimentée du héros et des itinéraires parcourus par les personnages. Ils nous montrent l’interaction entre la géographie et la littérature, une relation réciproque qui nous aide à trouver la polarisation, ainsi que les changements de l’espace et parallèlement les changements du personnage.

Cette étude se concentre sur le concept du Temps chez Charles Baudelaire. L’Ennui et l’angoisse de la fuite du temps sont décrits comme de grands obstacles qui empêchent l’auteur d'atteindre son Idéal. Lorsque le voyage dans l’espace est lié au voyage dans le temps, il permet d’absorber l’énergie des cycles temporels. Cela signifie que dans cet espace, on peut se laisser entre les mains du temps afin de pouvoir surmonter facilement les obstacles de la vie. Or, on cherche à découvrir si Baudelaire craint le passage du temps. Ensuite, on démontre sous quelles formes l’angoisse du temps se présente dans sa conscience. Grace à la méthode de Jean Burgos, basée sur la coordination du langage poétique et de l’imaginaire et en analysant les poèmes de Les Fleurs du Mal de Baudelaire, on essaie de trouver des réponses à ces questions. Pour cela, on cherche un schéma directeur de progression qui accepte l’évasion du temps sous forme d’une écriture poétique de la ruse. Signalons que notre étude s’intéresse à l’image.

Research subject: 

Propylene is one of the most prominent gases due to some valuable products and derivatives such as polymers, solvents, dyes, etc., which makes it one of the most important building blocks in the chemical industry. Due to the limitations of steam cracking and fluid catalytic cracking processes in terms of low selectivity, energy consumption, and significant CO2 emission, these processes cannot fulfill the growing demand for propylene. In recent decades, the dehydrogenation of light alkanes to produce light olefins, especially propane dehydrogenation (PDH), has attracted much attention. Pt-Sn and CrOx catalysts, which are widely used in this process, have good dehydrogenation activity and selectivity; However, the limitations of price, deactivation, and environmental problems are serious and have led researchers to improve coking stability, sintering Pt catalysts, and find new and environmentally friendly catalysts.

Research approach:

One of the challenging issues in the PDH process is achieving appropriate catalyst. Several solutions, including modification of the base and introduction of additives, have been proposed to enhance the catalytic performance overcome the problems, and increase the resistant stability of Pt, Cr catalysts. Understanding the structure-performance relationship of catalysts during the PDH reaction is essential to achieve innovation in new high-performance catalysts. This research aims to introduce the characteristics of the dehydrogenation reaction, the progress made in the development of the catalyst, and the existing challenges. This research provides a deep understanding of the reaction mechanism and its role in the development and future directions of the catalyst for practical and industrial development.

This study offers a detailed understanding of how the reaction mechanism works and its significance in the development and future directions of the catalyst for practical and industrial advancement.

Greimas, as the most famous theoretician of "narrative semantics", believes that the structure of a narrative, like the structure of a sentence, has its own grammar. By presenting some models such as action pattern, narrative program, semantic square, etc., he tries to structure the relationships between the meaningful signs of a texte, so that we can understand the internal structures of the meaning of the text by transitioning from the surface structure to the deep structure. The narrativity is the main organizing principle of any discourse. Narrative semiotics aims to search for deep, inherent and stable structures in discourses that can be formally manifested at the surface of texts. In this research, by referring to Greimas's narrative semiotics and his famous models, we intend to examine the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True" by Marc Levy. Unlike other literary criticism approaches that search for meaning outside the text, the semiotic approach searches for the mechanism of meaning formation in the text itself and in the deep layers of the text.

Background of study:

In the field of semiotics, narratology and semantics, many studies have been done by researchers in the form of books and articles. Emphasizing the narrative aspect of Greimas's approach, Abbasi has analyzed Persian texts in the books "Samad: The Structure of a Myth" and "Applied Narrative". Sha'iri has done many and extensive studies in this field, among which the books "Semantic of Literature: The Theory and Method of Analyzing Literary Discourse" and several articles such as "From Structuralist Semiotics to Discourse-Semiotics", "A Study of Types of Discourse Systems From the Semiotic Point of View", "Semiotic Analysis of the Process of Recognition in Literary Discourse: A Case Study of Pacheh Khizak written by Sadegh Choubak ".Marc Levy's works have also been the subject of researches with different approaches of literary criticism, among them, we can mention the article by Hassan Zokhtareh and Martine Boyer-Weinmann entitled "A Study of Literary Success in the Contemporary Media Age, Case Study: She and He by Marc Levy". The authors of this article examine the reasons for the success of best-selling novels and successful authors. Ali Abbassi and Mitra Moradi have studied the beginning and end parts of Levy's novel in the article entitled "The Study of the Incipit and the Closure in All Those Things We Never Said by Marc Levy".

