فهرست مطالب ابراهیم دهقانی اشکذری

Equanimity is a kind of receptive consciousness with a non-reactive attitude that is the main component of mindfulness practice and is known as the key mechanism of mindfulness-based interventions. The aim of this study was to survey the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Equanimity Scale. The method of the present study was a descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study was all clients of counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran in 1399, of which 315 were selected as a sample by the available sampling method. The instruments used in the study included the Equanimity Scale (ES-16) (Rogers, Shires,& Cayoun 2020), the Self-Control questionnaire (Tangney, Baumeister and Boone, 2004) the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simmons and Gahr, 2005). Research data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson coefficient using SPSS 24 and AMOS 22 software. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the Iranian version of the Equanimity Scale includes 16 questions and two subscales. Confirmation indices of the model Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the appropriate fit of the model.  There was a significant direct relationship between the scale of Equanimity with distress tolerance and self-control (P<0.01). Cronbach's alpha was obtained for the whole scale of 0.79. The Iranian version of the Persian Equanimity Scale has good psychometric properties and can be used.

The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS). The research method was descriptive and basic by objective. The study population was all clients of Tehran Counseling and Psychotherapy Center in 2020, of which 648, including 500 women and 148 men, were selected as the sample according to the available sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS), Brown and Ryan Mindfulness Scale (MAAS) and the second version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-ll). The analysis of this study was performed by confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, and correlation coefficient using AMOS 24 and SPSS 24 software. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, the final version included the awareness subscale (9 questions) and the acceptance subscale (7 questions). The fit indices of the final model were at the desired level. Concurrent validity of this instrument was confirmed with the Brown and Ryan Mindfulness Scale and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was 0/85 and 0/81 for the Mindfulness and Acceptance subscales and 0/55 for the entire scale, respectively. The Iranian Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) had good validity and reliability and can be used by therapists and researchers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Empathy Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. In terms of methodology, this study was a correlational analysis for the purpose of test validation. The statistical population included all 9-to-16-year-old male & female students in Yazd during the academic year of 2017-2018, the sample consisted of 912 students selected through the random sampling process. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were used to examine the Persian version of the test. The findings showed that the questionnaire included 3 subscales (community empathy, cognitive empathy, and effective empathy). The indices of the confirmatory factor analysis seemed to be a fit model, and the instrument explains the 48.81 percentage of the variance in empathy in children and adolescents. Also, the value of Cronbach's alpha was 0.72. The results of this study confirms the overall validity and reliability of the Persian version of the questionnaire. Therefore, this tool may be used for clinical and research purposes.

Homosexuals face many social and psychological challenges compared to heterosexuals and have a higher prevalence of mental disorder, including depression, anxiety, and stress. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in Iranian gay men. The method was  descriptive analytical method. The participants was all homosexual men in Tehran, 200 out of them were selected as the sample using the convenience sampling method from Amin Behavioral Diseases Center. Data were performed in two sections of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including Mann-Whitney test and at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS 24 software. The findings showed that more than 50 percent of the members experienced different levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Also Mann-Whitney test showed having an emotional partner can reduce the percentage of depression in these people (MWU=3762, Z= -2/4, P=0/02), but there was no significant difference on peoplechr('39')s anxiety and stress (P>0/05). the higher prevalence of mental disorder in homosexuals may be due to discrimination, social restrictions, sexual orientation or other factors that not researched. It is recommended that researchers take steps to identify the causation of challenges and disorders in homosexuals and to develop an indigenous scientific approach to helping them with psychological problems.

The community’s mental health plays a major role in ensuring its dynamism; however, this phenomenon is at risk due to the high prevalence of psychological vulnerability in individuals. Family determines the social attitudes and proficiencies of its members; interactions within the family impact their mental health. A linchpin in demonstrating the formation of a family is the coupleschr('39') communication patterns on which the couplechr('39')s interactions are based. As a result, it can significantly influence the psychological wellbeing of family and society members. According to the foregoing matters as well as the high prevalence of psychological vulnerability in the community, it is essential to consider the relevant fundamental factors. Considering the connection between the coupleschr('39') interactions and psychological vulnerability, this research was conducted to predict psychological vulnerability based on coupleschr('39') communication patterns.

This was a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population of the research was all married clients referring to the counseling and psychotherapy centers of Yazd City, Iran, in 2018. In total, 260 subjects were selected as the study samples by the multistage cluster sampling method. The inclusion criteria of the research were couples who have been married for at least one year and referring to counseling centers for at least one time in 2018. Being educated below a middle school degree was also considered as the exclusion criterion. To collect the required information, two tools were used. The first questionnaire was a Symptoms Check List–90–Revised (Derogatis et al., 1976), which included 90 questions and 9 components. The second questionnaire was the coupleschr('39') communication patterns (Christensen & Sullaway, 1984) with 35 questions and 3 components, including mutual constructive communication pattern, demand/withdrawal communication pattern, and mutual avoidance communication pattern. To analyze the collected data, the descriptive statistical methods were used, including mean, standard deviation, and distribution indicators; we also applied inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS.

