فهرست مطالب مسعود حیدری زاده

Identifying and introducing new natural antimicrobial compounds against pathogenic agents is of concern to researchers. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the chemical compounds, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of black and green tea.

Aqueous and methanolic extracts of black and green tea leaves were prepared and the compounds of the methanolic extracts were identified by GC-Mass, antibacterial effects were measured by the disk diffusion method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) the antioxidant property by the DPPH method.

Caffeine is the main component of green and black tea extracts, and its amount is 82.97% and 86.25% in these extracts, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of green tea extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas syringae is significantly three times higher than that of black tea extract. The inhibitory capacity of green tea extract against Xanthomonas campestris and the inhibitory capacity of black tea extract against Pseudomonas syringae is significantly higher than the other bacteria. Many of the effects related to green and black tea can be considered related to the relatively high capacity of inhibiting free radicals. The results of this research showed that the free radical and antioxidant capacity of green tea is significantly one and a half times higher than black tea. The inhibitory ability of the extract against plant pathogens is relatively and significantly higher than human pathogens. Different products and perhaps the waste of black tea and green tea can be used to control harmful microorganisms.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a valuable medicinal plant. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of rosemary metabolic extract and essential oil against plant and human pathogens.

The compounds of methanolic extract and rosemary leaf essential oil were identified by GC-Mass and the antibacterial effects of essential oil and extract were measured by disk diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rosemary essential oil and extract was measured. Analysis of variance and Duncan's test were used for statistical evaluation of data.

Alpha-Pinene, Verbonone, Bornyl acetate, Camphor, Limonene, Caryophyllene, beta-pinene, beta-Myrcene, L-borneol, Camphene are the main constituents of extract and alpha-pinene, camphor, bornyl acetate and eucalyptol, Camphene, Caryophyllene, Limonene, beta-pinene were the main essential oil of rosemary leaf. Rosemary extract showed the highest and lowest inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli and Xanthomonas compestris. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas syringe, and Xanthomonas compestris, the results show that the essential oil has the same inhibitory ability against these three strains, and the ability of the extract to inhibit human pathogens is significantly higher than that of plant pathogens. Rosemary extract and essential oil can be used as a solution to eliminating plant and human diseases.

Caffeine is an alkaloid from the family of methyl xanthines. Caffeine synthesis is a protective mechanism of plants against harmful agents. In this study, antibacterial, antioxidant, and caffeine effects on ion leakage, amylase activity and allelopathic effects of caffeine in wheat, barley and sesame were evaluated. The experiment was designed using Factorial method in terms of two factors (wheat, barley, sesame) and caffeine concentrations (0. 025, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.2 mM). The significance of the differences was evaluated by Duncan test. In concentrations of less than 0.2 mM, the sensitivity of these three species to caffeine was significantly different. In Barley Compared to wheat, germination indices (Total germination, Speed of germination and Coefficient of the rate of germination) were more sensitive to caffeine. In this study, caffeine did not showed a significant antibacterial effect. The antioxidant properties of caffeine were also significant. Caffeine (20 mM) increased the electrical conductivity of the peripheral solution of the seeds and root of wheat and barley. The results showed that caffeine inhibits amylase activity, has relatively strong allelopathic effects, a relatively weak antibacterial effect and a significant antioxidant effect. Allopathic and anti-microbial studies of caffeine can be used control weeds and pests and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of caffeine can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Caffeine Effects study on electrolyte leakage, electrical conductivity and amylase activity will improve understanding the cellular mechanisms of these effects.