In this research, using the models presented by Greimas, we intend to investigate the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True", by the French author, Marc Levy. By conducting this study, we are looking for an answer to the question "how the narrativity as the organizing principle of the discourse has helped to create meaning and reflect the author's desired values". Our hypothesis in this research is that the text consists of a set of semiotic-semantic elements at the surface and deep structures, between which there are meaningful relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this researche is to study the action pattern, narrative program and semantic square in this novel in order to determine how these elements make the discourse meaningful.

The findings of this study show that in this novel we are not facing a simple set of narrative programs, but there is a set of narrative programs that go in parallel to each other, this indicates the complexity of the narrative course of the action subject. By examining the semantic square, we learn that although the actors are temporarily in the position of death, they eventually come out of it and return to life; This reflects the author's positiviste values.

Defining the concepts of Narratology and a Discursive –semiotics approach, this paper analyses the narration aspects and plot in the narrative of “The glass menagerie. By linking these two methods together, the paper pursues two interwoven aspects of this narrative text: 1) Analysing the relationship between narrator and audience: the narrator of this play talks directly with the audience. Hence, he blurs the fictional audience and all the spectators in the real world. Considering the pattern of “narration aspects” which is developed by Jepp Lint Velt, this paper studies this particular relationship between the narrator and the audience in the play. 2) Analysing the plot of “The glass menagerie” by applying Algirdas Julien Greimas’s “actantial model” and the “grand-structure” plot model. This paper challenges the common belief about “The Glass Menagerie” among critics who believe this play bears a lack of complete plot. Considering two main plot lines, it is concluded that the play has a complete narrative plot.

La sociologie est aujourd'hui considérée en Occident en tant qu'une science créée au XIXème siècle par Auguste Comte mais en étudiant l'histoire de cette discipline, nous constatons que l'origine des études sur les sociétés humaines peut plutôt être identifiée chez les penseurs musulmans et orientaux quelques siècles avant les fondateurs officiels de la sociologie moderne. Certaines théories sociologiques aussi s'enracinent dans les éléments liés à la pensée islamique. Dans cet article, nous prenons l'exemple d'une des théories fondamentales de la sociologie de nos jours qui semble être initialement inspirée des idées d'Ibn Khaldoun, penseur musulman du XIVème siècle. La théorie du déterminisme social est réputée en Europe comme un acquis scientifique élaboré par Émile Durkheim. Cette théorie sociologique s'exprime aussi dans les ouvrages des figures plus récentes comme Pierre Bourdieu qui par sa notion de l'habitus essaie d'analyser les forces extérieures subies par les actants d'une société. Pourtant nous constatons que ces éléments sociaux qui déterminent les conduites des individus et des groupes sociaux sont déjà mentionnés par le grand auteur des Prolégomènes qui s'appuyait, dans ce cas précis, sur le terme coranique de Sonnat-Allah signifiant littéralement la tradition ou la règle de Dieu. Dans cet article, nous voudrions tracer une esquisse historique à propos du déterminisme social en vue d'étudier cette hypothèse d’après laquelle le déterminisme social est une théorie définie par les théoriciens musulmans quelques siècles avant les penseurs européens de la Renaissance ou les sociologues de l'ère contemporaine.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an aromatic, annual herbaceous plant from the Apiaceae family. Cumin is one of the tolerant medicinal plants to water deficit conditions with a short growth period, which can produce acceptable and economic yield under water deficit conditions. This plant is currently the second most used spice in the world after pepper (Pepper nigrum), suggesting its high importance. This experiment aimed to evaluate ecotypes, planting dates, and relationships between ecotypes and planting dates and to identify high-yield cumin stable ecotypes using AMMI and GGE bi-plot methods.

