فهرست مطالب حسین خطیبی

The problem of evil has always been a challenge against theism and there has been a lot of disputation about it. What can be considered as a newer challenge to theism is the very problem of divine hiddenness. There are multiple similarities between the two arguments which have caused some thinkers to reduce one to another and to count only one of them as original. It is possible that one of the very concepts of evil or hiddenness be reduced to another one, or one of the arguments that is grounded on them, or the reduction occurs in both phases. Regarding the vastitude of the domain of each problem, what we solely aim at is inspecting the reasons of ones who hold that divine hiddenness is nothing but one articulation of the problem of evil and it is not necessary to be regarded as independent. These reasons range from a sort of resemblance of their logical structure, methodology, conclusion, or responses in order to show that either the problem of divine hiddenness is not independent at all or if it is, it makes a much less severe case against theism in comparison to the problem of evil so it’s not worthy of any concern. What will be eventually concluded is that despite having plentiful available similarities, this kind of reduction is not justified and each problem, regardless of their ability to prove what they claim, is independently precious, inspection-worthy, and original.

God, according to what have believers hold and the holy scriptures, has different types of actions. The creation and preservation of the world, traditionally, has been counted as socalled God's general action; on the other hand, guiding and helping piouses, respiting pagans, not prohibiting the endowment of thisworld typical gifts, hesitating in their punishment and postponing it to the other-world, sending prophets with His holy words and the power of miracles can be named as the special God's action. God's relation to His created world, so-called "the problem of divine action", is not a novel issue for human's thoughts and each thinker, in each era, has made a kind of effort to present an explanation of it. What we are dealing here with, firstly, is the inspection of contemporary formulation of special divine action based on the theology of nature, considering its presuppositions and implications, and thence, inspecting the estate of special divine action formulation, concerning alternative presuppositions and implications.

The broadness of the description of Islam from thinking and reasoning, the opening up of a wide range of rational values, and the gradual teaching of rational values based on the learning of different ages and the application of a wide range of insight methods, in addition to the tenderness and behavioral methods for teaching of the children, reflects
the fundamental distinction of the Islamic model of intellectual and rational education (especially the philosophy of children) with secular patterns. This article, using a comparative approach and using descriptive - analytic method, explains and analyzes the fundamental differences between these two models of education. From Islamic point of view, firstly, Teaching thinking does not have any intimacy with the teaching of mental and philosophical concepts; secondly, the definition of Islam from intellectual education and its methods for wisdom is much broader than the teaching of philosophy; Finally, the Islamic model of intellectual development of children is based on educational laws and strict psychological principles and rules, which are expressed on the basis of the educational priorities of different ages in line with the growth curve. Therefore, rational
education in Islam will began indirectly from an early age, in the course of emotional, behavioral, and exploratory methods, proceeds in line with the growth curve, and such as science education, technology and belief reaches its peak in adolescence.

Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper tries to make a critical study of the approaches to cherishing values prevailing in the world and compare them with the principles of Islamic education to develop a comprehensive approach to establish "an Islamic model to cherish religious values". The prevalent virtue-based religious and philosophical approaches are based on meritorious life style and making up ideal character, but prevalent non-religion approaches insist on self-realization and self-explanation of values.The key difference between the Islamic approach to cherishing values and the prevalent religious approaches is represented in the integrative approach to simultaneous cherishing of rational and religious values adopted by Islam and the possibility and achievement of harmony between religious education and rational education, which originates from the complete interaction between intellect and religion in cognitive geometry of Islam. According to Islamic approach, religious values include all human values, whether personal or social, while the main concern of prevalent religious and virtue-based models is cherishing moral values and promoting good character, and their domain of cherishing values is limited to personal and individual aspects.

The florescence and internalization of Islamic values which contribute to establishing identity are based on direct and indirect methods of education. One of the indirect methods is incorporating divine values in scientific books and textbooks for Islamizing their contents. In this way the Islamic book cherishes values even books of mathematics or sciences.Analyzing the role of the Islamic book content in internalizing Islamic values is related to the exact knowledge of Islamic content. Having known the criteria of distinguishing Islamic content from non-Islamic, we find that the Islamic book has five roles and functions in the internalization of values such as cherishing monotheism, cultivating the intellect, teaching traditions, achieving perfection and cherishing of values. These are the functions that gradually and indirectly internalize Islamic values. Internalization of values by means of Islamic books can contribute to the promotion of man’s perfection and building Islamic identity and personality.

