فهرست مطالب صدیقه علیپور

Love stories are one of the rich types of Persian poetry that have always been the manifestation of delicate feelings and pristine thoughts of Parsigo poets. There are several love stories in Persian literature, which in this article analyzes and compares nine love poems in the medieval history of Iranian literature (four to six). These works include Zal and Rudabeh, Goshtasb and Katayoun, Soodabeh and Siavash, Bijan and Manijeh, Wameq and Azra, Vargheh and Golshah, Khosrow and Shirin, Lily and Majnoon, and Weiss and Ramin. Time period, narrative originality, ending, type of love and storytelling are examined and compared.

The method of data collection in this article is library and the analysis is based on the content analysis method and is qualitative. In this article, the content features of the poems are studied and the focus of the research is on the verses that have the highest frequency of stylistic commonality and the expression of independent verses is avoided.

In all systems, lovers are human, male and female. Also, all works have a nonallegorical expression. Five of the nine stories (about 55%) are set in an epic context and are a mixture of richness and epic. The endings are "happy and with the carpenter" in five stories (55%), "unfortunate: death of both parties" (33%) and in one story (11%) "unknown"; Therefore, the frequency of happy ending is higher than the end of unhappy. In terms of origin, the highest frequency belongs to the type of myth (five cases: 55%), then semi-historical (two cases: 22%), unknown (one case: 11%) and imaginary (one case: 11%). In terms of time, eight stories (88%) are pre-Islamic and one story (11%) is post-Islamic. In terms of originality, five stories are of the original type (55%) and four stories are of the adaptation type (44%). Of these four stories, three are adapted from Arabic, and one (Wameq and Azra) has Greek origins.

All stories are narrators of earthly love; With the difference that in stories such as Lily and Majnoon, and Vargheh and Golshah, love is an excuse and chastity and goes towards heavenly and mystical tendencies. In most of these stories, the problems and obstacles of the union of two lovers are of the type of differences between family, race and lineage or tribe. Women play an active role in most of these stories and are sometimes the main actors and initiators.

Important literary currents have historically been identified by their names. The contemporary era has encountered new currents due to events such as: global communication, translation, historical study of literature and awareness of some new literary knowledge. One of these currents is free short poetry, the emergence of which can be considered in Iran under the influence of the above factors, in addition to the modern world of brevity and the taste of the audience. The acceleration of the spread of this trend among contemporary poets caused some scattered opinions and letters to be mixed. Some anonymous or lesser-known poets have also been able to take good steps in the evolution of this current, so much so that at a glance it can be claimed that this current can define itself on a global scale. But the most important damage to the world plan of this movement is the confusion of opinions, the lack of a fixed definition and the literary manifesto. This article tries, while criticizing and analyzing the proposed names, to suggest a new name that includes all sub-categories of this movement, and finally, according to the prominent poems, regardless of the names and fame of the poets, outlines the structure of this type of literature. Provide

Every human being lives with his ideals and aspirations. And that's the pointIt keeps hope alive. And it sustains life.Because the contemporary world is full of Concerns that lead the human soul to emptiness and depressionso thinking about the utopia canit is an escape from pain and a cure for despair. Poets have always been among those who present this thought well in their poetry. Shamloo, one of the contemporary poets who was a militant poet and suffered from social pain, dreamed of an ideal society.And his poem represents his dream.He is to describe his favorite society and achieve a global structureHe has paid attention to utopian theorists in the East and the West, such as Farabi and Thomas Moore. According to the study of this study, the most important ideological characteristics include the desire for happiness for human beings, the hope of saving society and the improvement of human relations with nature, man and God.Also, the structure of his utopian society consists of citizens whothey are aware of human knowledge and care about ethics and social security, Ownership has a public aspect to itand society is a healthy platform for the realization of justice and freedom.