The stability of the grain yield of seven cumin ecotypes (Bardascan, Birjand, Taibad, Davarzan, Ferdos, Salehabad, and Nehbandan) was investigated in an experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in four planting dates (November 6, December 6, January 5, and February 5) at the research farm of the Southern Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2020-2021 crop year. The seeds were planted by hand on the rows at a depth of 1 cm with a distance of 5 cm from each other. The distance between the rows was 20 cm. Seeds were irrigated with the drip method, and weeds were controlled by hand. The plants were harvested after physiological maturity, and the grains were separated from other organs and recorded as the grain yield of each plot. The yield stability of the ecotypes was analyzed using the AMMI model, and the first and second interaction components of AMMI (IPCA1 & IPCA2) were used as stability parameters for the ecotypes and the planting dates (environments). The GGE bi-plot method was used to analyze the obtained data, interpret the ecotype and planting date interaction, and determine mega-environments.

The results of compound variance analysis showed significant effects of the environment (planting date), ecotype, and the interaction of planting date × ecotype. Due to the significance of the environmental effect and the justification of 80% of the variation by this effect, as well as the significance of the planting date × ecotype, stability analysis of grain yield was conducted for ecotypes in different planting dates. The results of AMMI analysis showed that the two components, IPCA1 (AMMI 1) and IPCA2 (AMMI 2), included 93.56% of the total variance of the genotype × environment interaction. The AMMI stability value (ASV) was used for the simultaneous use of all components. The ASV statistic indicated that the Nehbandan ecotype with the lowest value (1.91) was the most stable ecotype, and the Ferdos and Salehabad ecotypes with the highest ASV value were the most unstable ecotypes. The results of the GGE biplot method revealed that the first and second principal components accounted for 93% of the total variation related to the ecotype and planting date interaction, which indicated the validity of the GGE-biplot analysis. Based on GGE biplot results, planting dates of November 6 and December 6 were in the same megaenvironment and produced the highest grain yield. Similarly, the two planting dates of January 5 and February 5 were in the same megaenvironment and produced the lowest grain yield. The graphs showed that the Ferdos ecotype had high special adaptability with the planting dates of November 6 and December 6, and the Birjand and Davarzen ecotypes had high special  adaptability with the planting dates of January 5 and February 5. The Taibad, Salehabad, and Nehbandan ecotypes had no special compatibility with the studied planting dates. Ferdos and Birjand ecotypes had a higher average grain yield than the other ecotypes, but they were placed in the group of ecotypes with low stability due to their distance from the AEC line. The Nehbandan was the most stable ecotype due to its adjacency to the AEC line, but it produced a low grain yield. In addition, the results of the GGE bi-plot showed that the Birjand was the closest ecotype to the ideal genotype hence it was considered the most desirable ecotype. Bardascan, Ferdos, and Daverzan ecotypes were the ecotypes in the next ranks in terms of desirability, and Salehabad and Taibad ecotypes were identified as undesirable ecotypes due to their greatest distance from the ideal genotype.

The results of compound variance analysis showed significant effects of the environment (planting date), ecotype, and the planting date × ecotype interaction effect. The biplot results of AMMI analysis showed that the Nehbandan ecotype was the most stable and Ferdos and Salehabad ecotypes were the most unstable ecotypes. This was also confirmed through the ASV. The results of the GGE bi-plot indicated that the planting dates of November 6 December 6 with the highest average grain yields were located in a mega-environment, and the two January 5 and February 5 planting dates, with the lowest average grain yields, were also located in the same mega-environment. This can indicate the determination of the time range of the planting date to obtain an acceptable yield, although the yield decreased with a delay in planting. Finally, the figure showed that the Nehbandan was the most stable ecotype with below the average yield, and Birjand was the most ideal ecotype. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Birjand ecotype cultivation not only produces a high yield but also has high relative stability.

Several treatments have been recommended to enhance the running mechanics of individuals with flat feet. Less emphasis has been paid to the impact of these treatments on the ground reaction forces (GRF) and the center of pressure (COP), while these kinetic effects are essential in identifying possible injuries and the body’s compensatory mechanisms in response to any therapeutic approach. The present study aimed to compare the effects of foot orthoses and antipronation taping on COP and GRF on the running of people with flat feet.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a randomized cross-over design. The kinematic and kinetic data of 20 young people with flexible flat feet were measured while running under three conditions: athletic shoes, athletic shoes with foot orthoses (FO), and athletic shoes with low-Dye (LD) tape. A one-way repeated measure analysis of variance from the SPM1d package was used to compare differences in GRF and COP time series under different conditions.