There was a significant negative relationship between psychological vulnerability and mutual constructive communication pattern (r=–0.2, p<0.001); the relationship between demand/withdrawal communication pattern (r=0.362, p<0.001) and mutual avoidance communication pattern (r=0.257, p<0.001) was positive. The multiple linear regression analysis by the simultaneous method suggested that demand/withdrawal communication pattern were positively (β=0.381, p<0.001) and mutual constructive communication patterns were negatively (β=–0.232, p<0.001) able to predict psychological vulnerability; however, mutual avoidance communication pattern failed to predict psychological vulnerability (β=0.102, p=0.137). Altogether, the model predicted 18% of psychological vulnerability changes; thus, this model was of a low prediction capability.

Considering the results, the existence of demand/withdrawal communication patterns among couples will increase psychological vulnerability; however, it is less among couples who apply mutual constructive communication patterns in their relationships. Therefore, to maintain psychological health in couples, it is necessary to pay more attention to their compatibility and problem–solving skills.

Community health depends on family health. With the concurrent fundamental changes in the world and the stress and psychological problems that stem from these changes, mental illnesses have been increasing; accordingly, individuals are becoming more vulnerable to mental health disorders. The occurrence of family life events is among the touching factors affecting psychological trauma. Financial, family–related, and occupational problems, concern about the death of loved ones, and marital and pregnancy difficulties are stressful events that can affect onechr('39')s mental state. Considering the above–mentioned findings and the high prevalence of psychological trauma in society, this study aimed to predict psychological vulnerability based on family life events.

This was a descriptive correlational study. The research community consisted of all married clients of counseling and psychotherapy centers in Yazd City, Iran, in 2018; of them, 260 individuals were selected by multistage cluster sampling method, as the study samples. The inclusion criteria of the research were couples who have been married for at least one year and referring to counseling centers for at least one time in 2018. Being educated to a middle school degree was also considered as the exclusion criterion. Two tools were used for collecting data in this survey. The first tool was the Symptoms Check List–90–Revised (Derogatis et al., 1976). The second inventory was the Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (McCubbin & Thopmson, 1991). The research data analysis was performed in two parts; first, descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, as well as skewness and kurtosis indices. The second part was inferential statistics, including the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression at the significant level of 0.05, used in SPSS.

The simple linear regression analysis data suggested that family life events could predict the overall score of psychological vulnerability (β=0.453, p<0.001) and its dimensions, including somatization (β=0/403, p<0.001), obsessive–compulsive (β=0.365, p<0.001), interpersonal sensitivity (β=0.371, p<0.001), depression (β=0.438, p<0.001), anxiety (β=0.381, p<0.001), hostility (β=0.39, p<0.001), phobic anxiety (β=0.387,p<0.001), paranoia (β=0.445, p<0.001), and psychosis (β=0.39, p<0.001).

According to the current research results, as family life events increase, psychological vulnerability enhances and family life events can predict various psychological vulnerability types. Thus, it is imperative that training of life skills, resilience, and adaptation be addressed by concerned organizations.

Homosexuality refers to the emotional, sexual and romantic attraction of a person to his or her same-sex. Homosexuals face many emotional- behavioral challenges in personal and social life. One of the issues that homosexuals face is suicide, which psychological problems, self-esteem, and social phobia can underlie to suicide. So the purpose of this research was to forecasting suicide ideation based on self-esteem and social phobia in homosexual men.

The method was correlational and participants included gays who went to counseling center and 200 out of them were chosen as a research sample through the available sampling method. Research instruments included Beck's Suicide Scale Ideation Questionnaire, Eysenck's Self-esteem Scale Questionnaire and Connor's Social Phobia Inventory. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistics methods and inferential statistics was including Pearson correlation and regression linear multiplex with the error Level of 0.05 by utilizing of SPSS 24 software.

There was a positive and significant correlation between self-esteem and social phobia with suicidal ideation (P

Sexual orientation is the level of sexual, emotional attraction and romantic love to another person, and someone who this orientation in his or her is toward the people of same sex, is homosexual. Homosexuals experience many challenges, and suicide rates have always been high in them. Therefore, it is important to identify the underlying causes of suicide in homosexuals. So the purpose of this research was to forecasting suicide ideation based on mental health in homosexual men.

The method was correlational and participants included gays who went to counseling center in 1398 and 200 out of them were chosen as a research sample through the available sampling method. Research instruments included Beck Suicide Scale Ideation Questionnaire and Anxiety, Depression and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21).

There was a positive and significant correlation between depression, anxiety and stress with suicidal ideation (P