Literature and cinema are two artistic branches that have always had interactions and close relationships with each other. The influence of these two has created befitting works either in literature or in cinema. The "Wight nights" movie in the early eighties of the solar decade was written by Saeed Aghighi, under the influence of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's work with the same name. The woman and her passionate feelings are the main focus of these two works. In this study, considering the time, place, and cultural differences between the two works and the relationships, commonalities, and differences between the two countries, i.e., Iran and Russia, the similarities and differences between elements of feminism and law And the personality of the woman in the relevant society will be examined from the American School of Comparative Literature. Analysis and interpretations, sexual intercourse, distrust of the opposite sex, personality dependence and lack of participation in social activities are the common features of the social and psychological conditions of the Russian and Iranian women, and in some cases shown differences in bewitching, pride and artistic and literary awarenesses. The mentioned similarities and differences in the aforementioned film are due to the acceptance and adaptation of the themes to the temporal and spatial conditions of the society under study, and the writer has compared the aspects of the Iranian contemporary female personality with the 19th-century Russian woman.

The term of postmodernism has been introduced in the different field of humanities like sociology, psychology and philosophy. One of the theorician of postmodernism is jean Baudrillard. He has been introduced simulacrum in place of reality and hyper reality that can be percieved from philosophic imagery. children of Ahmadi 's works are acquainted with the experiences of human in the modern era which deny the certanties and enter them into  simulacrum .By interpreting Ahmadi's childish works, readers float between imagery and reality, childhood and manhood and hyper reality. This research is investigating techniques of simulacrum in the works of Ahmasi based on Baudrillard's theory and also from childern thought point of view with descriptive analytic .The results show that the writer wants to reduce the bitterness of life in the world  of modernity and persuade them to do philosophy about life in the disturbance and perplexity of it in that era  by entering the events of the dream world into real world, uses magical writing and techniques of surrealism etc and provides a sweet experience for the children and vanishes their disappiontment intheir life.

The dialectic of mind and object means the recognition of both metaphysics and reality, such that any knowledge is the result of the exchange of two streams of mind and experience. This philosophical perspective, which was of interest to Western and Oriental philosophers, has entered the area of theorizing in the field of literary criticism and has embraced the constructivist school. Gaston Bachlelard, a constructivist theorist, has developed a discussion of mind and object in literary criticism of texts. In “Dialectic of Mind and Object”, Bachelard acknowledges that mind and object can create a dialectic in which everything is formed by confrontation, and we go beyond those forms to analyze their position. Modern novels such as Ayenehaye Darda have a psycho-philosophical position because of their emphasis on subjectivism and the reflection of thought through the flow of the mind. Thus, the analysis of such novels, based on Bachelard’s dialectical method of the mind and the object, enters into the textual and hyper-textual layers of the literary work and extracts its esoteric meanings to distract readers from the apparent confusion of the modern text and relate them closely into the novel.

According to Bachelard's fictional reading theory, the critical reader can achieve analysis and recognition of the text based on his/her own intuitive perception of the text through the mind. Regarding this theory several researches have been conducted, such as: works by Namvar Motlagh (2007) that analyzes and investigates Bachelard’s theory of fictional criticism. Tahvildari (2008) also worked on the analysis and criticism model from the point of views of Bachelard and other scholars. There are other studies investigating the practical criticism, including Hashemi and Kohanmoei (2013) that focus on the role of conflicting elements of the world in the psychoanalysis of literary works. The following articles have also studied the practical criticism: “The semiotics of narratice elements in Bijan & Manijeh” with Illustration approach by writer (2018) and “The two concepts of water and fire in “Hamnavei Shabaneye Orkester Choubha” by Sadat Hashemi and Kohanmoei (2013) and other similar works that focus on the role of conflicting elements of the world in the psychoanalysis of literary work. But, there is no specific work regarding Bachelard’s “dialectic of mind and object” theory that pays special attention to the psycho-philosophical meaning of the text at the border between reality and the mind. This study tries to provide a practical criticism of “Ayenehaye Dardar” by Houshang Golshiri based on this approach.