The results showed that foot orthoses reduced the anteroposterior GRF compared to low-Dye tape and increased the lateral GRF compared to athletic shoes alone. However, the conditions did not significantly affect the vertical GRF (P<0.05). Moreover, FO-shoes and LD-shoes caused medial and lateral shifts in COP, respectively (P<0.05).

This research showed that foot orthoses cause inefficient force transmission in the anterior direction. Furthermore, running with FO-shoes and LD-shoes substantially influences COP displacements towards the end of the stance phase; however, it does not appear to increase running-related injuries since minimal load and forces are applied to the joint at that time.

 Pyramid and reverse pyramid loading patterns are used to increase the training load in resistance training. Although physiological studies have attempted to compare the two patterns, the difference between the two loading patterns on the biomechanics of the spine and pelvis has not been determined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pyramid and inverted pyramid loadings on spinal and pelvic coordination variability in squat movement.

 Twelve bodybuilding athletes in Tehran City, Iran, voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects performed squat movements as the pyramid and reverse pyramid at intensities of 50%, 70%, and 90% of ten maximum repetitions. Then, the kinematic information of the three segments of their spine and pelvis was recorded. Coordination and variability coordination were calculated using a modified vector coding method.

 The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the coordination pattern for pelvic-lower back coordination, lower-back to lower-trunk spine, and lower-trunk-to-upper-trunk spine in the intensity of 50%. A significant difference was observed in the coordination pattern, with an intensity of 70% for the lower back and lower trunk spine. Also, no statistical significance was observed between the pyramidal and inverted pyramidal loading types for spine and pelvis coordination.

 According to the results of increasing the load in pyramid loading and decreasing the load in reverse loading, the coordination of distal couplings affected the sagittal plane more than the proximal one. It is recommended to use the reverse pyramid method for exercises and be more careful when performing pyramid exercises.

This article aims to present an analysis of the plot elements and narrative levels in the film "Shiar 143," directed by Narges Abyar, using a scholarly approach from the field of narrative theory (Paris School: Greimas,Courtés, Fontanelle, etc.). We believe that one of the principles that can disrupt or enhance the semantic and formal coherence of a literary work is the creation of disharmony between narrative elements and plot elements within the deep structure of any narrative. The artistic beauty of a work is dependent on a well-articulated plot, suggesting a direct relationship between thought and structure, and structure and beauty. This study aims to explore these relationships within the film "Shiar 143," examining how meaning is produced and analyzing the narrative order of the film's structure to provide a narrative analysis of the screenplay.

The subject of this intellectual article is the political thinking of Ayatollah Khamenei. Basically, intellectuals have played an important role in the political-social developments of different societies, including the revolutions of Iran, and they believe in a special relationship between religion and the new developments of the modern era. However, the leader of the Islamic Revolution believes that this concept and its bearers have various damages in nature and opinions. Therefore, by criticizing the existing intellectuals, we can find an alternative model. Therefore, the main question of the research is, what are the components and intellectual damages from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei? The hypothesis of the article is that Ayatollah Khamenei considers intellectuals to have both positive and negative components, however, westernization, distance from people, wellness seeking, risk aversion and ideologies are among the most important harms that threaten intellectuals. . The results of this research show that from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei, intellectuals, as one of the important and influential groups in society, can have a positive impact on society with their views and vision, but from his point of view, there are many threats and harms to the existing intellectuals. It is necessary to plan an alternative or an alternative model by removing these damages. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected in a library manner.

In the search for signified in the source text, it is the translator's thought that plays a primordial role. By reflecting the sentence as a symbol and its referent in the source language, an image is produced for the translator. This image crystallizes as the mental image or unit of thought in the semiotic triangle of Ogden and Richards. This unit of thought may or may not be compatible with that of the image emerging from the source text. So, during this process, how does the dominant unity of thought of the source text become concrete for the translator and his translation? And this concretization depends on what elements? In this research, by comparing the mental image and the unit of thought caused by the association between the referent and the symbol in the source text with the translated text, we study its modifications in this translational transition. This study aims to understand the phenomenon of the translator's creative thinking, which is based on the mental image emerging from the source text. To concretize the angles of the semiotic triangle in translation, we take advantage of certain propositions taken from Michel Strogoff by Jules Verne. The translator's effort to crystallize the thought he had received according to the original text is intelligible. Although a translational concretization is not a mirror of the thought of the source text, it can embody the original phenomenon, if it includes its semantic elements.

This study aimed to investigate the activity of soccer players’ rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles by simulated soccer tests during landing.