Consideration to Natural compounds that have antibiotic and allelopatic effects increased because generally have fewer side effects. Studies on secondary metabolites and biological effects of compounds of other species of the Ferula have been carried out but there was no report about the Ferula oopoda in Iran. In this study, the chemical compounds found in the leaves of Ferula oopoda were identified and measured. Allelopathic effects on total germination, Speed of germination, Coefficient of the rate of germination indices, of wheat and rye seeds were investigated. Antioxidant properties and antimicrobial effects of leaf and root extract of Ferula oopoda were also measured. the aqueous leaf extract of Ferula Opuda significantly reduces total germination, Speed of germination, Coefficient of the rate of germination in wheat and rye seeds. the radical inhibitory potency and the antioxidant potential of the extract of Leaf and Root of Ferula oopoda are comparable to vitamin C. the Relative inhibitory zone diameter of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli due to different concentrations of Leaf and Root of Ferula oopoda extract significantly confirms its antimicrobial effects. chemical composition of the Ferula oopoda leaf extract showed the presence of compounds such as alpha pinin betamircin and caryophylline. Many of the biological effects can be attributed to these compounds. Thus, Ferula oopoda can be a good source for production of natural antibiotics and herbicides the numerous and varied compounds in the organs of this plant also show the capacity to use it for the preparation of new herbal remedies.

Storage proteins which found in seeds of many plants are studied in various fields such as human and animal nutrition, chemistry of protein, pharmacology, plant biochemistry and medicinal plants. The ability of these compounds to cause nutritional problems and toxic effects when used as foods has led to several studies on their dispersion in plants. In this research, seed proteins of wheat (Zarrin variety) have been extracted. The protein of interest was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation method; dialysis and ion exchange chromatography. After purification by Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), electrophoretic properties of this protein were investigated by Sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis )SDS-PAGE( method. Inhibitory activity of this Protein against Bacterial alpha-amylase and human saliva were measured using the Bernfeld method. FPLC diagram illustrates the purification and collection of the desired protein. The electrophoretic pattern of this protein with relative mobility of 0.60 and 0.59 confirmed the purification process. Hydrolytic activity of bacterial and human saliva Alpha- amylase decreased by this protein 89.97% and 97.07% respectively. In general the isolation, purification and alpha-amylase inhibition property of this protein which extracted from wheat seed were confirmed in this study. Inhibition of bacterial alpha-amylase by this protein can be considered by agricultural researchers in biological control of parasites and pests. This alpha-amylase inhibitor can also be used to treat diabetes, digestive deficiencies and modify dietary regimens to reduce weight.

The study of various plants in order to identify natural compounds with medicinal value is of interest to researchers. The aim of this study is to identify the chemical volatile compounds of cedar leaf extract, and to measurement the antibacterial effect of Cedar leaf extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurous and its allopathic effect on seedlings of wheat, barley and sesame.The results showed the existence of 16 different volatile compounds in the extract. Di epi alpha cedrene overall (45.85%) and alpha pinene (12. 52%) were the most volatile compounds in the extract. In Concentrations of 50 and 25 (g/ L) leaf extract of cedar, seeds of three species were able to germinate. In wheat and barley, with increasing concentration, length and weight of shoot and root was significantly reduced. In Sesame with increasing in the concentration of the extract a significant change in the length and weight of shoot and root weren’t observed. The results showed that cedar leaf extract has antibacterial properties. It has more inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Percentage inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 27% and 96%, respectively. Allelopathic potential of different volatile compounds of Cedar leaf extracts can be used to produce of natural and environmentally friendly herbicides. Cedar leaf extract has significant antibacterial properties. Its inhibitory effect could be evaluated against human pathogenic bacteria and could be used as a source of natural antibiotics.

Endometriosis influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Associations of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) genes polymorphisms in endometriosis have been investigated by various researchers; however, the results are not consistent.

We examined the associations of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes and GSTP1 313 A/G polymorphisms with endometriosis in an Iranian population.

In this case-control study, 151 women with diagnosis of endometriosis and 156 normal healthy women as control group were included. The genotyping was determined using multiplex PCR and PCR- RFLP methods.

The GSTM1 null genotype was significantly higher (p=0.027) in the cases (7.3%) than the control group (1.3%). There was no significant difference between the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes between the cases and controls. The GSTP1 313 AG genotype was significantly lower (p=0.048) in the case (33.1%) than the control group (44.4%).