This study, using descriptive analysis, attempts first to extract and analyze the textual codes and attributes through structural oppositions and then to analyze the psycho-philosophical meanings of the modern novel of Ayenehaye Dardar using Bacheard’s dialectic of mind and object.

The story is about a human that, under the circumstances, is separated from its past and suspended between its two human halves in the present and in the past. This suspense relates to a personal and social memory of the author's past that made him psychologically incoherent and to find coherence, he needs a transformation. Having a journey is the most effective way to do this: a mental journey to myths and legends; a stage in which human perfection is introduced and an objective journey to various countries in search of a lost one that will bring this perfection to fruition.Given its psycho-philosophical approach and its sophistication and wandering modernity, the novel has a favorable context for conceptualization and analysis through objectifying the subject. The novel is based on reciprocal relationship dualities Inductive mind/objective rupture, confusion and distress of mind/objective confusion, confusion of mind/objective confusion, impaired life of mind/objective image of broken gate mirror and half mirror image, exemplary and subjective love/true love, and subjective philosophy/objective life are among the contradictions dualities discussed in this article.To express his uneasy mind about modernity, Golshiri (2010) explores the duality of industry (modernity) and nature (tradition), while explaining old-new values; with this regard, he makes use of the concepts of myth and fable. In this context, he analyzes codes such as demythologizing as a result of social modernity repression, de-symbolizing the absolute love in modern times and shedding light on his own and his generation’s shattered mind. Golshiri also explores old/new values while exploring the old / new values while also exploring popular culture, especially the category of myth, in order to visualize his uneasy mind about modernity. And the myth takes refuge. In this context, he analyzes codes such as the myth of the repression of social modernity, the demolition of absolute love in modern times, and the explanation of him and his generation’s shattered mind.

The novel is made up of the author's mental imagery and thoughts about the devastating effects of events, phenomena, and objective matters of life in his time. The mirror is a symbol of the contemporary failed human being, a man involved in the events of industrialization, modernization, and at the same time bustle, war and destruction. The main mirror in this narrative is a mirror with a broken door. The fragments of this man's existence are hidden in it, and reveals throughout the narrative, bit by bit. This clarity is caused by the duality relations between the subjective and the objective elements.It can also be said that this story is a narrative allegory of two types of persons with dual opposites in face, belief and behavior. One is destructive characters that are in some way dependent on power, modernity, and the West, and the other are devastated characters, both of whom have finally fallen into despair and regrets.In the end, the general objection to the novel can be to the fact that the author, in spite of his attention to the delusional course of modern writing, sets his mind so free in some parts and He write his text freely and disorder so that confuses the audience as far as they lose track of the story

One of the important elements in the narrative is "dialogue". Basically, the story of creation happens after the creation of the dialogue and the best possible interpretations could be made through the narrative element. Considering the importance of this element in the analysis of literature, it has been the focus of attention in new theories in linguistics, especially semantics. Pragmatic theory is one of the important branches in the area of semantics which organizes the narrative discourse through text sayings. Speech can be achieved through the work of secondary meanings text. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the most prominent narrative works of Persian literature that, due to the dramatic aspect of its story, focuses on the element of dialogue. This article, by considering this approach in literary criticism, first, attempts to investigate the theoretical foundations related to dialogue and its relationship with the pragmatic theory. It, then, presents a categorization of working structures and examines the dialogues presented in the story of Bijan and Manijeh.

Literary critics have benefited from different literary theories, such as aesthetic criticism, for a comparative study of works of literature. Aesthetic criticism, which is achieved through the experience of beauty in the literary work, provides an opportunity for the analysis of conceptual phenomena.One of the basic conceptual phenomena in literature and specifically poetry is “love” which has obsessed critics in the form of the question “What is love?”, to the extent that at times two poets with apparently different views, such as Shamloo and Ghabbani, may arrive at a common idea.The present study, first, Therefore, the theoretical explanation of the subject, the thoughts and attitudes of the two poets in the field, and mining are analyzed separately and then the overall conceptual objects of their thinking, in comparison, is analyzed.