The timing and activity of rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles of soccer players (15 subjects) during different periods of the test (i.e., before the test, immediately after 1st and 2nd half of the test) were investigated. A surface electromyography device (ME6000) was used to collect data during single leg drop (before the game, after the first and the second half time). Descriptive and repeated measures of ANOVA were used to analyze data.

The results of this study show that fatigue affects the timing of muscles, but in different periods of the test, it wasn’t significant (P>0.05, F=2.95, F=2.82). Significant differences were observed for the feed-forward activity of vastus medialis (P≤0.05, F=4.55), but for rectos, femoris, it wasn't significant (P>0.05, F=1.68), but significant differences weren't observed for feedback activity of rectos femoris and vastus medialis (P>0.05, F=2.46, F=0.55).

Our results show that fatigue doesn't affect the timing of muscles during different periods of the test, but a difference was found for the feedforward activity of the vastus medialis muscle. Regarding the results, a comprehensive investigation of the effects of fatigue on the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles and their effects on the knee joint during long-term studies is suggested.

"Superheroes" are one of the most important products of popular culture, which with unique costumes and powers, have been spread since the second quarter of the 20th century in comic strips and comic books, and in the last twenty years, they have been one of the dominant filmmaking trends in Hollywood. Regardless of critical views, these films have affected the economic cycle of cinema, and have become a dominant discourse and a common language, so this article is trying to provide a coherent interpretation of them. In this study, based on the ideas of Walter Benjamin, German theorist related to the Frankfurt School, about the disenchantment of myth in modern culture, the anxieties caused by urbanization in superhero movies are focused on, and the psychological, social and political crises after the attack to New York on September 11, 2001, has been examined as one of the most important reasons for the prosperity of this type of cinema. The study method is based on library data, and describing and analyzing the visual and thematic features of the movies adapted from the more well-known superhero characters, including Superman and Batman (from DC) and Spider-Man (from Marvel), separately. In the conclusion of this study, the anxieties caused by the dominance of technology over nature, crime and terrorism, anarchism, the culture industry and human distortion in capitalist society, aliens and the fear of death and the destruction of humanity, is considered as the most important factors in the demythology of superheroes in today's cinema.

The speed climbing is ascending 15 m rout in the shortest time, and recognizing of the elite’s muscles involvement in the start could help to improve the start time. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the activity of the muscles involved in the speed start among elite and trained climbers. This is a descriptive-comparative research that has been done by survey and field method. For this purpose, 10 members of the national team were participating in this study, 5 of whom were speed climbers and the others were active in other disciplines of sport climbing. Each of them repeated each start at least 2 times, and the electrical activity of the eight limb muscles was recorded by using the Noraxon electromyography device, which was synced to the Myo-motion device and video camera. There aren’t any significance differences between these two groups. However, the electrical activity in the Gastrocnemius Medialis and Rectus Femoris was higher than other muscles in elite climbers. Trained athlete involved upper limb more in the start movement. If trainer strengthen lower limb muscles in beginners specifically Gastrocnemius and rectusfemoris muscles, we can expect a better star.

Marc Levy est un écrivain français contemporain et rendu célèbre dès son premier roman; Et si c’était vrai...Levy ne voit pas le monde comme un tout prédéterminé, avec les ordres stables et fixes, selon lui, à tout moment le monde qui nous entoure change, alors c’est l’instabilité qui règne sur le monde. Lorsque le lecteur commence à lire une œuvre, il entre immédiatement dans le domaine de la figurativité. En fait, c'est grâce aux figures que le monde prend sens et nous parle, et l'auteur utilise des figures, des répétitions isotopiques et des oppositions fondamentales pour produire du sens et transmettre ses idées au lecteur. Cette recherche a pour objectif l’analyse de la figurativité de Et si c’était vrai... de Marc Levy dans une perspective sémiotique d’inspiration greimassienne. L’intérêt de cette étude consiste alors à expliciter, dans la mesure du possible, certaines idées de l’auteur sous l’angle sémiotique. De plus, par ce travail, nous visons à répondre aussi à la question suivante : Comment les répétitions isotopiques et les oppositions fondamentales forment la cohérence du texte littéraire de Levy ? Cette étude explore les divers niveaux où le figuratif prend forme, s’agence et se manifeste. En appliquant les idées théoriques de Greimas concernant la figurativité, nous concluons que Marc Levy a produit du sens dans son texte littéraire en transférant certaines de ses idées telles que l'instabilité, la mobilité et la métamorphose à travers des répétitions significatives, des répétitions fondamentales et des figures objectives et abstraites axiologisées et il a ainsi créé un texte cohérent.