Our results showed that GSTM1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms may be associated with susceptibility of endometriosis in Iranian women.

Cereal and legume kernels contain many α-amylase inhibitors which have the potential to inhibit the α-amylase activity from various sources. The subject of this study was the partial purification of α-amylase inhibitors of red bean seeds. To this end, extractions were carried out in three parts with different saturation percentages of ammonium sulfate. Iin order to remove ammonium sulfate and monitor the inhibitory activity of the extracts on Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase, dialysis was carried out. By assaying the rate of inhibitory activity of each sample on the basis of their absorbance in 540 nm and comparison to absorbance of negative control, it was observed that only (30-60)% fraction of each extract had inhibitory activity on the α-amylase. Inhibitory effect of these fractions for red bean extract were calculated to be 89.32 %. For further characterization of these inhibitors, HPLC and SDS-PAGE analyses were carried out. By assaying the activity of these inhibitors on other α-amylases such as salivary and pancreatic α- amylases, it may be feasible to use these- amylase inhibitors similar to other inhibitors such as Acarbose and Miglitol, for the treatment of type II diabetes. The results may also be applicable in agriculture in the design of transgenic plants that express α-amylase inhibitors against α-amylases of pests.

Introduction & In recent years, microorganisms have been applied as biocatalysts for making pharmaceutically natural products. Microbial biotransformation of caffeine suggests a dual approach for biodegradation of toxic caffeine from polluted environments and a method for the production of medically and pharmaceutically valuable dimethylxanthines. The present work describes the identification of native yeasts capable of biotransformation of caffeine into theophylline and paraxanthine. In this experimental study fourteen yeast strains which were able to de-grade caffeine isolated based on their morphology were selected as biocatalysts for biotrans-formation of caffeine as a low-cost substrate to high value added dimethylxanthines such as theophylline and theobromine. The selected strains were characterized based on phenotypic and genetic tests. Screening was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The results obtained using TLC and HPLC analyses suggest formation of two main metabolites of theophylline and paraxanthine from biotransformation of caffeine under resting cells of Rhodotorula sp. CW03 (GenBank accession number KF414531). The results showed that under resting cell conditions a maximum concentration of theophylline 380 mg/l (molar yield of 16.4%) and paraxanthine 880 mg/l (molar yield of 37.9%) were obtained after 72 h and 120 h of conversion time, respectively. In the current investigation, done for the first time in Iran, we describe the isola-tion and identification of yeast strains with caffeine degradation ability which can be proposed as safe and cost-effective biocatalysts in production of value added dimethylxanthines from caffeine as a low-cost substrate.

In the recent years, application of microorganisms as green biocatalysts for removing caffeine pollution from industrial wastes and food caffeinated have been extensively considered. This investigation reports on optimization of bio-decaffeination process under growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using the Taguchi statistical approach. Five variables, i.e. caffeine, Zn+2, glucose, peptone concentrations and time incubation, which have significant effects on bio-decaffeination process, were selected and L16 (44× 13) orthogonal array was determined for experimental trials. Caffeine degradation was estimated by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis. Use of Taguchi approach for optimization of design parameters resulted in about 82.8 % reduction of caffeine in 48 h incubation when 3g/l peptone, 5mM Zn+2 ion and 5 g/l of caffeine are present in the designed media. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of degradation of caffeine (5 g/l) by the growing cells of yeast strain TFS9 has been increased from 25.5 to 82.8 % which is 3.2 fold higher than the normal yield. The improvement of caffeine removal after best conditions were made shows the efficiency of Taguchi experimental design in such studies. Discussion and The current investigation is the first report for successful application of the Taguchi experimental approach to the bio-decaffeination process. According to the analysis of experimental results, the present study proposes the potentiality of the Taguchi approach to enhance the bio-decaffeination performance with the native strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.