Calcaneal fracture is the most common tarsal bone fracture and is often associated with a high complication rate and disfunction. Open surgical treatment of calcaneal fracture is one of the most challenging orthopaedic procedures with somewhat vague functional outcome. In a retrospective study the clinical and radiographic results of 18 calcaneal fractures in 17 patients (13 males 4 females) with mean age of 31 years (21-53 years) that had undergone open reduction during a 4-year period (2002-2006) were evaluated with an average follow-up of 19 months (9-48 months). The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring system was used to assess the treatment outcome Thirteen fractures were type II and 5 type III Sander's class.The preoperative average Bohler's angle of 7 degrees changed to 21.8 degrees in follow-up. The collective average AOFAS score was 89.05. This score was 93.3 for type II and 78 for type III Sander's fractures. Subtalar osteoarthritis was observed in 4 patients. Open reduction and internal fixation of intra-articular calcaneal fractures with achievement of good reduction of posterior articular facet can result in good or excellent outcome.

Unstable intertrochanteric fractures are common problems with unfortunate complicated consequences. There is no reliable record in this regard in Iranian medical literature. This study assessed the outcomes of unstable intertrochanteric fractures treated with DHS with and without cement augmentation in a three-year period (2005-2008). 39 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture were randomly divided between the experimental (DHS + Calcium phosphate cement) and control groups (DHS alone) after matching. After a six-month follow-up, the incidence of cut-out of femoral head, fracture impaction (sliding) and Iowa hip score were measured in two groups and were evaluated statistically. 20 patients in control group and 19 patients in experimental group were evaluated. Their age was 725.4 year old in control group and 74.66.2 in experimental group. Cut-out incidence was 15% in control group, whereas there was no complication in experimental group (P<0.12). Fracture impaction in control group was 15.4  4.7mm and in experimental group it was 8.92.5mm (P<0.001). Iowa hip score was 58.1  6.6 in control group and in experimental group it was 70.12.7 by the end of 6th week (P<0.05). However, at 3rd and 6th months of follow up it became equal amongst both groups. Applying this material can obviously improve the clinical outcome of this sort of fractures. We recommend further studies on greater number of cases.

Open leg fractures are serious problems with high incidence and several complicated consequences in affected patients. There is no reliable record in this regard in Iranian medical literature. This study assesses the results of open leg fractures treated with external fixator in Imam hossein hospital in a 3 year periods; 2003-2006. At an experimental study, all the patients with open leg fracture, referred to Imam hossein hospital and treated with external fixator monolateral (AO) evaluated. All the patients were encouraged to bear weight early and dynamization was performed in relation to amount of comminution. Patients were visited every 4 to 6 weeks during the treatment. Minimal follow up was 8 months and the results of treatment were evaluated using a requirement for both secondary procedures and quality of reduction. In addition, effect of age, gender, grade, fracture type and causes of injury on this two problems were calculated with Fisher's exact and Chi-square tests. 58 patients referred to Imam hossein hospital and 8 ones were excluded from study owing to different intervening causes. 10% of patients needed secondary procedures. Exact reduction was performed at 64%. Fractures with comminution, grade III Gustilo and displacement of more than 2mm had high probability of secondary procedures (P<0.02). Mean time of union was 22 weeks. Fractures with exact reduction had lesser mean time compared to others. External fixator is a safe implant in treatment of open leg fractures and we recommend further clinical trials with control groups.

In this prospective study the effect of low dose Methyl prednisolone succinate (10 mg/kg) on the incidence of fat embolism syndrome and isolated arterial hypoxemia in 99 patients with long bones fractures (52 control and 47 steroid-treated subjects) was studied. Frequency of fractures among the selected patients was as follows: Femoral fracture 52.5%, tibial fracture 36.4%, both femoral and tibial fractures 11.1%. Fat embolism occurred only in 4 patients in control group, but there was no case of fat embolism in the steroid-treated group. In 55 cases, isolated hypoxemia was developed of whom 2 cases were severe (Pao2<50 mmHg) and were in the control group, while there was no case of severe hypoxemia in steroid-treated group. None of the patients needed mechanical ventilation and no death was occurred. This drug decreased the risk of fat embolism syndrome in patients with long bone fracture and the results of this study, emphasizes the protective effect of Methyl prednisolone against fat embolism syndrome in previous studies.

Hip fracture and dislocation is a common orthopedic complication. However, multiple fractures and dislocations is a rare event that was not found in the literature. A 28-year man referred to our unit with multiple trauma. He had the following fractures: femoral neck, subtrocantric, posterior edge of acetabulum, posterior hip dislocation as well as impaction fracture of femoral neck. He underwent an emergency operation and all fractures were fixated with cephalomedullary nails. In a 4-month follow up, he seems to be fine.