The aim of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs is to correct or eliminate risk factors and ultimately reduce injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of neuromuscular exercises on knee and ankle joint proprioception in male soccer player students prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury.

In this quasi-experimental research, 24 male soccer players prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury at Khorazmi University of Tehran in 2018 were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (n=12) and control groups (n=12). Two days before the commencement of neuromuscular training, knee and ankle proprioception assessment was performed on all subjects. The members of the experimental group participated in the neuromuscular training program for six weeks (3 sessions per week). Two days after finishing the training, all subjects were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using Shapiro-Wilk, covariance, and paired t-tests.

In this study, among 24 students prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury, 12 cases performed neuromuscular training for six weeks. The results demonstrated that knee proprioception (P=0.013) and ankle proprioception (in inversion movement p=0.032, in eversion movement P=0.047) in the experimental group improved significantly after six weeks of neuromuscular training compared to the control group (P≤0.05).

As evidenced by the obtained results, the use of neuromuscular training can be recommended to improve the proprioception of the knee and ankle joints and ultimately prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury.

L’analyse critique du discours de Norman Fairclough est considérée comme l’une des approches, les plus jeunes de l’étude du texte. Cette approche multidisciplinaire étudie plus loin des formes linguistiques, les rapports du pouvoir et l’idéologie dominante reflétant la situation culturelle et sociale de la société. Fairclough propose d’étudier le texte en trois étapes : la description, l’interprétation et l’explication du texte. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à étudier la crise existentielle dans l’enfant de sable de Tahar Benjelloun, d’après les principes de l’analyse du discours de Fairclough. D’oùnous avons l’intention de répondre à une question essentielle : Comment la crise identitaire se forme-t-elle en rapport avec des actions sociales et des relations du pouvoir ? Les résultats de la recherche s’appuient d’une part sur l’identité indéterminée et la crise existentielle des habitants du Maghreb pendant et après la colonisation et d’autre part sur l’identité indéterminée des femmes à la société marocaine.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic ankle instability on coordination and variability of coordination of lower limb joints during running. 20 active male subjects (10 subjects with chronic ankle sprain and 10 healthy subjects) started running on the treadmill with connected sensors at a gradual speed. Information about the coordination and variability of 10 steps of each subject in the joints of the lower limbs was extracted in the sagittal plane of all three joints (hip, knee, and ankle) as well as the transverse plane of the ankle. Finally, an independent t-test was used to analyze the statistical analysis at a significant level of (P <0.05). The results showed that coordination at the initiation of the stance phase was significantly lower in the group with chronic ankle sprain than in the healthy group. The coordination of the hip-knee, hip-to-ankle, and knee-to-ankle joints are more different in injured people than in healthy people at the initiation of the stance phase running, so the coordination of these joints is reduced in the sagittal plane of subjects with chronic ankle sprain. Also, the coordination of the knee joints to the ankle in the frontal plane of the injured group is greater than the healthy group. Chronic ankle sprain injury has caused this difference in the pattern of coordination during the stance phase of running, so that the central nervous system of the body, under the influence of fear of re-injury, designs the movement of the ankle joints relative to the knee to minimize the risk of injury.

Proper use of the spiritual opportunity of the holy month of Ramadan requires knowing it and the correct way to face it, which is mentioned in the words of the Innocents (peace be upon them). Among them, we can refer to the prayers number 44 and 45 of the Sajjadiyyah book entitled the prayer of entering the holy month of Ramadan and the prayer of farewell to the month of Ramadan. In this research, an attempt was made to extract the basic, organizing, and comprehensive themes of these prayers by using the thematic analysis method and with two quantitative and qualitative approaches in the three steps of analysis, description, and composition, and the strategies proposed in these prayers in order to discover the model of servitude. May God be explained in the month of Ramadan from the perspective of Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him). The findings of the research show that from the point of view of the infallible Imam, benefiting from the opportunity to serve God in the holy month of Ramadan requires manners and conditions that, by observing them, will bring spiritual works and blessings to man both in this world and in the hereafter. These customs are explained under two categories, individual and social, in the text of the article, and in the following, the effects of acting on them are also described in both worldly and hereafter spheres. At the end of the article, the total research.